Graph and download economic data for Producer Price Index by Commodity: Investment Services: Portfolio Management (WPU40210101) from Dec 2008 to Jun 2025 about management, investment, services, commodities, PPI, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

Introduction

Inflation Statistics: Inflation is the rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services rises, eroding purchasing power. It's measured using indices like the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and the Producer Price Index (PPI). Inflation can result from increased production costs, higher demand for products and services, or expansionary monetary policies.

Central banks, like the Federal Reserve in the U.S., manage inflation through monetary policy, aiming to keep inflation at a moderate and stable level. Inflation impacts economies by influencing interest rates, wages, and overall economic growth.

Replication datasets and codes for "Inflation, Economic Growth and Interest Rates"

This is not going to be an article or Op-Ed about Michael Jordan. Since 2009 we've been in the longest bull-market in history, that's 11 years and counting. However a few metrics like the stock market P/E, the call to put ratio and of course the Shiller P/E suggest a great crash is coming in-between the levels of 1929 and the dot.com bubble. Mean reversion historically is inevitable and the Fed's printing money experiment could end in disaster for the stock market in late 2021 or 2022. You can read Jeremy Grantham's Last Dance article here. You are likely well aware of Michael Burry's predicament as well. It's easier for you just to skim through two related videos on this topic of a stock market crash. Michael Burry's Warning see this YouTube. Jeremy Grantham's Warning See this YouTube. Typically when there is a major event in the world, there is a crash and then a bear market and a recovery that takes many many months. In March, 2020 that's not what we saw since the Fed did some astonishing things that means a liquidity sloth and the risk of a major inflation event. The pandemic represented the quickest decline of at least 30% in the history of the benchmark S&P 500, but the recovery was not correlated to anything but Fed intervention. Since the pandemic clearly isn't disappearing and many sectors such as travel, business travel, tourism and supply chain disruptions appear significantly disrupted - the so-called economic recovery isn't so great. And there's this little problem at the heart of global capitalism today, the stock market just keeps going up. Crashes and corrections typically occur frequently in a normal market. But the Fed liquidity and irresponsible printing of money is creating a scenario where normal behavior isn't occurring on the markets. According to data provided by market analytics firm Yardeni Research, the benchmark index has undergone 38 declines of at least 10% since the beginning of 1950. Since March, 2020 we've barely seen a down month. September, 2020 was flat-ish. The S&P 500 has more than doubled since those lows. Look at the angle of the curve: The S&P 500 was 735 at the low in 2009, so in this bull market alone it has gone up 6x in valuation. That's not a normal cycle and it could mean we are due for an epic correction. I have to agree with the analysts who claim that the long, long bull market since 2009 has finally matured into a fully-fledged epic bubble. There is a complacency, buy-the dip frenzy and general meme environment to what BigTech can do in such an environment. The weight of Apple, Amazon, Alphabet, Microsoft, Facebook, Nvidia and Tesla together in the S&P and Nasdaq is approach a ridiculous weighting. When these stocks are seen both as growth, value and companies with unbeatable moats the entire dynamics of the stock market begin to break down. Check out FANG during the pandemic. BigTech is Seen as Bullet-Proof me valuations and a hysterical speculative behavior leads to even higher highs, even as 2020 offered many younger people an on-ramp into investing for the first time. Some analysts at JP Morgan are even saying that until retail investors stop charging into stocks, markets probably don’t have too much to worry about. Hedge funds with payment for order flows can predict exactly how these retail investors are behaving and monetize them. PFOF might even have to be banned by the SEC. The risk-on market theoretically just keeps going up until the Fed raises interest rates, which could be in 2023! For some context, we're more than 1.4 years removed from the bear-market bottom of the coronavirus crash and haven't had even a 5% correction in nine months. This is the most over-priced the market has likely ever been. At the night of the dot-com bubble the S&P 500 was only 1,400. Today it is 4,500, not so many years after. Clearly something is not quite right if you look at history and the P/E ratios. A market pumped with liquidity produces higher earnings with historically low interest rates, it's an environment where dangerous things can occur. In late 1997, as the S&P 500 passed its previous 1929 peak of 21x earnings, that seemed like a lot, but nothing compared to today. For some context, the S&P 500 Shiller P/E closed last week at 38.58, which is nearly a two-decade high. It's also well over double the average Shiller P/E of 16.84, dating back 151 years. So the stock market is likely around 2x over-valued. Try to think rationally about what this means for valuations today and your favorite stock prices, what should they be in historical terms? The S&P 500 is up 31% in the past year. It will likely hit 5,000 before a correction given the amount of added liquidity to the system and the QE the Fed is using that's like a huge abuse of MMT, or Modern Monetary Theory. This has also lent to bubbles in the housing market, crypto and even commodities like Gold with long-term global GDP meeting many headwinds in the years ahead due to a...

Canada's inflation rate experienced significant fluctuations from 2018 to 2025. Inflation peaked at *** percent in June 2022 before steadily declining to *** percent by December 2024. In early 2025, inflation began to increase again, rising to *** percent in February, and dropping to *** percent in March. In response to rising inflation between 2020 and 2022, the Bank of Canada implemented aggressive interest rate hikes. The bank rate reached a maximum of **** percent in July 2023 and remained stable until June 2024. As inflationary pressures eased in the second half of 2024, the central bank reduced interest rates to *** percent in December 2024. In 2025, the bank rate witnessed two cuts, standing at ***** percent in May 2025. This pattern reflected broader global economic trends, with most advanced and emerging economies experiencing similar inflationary challenges and monetary policy adjustments. Global context of inflation and interest rates The Canadian experience aligns with the broader international trend of central banks raising policy rates to combat inflation. Between 2021 and 2023, nearly all advanced and emerging economies increased their central bank rates. However, a shift occurred in the latter half of 2024, with many countries, including Canada, beginning to lower rates. This change suggests a new phase in the global economic cycle and monetary policy approach. Notably, among surveyed countries, Russia maintained the highest interest rate in early 2025, while Japan had the lowest rate. Comparison with the United States The United States experienced a similar trajectory in inflation and interest rates. U.S. inflation peaked at *** percent in June 2022, slightly higher than Canada's peak. The Federal Reserve responded with a series of rate hikes, reaching **** percent in August 2023. This rate remained unchanged until September 2024, when the first cut since September 2021 was implemented. In contrast, Canada's bank rate peaked at **** percent and began decreasing earlier, with cuts in June and July 2024. These differences highlight the nuanced approaches of central banks in managing their respective economies amid global inflationary pressures.

Graph and download economic data for Producer Price Index by Industry: Management Consulting Services (PCU5416154161) from Jun 2006 to Jun 2025 about management, services, PPI, industry, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

Inflation curves or Consumer Price Index (CPI) curves are the term structures of CPI rates at different maturities. They are essential for pricing inflation securities and derivatives.

The most popular inflation products are inflation linked bonds, zero coupon inflation swaps, inflation swaps, and inflation caps/floors.

Unfortunately forward CPI rates are not market observable. But they can be derived/implied from inflation instruments.

FinPricing bootstraps inflation curve from a number of inflation instruments that are the most liquid inflation products at certain maturities.

Explanation of CPI and the Dataset:

What is CPI?

CPI (Consumer Price Index) measures the average change in prices over time that consumers pay for a basket of goods and services. It is a key indicator of inflation and is used by governments and central banks to monitor price stability and for inflation targeting. Components: The construction of CPI involves two main components: Weighting Diagrams: These represent the consumption patterns of households. Price Data: This is collected at regular intervals to track changes in prices.

Role of the Central Statistics Office (CSO):

The CSO, under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, is responsible for releasing CPI data. The indices are released for Rural, Urban, and Combined sectors for all-India and individual States/UTs.

Dataset Alignment:

Sectors: The dataset includes a "Sector" column that categorizes data into "Rural," "Urban," and "Rural+Urban," aligning with the CPI data released by the CSO. Time Period: The "Year" and "Name" (which appears to represent months) columns in the dataset track the data over time, consistent with the monthly release schedule by the CSO starting from January 2011. State/UT Data: Each column corresponding to a state or union territory likely represents the CPI values for that region. The numeric values under each state/UT column represent the CPI index values, with a base of 2010=100. Purpose: This data can be used to analyze inflation trends, price stability, and the impact on economic policies, such as adjustments to dearness allowance for employees. Practical Use of This Data: Inflation Analysis: By examining the changes in CPI values across different states, analysts can study regional inflation trends and compare them to the national average. Policy Making: Governments and central banks can use this data to design and adjust policies aimed at controlling inflation, targeting specific regions or sectors that are experiencing higher inflation. Wage Indexation: Companies and governments can use CPI data to adjust wages and allowances in line with inflation, ensuring that purchasing power is maintained.

We study the impact of targeted price controls on supermarket products in Argentina between 2007 and 2015. Using web-scraping methods, we collected daily prices for controlled and non-controlled goods and examined the differential effects of the policy on inflation, product availability, entry and exit, and price dispersion. We first show that price controls have only a small and temporary effect on inflation that reverses itself as soon as the controls are lifted. Second, contrary to common beliefs, we find that controlled goods are consistently available for sale. Third, firms compensate for price controls by introducing new product varieties at higher prices, thereby increasing price dispersion within narrow categories. Overall, our results show that targeted price controls are just as ineffective as more traditional forms of price controls in reducing aggregate inflation.

Graph and download economic data for Producer Price Index by Industry: Residential Property Managers: Primary Services (PCU531311531311P) from Dec 2003 to Jun 2025 about management, primary, residential, services, PPI, industry, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

The Inflation Management Services market has emerged as a critical sector in today's economic landscape, where businesses strive to navigate the challenges posed by rising costs and fluctuating inflation rates. These services are designed to provide organizations with the necessary tools and strategies to manage the

This study examined the relationship between debt servicing and foreign exchange rate unification in Nigeria from 1995 to 2023, hypothesizing that a unified exchange rate policy would significantly impact the country's debt service-to-revenue ratio. Using annual time series data from sources such as the International Monetary Fund and World Development Indicators, the study employed an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to analyze the relationship between the debt service-to-revenue ratio and factors including the official foreign exchange rate, GDP growth rate, inflation rate, and oil prices. The findings revealed several notable insights. Exchange rate unification was found to have a significant negative effect on the debt service-to-revenue ratio, suggesting that a unified exchange rate policy could help reduce Nigeria's debt service burden. Both current and lagged inflation rates showed a significant negative impact on the debt service-to-revenue ratio, indicating that higher inflation might be eroding the real value of debt or increasing nominal revenues faster than debt servicing costs. Lagged exchange rates were found to negatively affect the debt service-to-revenue ratio, implying that higher exchange rates in the previous period decrease the current ratio. Oil prices demonstrated mixed effects, with current prices positively impacting the debt service-to-revenue ratio while lagged prices had a negative effect. The study also revealed strong persistence in debt servicing behavior over time, as evidenced by the significant positive correlation between current and previous year's debt service ratios. These results offer significant implications for policymakers. The negative effect of exchange rate unification on the debt service-to-revenue ratio suggests that such a policy could improve efficiency in forex markets and reduce arbitrage opportunities, ultimately helping to reduce the debt service burden. The negative relationship between inflation and the debt service-to-revenue ratio indicates that higher inflation might be beneficial for debt servicing in the short term, though this should be interpreted cautiously given the potential negative consequences of high inflation. The mixed impact of oil prices reflects the complexity of Nigeria's oil-dependent economy, highlighting the need for economic diversification. The strong persistence in debt servicing commitments points to potential structural issues in debt management or lack of fiscal flexibility. Policymakers can use these findings to inform strategies for managing Nigeria's debt burden. The results suggest that pursuing exchange rate unification, carefully managing inflation, diversifying the economy to reduce oil dependence, and improving fiscal discipline could all contribute to better management of debt servicing costs. However, it's crucial to consider the lagged effects of economic variables on debt servicing when formulating long-term fiscal strategies.

Graph and download economic data for Producer Price Index by Industry: Data Processing, Hosting and Related Services: Business Process Management Services (PCU5182105182101) from Dec 2000 to Jun 2025 about information technology, management, processed, business, services, PPI, industry, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

This dataset supports the research exploring the impact of monetary policy instruments on the Colombian economy, focusing on the classical dichotomy and monetary neutrality. The analysis delves into how monetary policy, including instruments such as interest rates and money supply, influences both nominal and real variables in the economy. It also highlights the relationship between monetary policy and economic stability, particularly how central banks manage inflation and economic growth. Key sections explore the separation between nominal and real variables as explained by the classical dichotomy, and the principle of monetary neutrality, which argues that changes in money supply affect nominal variables without impacting real economic factors.

The dataset is structured around a combination of theoretical insights and simulations that analyze the effectiveness of monetary neutrality in the Colombian context, given both domestic and international economic challenges such as the war in Ukraine and agricultural sector disruptions. Through simulations, the dataset demonstrates the effects of monetary expansion on variables like inflation, production, and employment, providing a framework for understanding current economic trends and proposing solutions to socio-economic challenges in Colombia.

Recently, the inflationary impacts of climate change shocks have emerged among key constraints to price and financial stability. In line with this development, some Central banks are incorporating climate change risks in their surveillance activities. Thus, this study examines the asymmetric inflationary impact of climate change shocks on food and general consumer prices in Algeria, Egypt, Nigeria, and South Africa. The study employs a panel quantile via the moment’s method and a wavelet coherency analysis for monthly from 2000M01 to 2023M12. The empirical results reveal that, first, there is a dynamic interconnectedness between climate change shocks and inflation. Secondly, the results show that climate change shocks have an inflationary impact on food and general consumer prices. However, the magnitude and direction of the impact depend on the prevailing inflationary regime. Finally, the analysis shows that climate change shocks raise inflation uncertainty. Collectively, these findings imply that climate change shocks are key sources of inflationary pressures and uncertainty, posing significant challenges to central banks’ inflation management. One implication of these findings is that central banks in these countries will likely face extreme difficulty stabilising inflation since monetary policy instruments are mainly demand management, and thus may be ineffective in dealing with climate change shocks. In line with the findings, the study recommends that these countries should enhance their inflation surveillance and monetary policy strategies but considering the potential climate change risks.

According to a survey conducted between July 9 and July 11, 2022, 45 percent of Americans thought that Joe Biden was highly responsible for the current trend in the inflation rate. This is compared to 26 percent of Americans who said President Biden did not have a lot of responsibility for the current inflation rate.

Inflation in the U.S. Global events in 2022 had a significant impact on the United States. Inflation rose from 1.4 percent in January 2021 to 9.1 percent in June 2022. Significantly higher prices of basic goods led to increased concern over the state of the economy, and the ability to cover increasing monthly costs with the same income. Low interest rates, COVID-19-related supply constraints, corporate profiteering, and strong consumer spending had already put pressure on prices before Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. Despite rising wages on paper, the rapid growth of consumer prices resulted in an overall decline in real hourly earnings in the first half of 2022.

How much control does Joe Biden have over inflation? The bulk of economic performance and the inflation rate is determined by factors outside the President’s direct control, but U.S. presidents are often held accountable for it. Some of those factors are market forces, private business, productivity growth, the state of the global economy, and policies of the Federal Reserve. Although high-spending decisions such as the 2021 COVID-19 relief bill may have contributed to rising inflation rates, the bill has been seen by economists as a necessary intervention for preventing a recession at the time, as well as being of significant importance to low-income workers impacted by the pandemic.

The most important tool for curbing inflation and controlling the U.S. economy is the Federal Reserve. The Reserve has the ability to set, raise, and lower interest rates and determine the wider monetary policy for the United States – something out of the president’s control. In June 2022, the Reserve announced it would raise interest rates 0.75 percent for the second time that year – hoisting the rate to a target range of 2.25 to 2.5 percent – in an attempt to slow consumer demand and balance demand with supply. However, it can often take time before the impacts of interventions by the Federal Reserve are seen in the public’s day-to-day lives. Most economists expect this wave of inflation to pass in a year to 18 months.

As of April 2025, the inflation rate in the European Union was 2.4 percent, with prices rising fastest in Romania, which had an inflation rate of 4.9 percent. By contrast, both France and Cyprus saw low inflation rates during the same period, with France having the lowest inflation rate in the EU during this month. The rate of inflation in the EU in the October 2022 was higher than at any other time, with the peak prior to 2021 recorded in July 2008 when prices were growing by 4.4 percent year-on-year. Before the recent rises in inflation, price rises in the EU had been kept at relatively low levels, with the inflation rate remaining below three percent between January 2012 and August 2021. Rapid recovery and energy costs driving inflation The reopening of the European economy in 2021 following the sudden shock of COVID-19 in 2020 is behind many of the factors that have caused prices to rise so quickly in 2022. Global supply chains have not yet recovered from production issues, travel restrictions, and workforce problems brought about by the pandemic. Rising energy costs have only served to exacerbate supply problems, particularly with regard to the transport sector, which had the highest inflation rate of any sector in the EU in December 2021. High inflation rates mirrored in the U.S. The high inflation rates seen in Europe have been reflected in other parts of the world. In the United States, for example, the consumer price index reached a 40-year-high of seven percent in December 2021, influenced by many of the same factors driving European inflation. Nevertheless, it is hoped that once these supply chain issues ease, inflation levels will start to fall throughout the course of 2022.

Nigeria Business Outlook Index: Inflation Management: Net Satisfaction data was reported at 3.300 % in Feb 2019. This records a decrease from the previous number of 3.800 % for Jan 2019. Nigeria Business Outlook Index: Inflation Management: Net Satisfaction data is updated monthly, averaging 3.550 % from Jan 2019 (Median) to Feb 2019, with 2 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.800 % in Jan 2019 and a record low of 3.300 % in Feb 2019. Nigeria Business Outlook Index: Inflation Management: Net Satisfaction data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Nigeria. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Nigeria – Table NG.S002: Business Confidence Index.

Data for paper submitted to the Journal of African Business

Hyperinflation System Market Outlook

In 2023, the global hyperinflation system market size was estimated at USD 1.2 billion and is anticipated to reach USD 3.8 billion by 2032, growing at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 13.5%. One of the primary growth factors for this market is the increasing demand for robust economic management tools amidst rising global inflationary pressures.

The burgeoning need for real-time data analytics and financial forecasting tools is driving the growth of the hyperinflation system market. As economies face volatile inflation rates, particularly in developing nations, businesses and governments require sophisticated software and hardware solutions to predict and manage hyperinflation scenarios effectively. This necessity is fueling the adoption of hyperinflation systems across various sectors, including healthcare, finance, and government. Moreover, the increasing digitization of financial operations and the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies into these systems are further propelling market growth.

Additionally, the global pandemic has underscored the importance of economic resilience, leading to a heightened focus on financial stability measures. The pandemic-induced economic disruptions have led to erratic inflation trends, necessitating advanced hyperinflation systems to mitigate financial risks. This has accelerated the demand for both on-premises and cloud-based deployment models, as organizations seek flexible and scalable solutions to navigate economic uncertainties. Furthermore, government initiatives to enhance financial infrastructure and transparency are providing a significant boost to market expansion.

Technological advancements and the proliferation of big data are also contributing to the market's growth. The integration of advanced data analytics and predictive modeling in hyperinflation systems allows for more accurate forecasting and decision-making. This technological evolution is making these systems indispensable tools for financial institutions, retail businesses, and manufacturing industries. As businesses strive to optimize their financial strategies and safeguard against inflationary pressures, the adoption of hyperinflation systems is expected to surge.

Regionally, North America is anticipated to hold a significant share of the hyperinflation system market due to the presence of major market players and advanced technological infrastructure. Meanwhile, Asia Pacific is projected to exhibit the highest growth rate, driven by rapid economic development, increasing government initiatives for financial stability, and the rising adoption of digital solutions. Europe and Latin America are also expected to witness substantial growth, supported by growing awareness and adoption of hyperinflation management tools in these regions.

Component Analysis

The hyperinflation system market is segmented into software, hardware, and services. The software segment is expected to dominate the market due to the increasing demand for advanced financial analytics and predictive modeling solutions. Software components encompass various applications such as inflation forecasting tools, risk management platforms, and financial planning software. These tools are essential for organizations to navigate volatile economic conditions and are witnessing widespread adoption across multiple industries.

Hardware components, although a smaller segment compared to software, play a crucial role in the overall functionality of hyperinflation systems. High-performance servers, data storage solutions, and specialized computing devices are integral to the effective operation of these systems. The demand for hardware is driven by the need for robust and reliable infrastructure to support complex financial computations and data analytics. As the volume of financial data continues to grow, the need for scalable and efficient hardware solutions is becoming increasingly critical.

The services segment, encompassing consulting, implementation, and maintenance services, is also witnessing significant growth. Organizations require expert guidance to effectively deploy and utilize hyperinflation systems. Consulting services help businesses identify the most suitable solutions tailored to their specific needs, while implementation services ensure smooth integration with existing financial systems. Ongoing maintenance and support services are vital to ensure the continuous and efficient operation of hyperinflation systems, making this segment a key component of the market.&