Number, percentage and rate (per 100,000 population) of homicide victims, by racialized identity group (total, by racialized identity group; racialized identity group; South Asian; Chinese; Black; Filipino; Arab; Latin American; Southeast Asian; West Asian; Korean; Japanese; other racialized identity group; multiple racialized identity; racialized identity, but racialized identity group is unknown; rest of the population; unknown racialized identity group), gender (all genders; male; female; gender unknown) and region (Canada; Atlantic region; Quebec; Ontario; Prairies region; British Columbia; territories), 2019 to 2024.

Number and rate (per 100,000 population) of victims of solved homicides, by gender (all genders; male; female; gender unknown), Indigenous identity (total, homicide victims by Indigenous identity; Indigenous identity; non-Indigenous identity; unknown Indigenous identity) and type of accused-victim relationship, Canada, 2014 to 2024.

Intimate partner and non-intimate partner victims of police-reported violent crime and traffic offences causing bodily harm or death, by age and gender of victim c (1, 2)Frequency: AnnualTable: 35-10-0202-01Release date: 2023-11-21Geography: Canada, Province or territory, Census metropolitan area, Census metropolitan area partTable Corrections: Date Note On December 10, 2021, the 2019 and 2020 data were revised as a result of corrections made to the populations used to calculate rates per 100 000 population. Footnotes: 1 In general, for police-reported incidents that involve violations against the person, a victim record is collected for each victim involved in the incident. If an individual is a victim in multiple incidents in the same reference year, that individual will be counted as one victim for each incident. Some victims experience violence over a period of time, sometimes years, all of which may be considered by the police to be part of one continuous incident and are counted as a single victim. Victim records are not required for all violent violations, but are accepted, for some violent offences such as uttering threats and criminal harassment. 2 Data are from the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR2) Trend Database, which contains historical data that permit the analysis of trends since 2009 in the characteristics of incidents, and accused and victim characteristics, such as age, gender and accused–victim relationship. This database includes respondents accounting for 99% of the population of Canada. 3 A census metropolitan area (CMA) consists of one or more neighbouring municipalities situated around a major urban core. A CMA must have a total population of at least 100,000, of which 50,000 or more live in the urban core. To be included in the CMA, other adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the central urban core, as measured by commuting flows derived from census data. A CMA typically comprises more than one police service. CMA populations have been adjusted to follow policing boundaries. The Oshawa CMA is excluded from this analysis owing to the incongruity between the police service jurisdictional boundaries and the CMA boundaries. Belleville and Lethbridge became CMAs as of the 2016 Census. In 2022, coverage for each CMA was virtually 100%, except in Toronto (90%) and Hamilton (75%). As a result, counts and rates may differ from information from other sources. 4 Victim age is calculated based on the end date of an incident, as reported by the police. Some victims experience violence over a period of time, sometimes years, all of which may be considered by the police to be part of one continuous incident. 5 Excludes the portion of Halton Regional Police Service that polices the Hamilton census metropolitan area. As a result, counts and rates may differ from information from other sources. 6 The category “age of victim unknown” includes victims whose ages were reported as 80 years and older, but were identified as possible instances of miscoding, as well as victims in Quebec whose ages were unknown but were miscoded as 0. 7 Rates are calculated on the basis of 100,000 population in each age and gender group unless otherwise noted for specific relationships. Populations based on July 1 estimates from Statistics Canada, Centre for Demography. Rates for victims with unknown age or unknown gender are not available for any reference period, as population estimates cannot be applied to calculate rates where these elements are unknown. 9 The option for police to code victims as non-binary in the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Survey was implemented in 2018. Given that small counts of victims identified as “non-binary” may exist, the UCR aggregate data available to the public have been recoded to assign these counts to either “male” or “female,” in order to ensure the protection of confidentiality and privacy. Victims identified as non-binary have been assigned to either male or female based on the regional distribution of victims’ gender. 8 Includes victims aged 15 years and older who were victimized by current and former legally married spouses and common-law partners. Also includes victims aged 12 years and older of current and former boyfriends and girlfriends and other intimate relationships (i.e., those with whom they had a sexual relationship but for which none of the other relationship categories apply). Spousal violence victims under the age of 15 years are included in the relationship category “other family.” Victims of non-spousal intimate partner violence under the age of 12 years are included in the relationship category “unknown relationship.” Rates for total victims are based on populations aged 12 years and older. Rates for other victim age groups are calculated on the basis of their corresponding age group populations.

Adults and youths charged and rate per 100,000 population, by sex (males and females) and offence category (violent crimes, property crimes, and other Criminal Code offences), Canada, provinces and territories, 5 years of data.

Adults and youths charged and rate per 100,000 population, by sex (males and females) and offence category (violent crimes, property crimes, and other Criminal Code offences), Canada, provinces and territories, 5 years of data.

Number of homicide victims and persons accused of homicide, by Indigenous identity, (total, by Indigenous identity; Indigenous identity; non-Indigenous identity; unknown Indigenous identity), age group (total all ages; 0 to 11 years; 12 to 17 years; 18 to 24 years; 25 to 29 years; 30 to 39 years; 40 to 49 years; 50 to 59 years; 60 years and over; age unknown) and gender (all genders; male; female; gender unknown), Canada, 1974 to 2024.

The Department of Justice Canada funds projects through the Youth Justice Fund that seek to help youth who are involved in the criminal justice system (CJS). The Youth Justice Fund provides grants and contributions to projects that encourage a more effective youth justice system, respond to emerging youth justice issues, and enable greater citizen and community participation in the youth justice system. In 2020, the Research and Statistics Division reviewed the evaluation reports that were submitted for pilot projects and received funds from 2014 to 2019. The review does not measure whether each program succeeded in meeting its goals, but rather identifies key program areas that received funding and looks for common challenges, best practices, and gaps identified by the program organizations that might help inform future projects. Program Areas Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Disorder (FASD) Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Disorder (FASD) is an umbrella term used to describe diagnoses that are caused by pre-natal alcohol exposure (Fraser 2011). People with FASD are overrepresented as both offenders and victims in the CJS. FASD is a lifelong disability, and people with FASD often struggle with other major issues, such as drug or alcohol dependency, depression, and mental health challenges. Several of the funded programs offer services to people with FASD (or suspected of having FASD). Many offer intensive one-on-one counselling as well as support finding housing and dealing with mental health issues and addiction. Learning difficulties often make education and employment a challenge. Many youth with FASD struggle to live independently and need help with basic needs – housing and food. Trauma-informed practices Trauma is a known risk factor for youth involved in the CJS (Wolff and Shi 2012) and several programs focus on helping youth in conflict with the law deal with trauma. Some funded programs use a trauma-informed approach and some encourage general mental health and wellness. Few of the programs define their trauma-informed approach. Culturally sensitive approaches – specifically for Indigenous youth Indigenous youth are overrepresented in the CJS as both offenders and victims (Department of Justice Canada 2019). More and more service providers are offering culturally relevant programming to Indigenous clients. Several of the funded programs provide details on the types of activities that they offer. Several evaluations were done to see if staff had the capacity to provide appropriate services. There is strong support for more culturally relevant programming and more training for service providers. Culturally sensitive approaches – new immigrants and visible minorities Several programs receiving funding offer specialized services to marginalized youth. Youth who are visible minorities speak of racism and barriers to success because of how they are perceived. Newcomers to Canada sometimes struggle to adapt. Several programs had notable success with mentoring programs that paired youth with mentors from their communities. Female youth involved in the CJS Among youth involved in the CJS, boys outnumber girls (in 2014, 72% of youth charged with a crime were male) (Allen and Superle 2016), but it has long been argued that girls need specialized programming to deal with their specific needs, rather than being included in programs designed for boys. A number of funded projects focus on girls involved in the CJS, including one program in Manitoba, called the “Empower Project” that focuses on girls with FASD. Substance use and addiction Problematic substance use and addiction often lead to involvement with the CJS (Health Canada September 2018). Most of the funded programs that help youth deal with substance use issues focus on teaching youth to make better decisions, develop resilience, and improve life skills. Many youth participants in these programs have multiple risk factors – substance use, addiction, experience of trauma, mental health problems, and family conflict. Gang involvement Many programs that received funding reach out to youth who are involved in gangs or at risk of becoming involved with gangs. Some of these youth also have issues with substance use, addiction, trauma, and mental health. In both Ontario and Saskatchewan, there are community outreach groups that are working on developing comprehensive strategies to deal with gangs in their communities. Life skills / employment A number of funded programs focus on preparing youth for reintegration into their communities. Some of these programs help youth achieve educational goals as well as provide support in finding employment. Challenges Finding and keeping appropriate staff: many of the programs reviewed struggle to hire and retain staff. Referrals: several funded programs describe challenges with their referring partners, where service providers receive fewer clients than expected or fewer clients who meet the profile for their specific program. Funding: Concern over inconsistent funding is common. Tracking participants after completion of program or sentence: Several funded programs struggle to maintain contact with participants, thus limiting their ability to solicit feedback from clients after the program finished. Identified gaps Individualization of programming: A number of reviews suggest that their clients need accurate assessment and programming that is personalized to individual needs; their clients do not “fit” well into existing curricula. Support for basics: Many youth, especially those with FASD, need help with basic needs – food and housing – before their problems with substance use, addiction, mental health, family conflict, and skill development can be addressed. More education on Indigenous history and cultures: There is strong support for more culturally specific programming and training to enhance cultural competencies. More female-specific programing and female staff/mentors: Several funded programs note that female clients appreciate girl-only outings or programming and requested more female staff and mentors. Reach out to visible minorities and recent immigrants Youth who are visible minorities may need specific programs that address racism; youth who are recent immigrants may need support to navigate the challenges of adapting to Canadian culture. Neither are well served by mainstream programs. Support for families, not just youth in isolation:: Several funded programs indicate that youth in contact with the CJS are often dealing with conflict within their own families and that greater support for families is needed.