Malawi MW: GDP: % of Manufacturing: Other Manufacturing data was reported at 19.993 % in 2012. This records an increase from the previous number of 19.595 % for 2011. Malawi MW: GDP: % of Manufacturing: Other Manufacturing data is updated yearly, averaging 20.350 % from Dec 1964 (Median) to 2012, with 46 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 34.054 % in 1985 and a record low of 12.035 % in 2002. Malawi MW: GDP: % of Manufacturing: Other Manufacturing data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Malawi – Table MW.World Bank: Gross Domestic Product: Share of GDP. Value added in manufacturing is the sum of gross output less the value of intermediate inputs used in production for industries classified in ISIC major division D. Other manufacturing, a residual, covers wood and related products (ISIC division 20), paper and related products (ISIC divisions 21 and 22), petroleum and related products (ISIC division 23), basic metals and mineral products (ISIC division27), fabricated metal products and professional goods (ISIC division 28), and other industries (ISIC divisions 25, 26, 31, 33, 36, and 37). Includes unallocated data. When data for textiles, machinery, or chemicals are shown as not available, they are included in other manufacturing.; ; United Nations Industrial Development Organization, International Yearbook of Industrial Statistics.; ;

Malawi: Value added by the manufacturing sector as percent of GDP: The latest value from 2023 is 9.48 percent, a decline from 10.75 percent in 2022. In comparison, the world average is 12.05 percent, based on data from 164 countries. Historically, the average for Malawi from 2017 to 2023 is 11.2 percent. The minimum value, 9.48 percent, was reached in 2023 while the maximum of 12.06 percent was recorded in 2020.

Manufacturing, value added (% of GDP) in Malawi was reported at 9.4762 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Malawi - Manufacturing, value added (% of GDP) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on August of 2025.

Malawi MW: GDP: % of GDP: Gross Value Added: Industry: Manufacturing data was reported at 9.366 % in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 9.519 % for 2016. Malawi MW: GDP: % of GDP: Gross Value Added: Industry: Manufacturing data is updated yearly, averaging 12.313 % from Dec 1975 (Median) to 2017, with 43 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 19.049 % in 1992 and a record low of 9.254 % in 2012. Malawi MW: GDP: % of GDP: Gross Value Added: Industry: Manufacturing data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Malawi – Table MW.World Bank: Gross Domestic Product: Share of GDP. Manufacturing refers to industries belonging to ISIC divisions 15-37. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 3. Note: For VAB countries, gross value added at factor cost is used as the denominator.; ; World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.; Weighted Average; Note: Data for OECD countries are based on ISIC, revision 4.

This statistic shows the share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) in Malawi from 2013 to 2023. In 2023, the share of agriculture in Malawi's gross domestic product was 30.38 percent, industry contributed approximately 15.32 percent and the services sector contributed about 47.53 percent.

Malawi MW: GDP: % of Manufacturing: Medium and High Tech Industry data was reported at 11.345 % in 2015. This stayed constant from the previous number of 11.345 % for 2014. Malawi MW: GDP: % of Manufacturing: Medium and High Tech Industry data is updated yearly, averaging 11.345 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2015, with 26 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 28.214 % in 1994 and a record low of 4.507 % in 2004. Malawi MW: GDP: % of Manufacturing: Medium and High Tech Industry data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Malawi – Table MW.World Bank: Gross Domestic Product: Share of GDP. The proportion of medium and high-tech industry value added in total value added of manufacturing; ; United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), Competitive Industrial Performance (CIP) database; ;

Employment in industry (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate) in Malawi was reported at 8.003 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Malawi - Employment in industry (% of total employment) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on August of 2025.

Abstract

The AES is conducted annually through mail questionnaires sent to all large scale profit making enterprises. The reference period is twelve months and this is normally the enterprise’s financial year. The survey covers private, statutory bodies and public sector industries engaged in the production and sale of goods and services on the market at prices normally designed to cover the cost of production. Public sector industries include Government Print, Plant and Vehicle Hire Organisation (PVHO), Controller of Stores and Forestry Department.The AES provides information on the economic activity of large-scale enterprises in the Malawian economy with regard to their production and employment characteristics, profitability level, acquisition and issue of both real and financial claims in different sectors of the economy.

Analysis unit

Large Scale Enterprises

Universe

Large Scale Enterprises

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The enterprises that are selected for the survey are obtained from the Business Information Register (BIR). This is a live database containing information on all enterprises known to exist by the National Statistical Office. The register details names, addresses, type of activity, number of employees and turnover (i.e. Total sales) of every business and is updated on a regular basis. From the list of businesses on the BIR, large scale profit making industries are selected on the basis of critical value of turnover of K1,000,000 or more. Otherwise, if the enterprise has 100 or more employees, it will also be included. Some enterprises which ceased operating or did not qualify have been dropped while others have been maintained and new ones have been included. Using this method, 327 enterprises were selected in 1994 for this survey.

Mode of data collection

Mail Questionnaire [mail]

Research instrument

Due diversity in the nature of businesses in the different sectors, it was felt necessary to develop questionnaires activity related questionnaires. Agricultural and Manufacturing enterprises are sent questionnaires specific to their sector trade, while other enterprises are sent the standard AES questionnaire.

Cleaning operations

On receipt of the questionnaires, they were checked for errors and discrepancies. Where company accounts were available, crosschecks were made with the questionnaires to detect omissions and inconsistencies. Any problems found were corrected after querying the respondent. Where respondents failed to respond but current annual company accounts were available, the questionnaires were completed at the office using these accounts. After editing, the questionnaires were processed on Personal Computer using Microsoft Excel Version 6.0.

Special adjustments were made to tea and sugar growing and manufacturing, banking and finance, and holding companies. In the tea and sugar industries, the same enterprises often carry out both the growing and manufacturing activities and they do not necessarily keep distinct records for these activities. Since the AES has in the final analysis to allocate value added to appropriate sectors some adjustments are done to both the growing and manufacturing sectors. The adjustment is done on the assumption of 15 per cent mark up on costs for the manufacturing sector to be counted as expenditure by the growing sector.

Data for banking and other financial institutions are also adjusted because the bank charges do not cover the cost of financial services. These are paid from commissions on foreign exchange transactions which is reported in the accounts as foreign exchange profit and from the excess of interest received from loans over interest paid on deposits. The foreign exchange profit and the excess of interest are added to reported banking and service charges, which are then recorded as goods and services, sold. In the case of holding companies, it is difficult to distinguish administrative and managerial service receipts from income derived purely from ownership of subsidiaries and therefore, these service receipts were estimated as total expenditure of the holding companies including remuneration and depreciation plus a 15 per cent mark up. Further, missing data were estimated by applying the sectoral rate of change in employment as a proxy for the growth rate of a particular sector.

Abstract

This research is an Indicator Survey conducted in Malawi from May 12 to July 20, 2009, as part of the Enterprise Survey initiative. An Indicator Survey, which is similar to an Enterprise Survey, is implemented for smaller economies where the sampling strategies inherent in an Enterprise Survey are often not applicable due to the limited universe of firms.

The objective of the survey is to obtain feedback from enterprises on the state of the private sector as well as to help in building a panel of enterprise data that will make it possible to track changes in the business environment over time, thus allowing, for example, impact assessments of reforms. Through interviews with firms in the manufacturing and services sectors, the survey assesses the constraints to private sector growth and creates statistically significant business environment indicators that are comparable across countries.

Questionnaire topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs/labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, competition, land and permits, taxation, business-government relations, performance measures, AIDS and sickness. The mode of data collection is face-to-face interviews.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

The primary sampling unit of the study is the establishment. An establishment is a physical location where business is carried out and where industrial operations take place or services are provided. A firm may be composed of one or more establishments. For example, a brewery may have several bottling plants and several establishments for distribution. For the purposes of this survey an establishment must make its own financial decisions and have its own financial statements separate from those of the firm. An establishment must also have its own management and control over its payroll.

Universe

The whole population, or the universe, covered in the Enterprise Surveys is the non-agricultural economy. It comprises: all manufacturing sectors according to the ISIC Revision 3.1 group classification (group D), construction sector (group F), services sector (groups G and H), and transport, storage, and communications sector (group I). Note that this population definition excludes the following sectors: financial intermediation (group J), real estate and renting activities (group K, except sub-sector 72, IT, which was added to the population under study), and all public or utilities sectors.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample for registered establishments in Malawi was selected using stratified random sampling. Three levels of stratification were used in the Malawi sample: firm sector, firm size, and geographic region.

Industry stratification was designed as follows: the universe was stratified into manufacturing and services industries. The initial sample design had a target of 75 interviews in manufacturing and 75 interviews in services.

Size stratification was defined following the standardized definition used for the Enterprise Surveys: small (5 to 19 employees), medium (20 to 99 employees), and large (more than 99 employees). For stratification purposes, the number of employees was defined on the basis of reported permanent fulltime workers.

Regional stratification was defined in terms of the geographic regions with the largest commercial presence in the country: Central, Northern and Southern were the three areas selected in Malawi.

Two frames were used for Malawi. The first was the Malawi Business Information Register 2008-2009 compiled by the National Statistical Office (NSO) of Malawi and by the Malawi Confederation Chamber of Commerce. The second frame (the panel sample) consisted of enterprises interviewed for the Enterprise Survey in 2005, which were to be re-interviewed where they were in the selected geographical regions and met eligibility criteria. Both database contained the following information: -Name of the firm -Contact details -ISIC code -Number of employees.

Given the impact that non-eligible units included in the sample universe may have on the results, adjustments may be needed when computing the appropriate weights for individual observations. The percentage of confirmed non-eligible units as a proportion of the total number of sampled establishments contacted for the survey was 21.1% (81 out of 384 establishments for the ES sample, including panel establishments). Breaking down by industry, the following numbers of establishments were surveyed: Manufacturing - 75, Services - 75.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The current survey instruments are available: - Services Questionnaire - Manufacturing Questionnaire - Screener Questionnaire.

The Services Questionnaire is administered to the establishments in the services sector. The Manufacturing Questionnaire is built upon the Services Questionnaire and adds specific questions relevant to manufacturing.

The standard Enterprise Survey topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs/labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, competition, capacity utilization, land and permits, taxation, informality, business-government relations, innovation and technology, and performance measures. Over 90% of the questions objectively ascertain characteristics of a country’s business environment. The remaining questions assess the survey respondents’ opinions on what are the obstacles to firm growth and performance.

Cleaning operations

Data entry and quality controls are implemented by the contractor and data is delivered to the World Bank in batches (typically 10%, 50% and 100%). These data deliveries are checked for logical consistency, out of range values, skip patterns, and duplicate entries. Problems are flagged by the World Bank and corrected by the implementing contractor through data checks, callbacks, and revisiting establishments.

Response rate

Complete information regarding the sampling methodology, sample frame, weights, response rates, and implementation can be found in "Description of Malawi Implementation 2009" in "Technical Documents" folder.

Industry (including construction), value added (% of GDP) in Malawi was reported at 15.96 % in 2024, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Malawi - Industry, value added (% of GDP) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on July of 2025.

Abstract

The survey was conducted in Malawi between April 2014 and February 2015 as part of Enterprise Surveys roll-out, an initiative of the World Bank. The objective of the survey is to obtain feedback from enterprises on the state of the private sector as well as to help in building a panel of enterprise data that will make it possible to track changes in the business environment over time, thus allowing, for example, impact assessments of reforms. Through interviews with firms in the manufacturing and services sectors, the survey assesses the constraints to private sector growth and creates statistically significant business environment indicators that are comparable across countries.

In Malawi, data from 523 establishments was analyzed. Stratified random sampling was used to select the surveyed businesses. The data was collected using face-to-face interviews.

The standard Enterprise Survey topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs and labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, competition, capacity utilization, land and permits, taxation, informality, business-government relations, innovation and technology, and performance measures. Over 90 percent of the questions objectively ascertain characteristics of a country’s business environment. The remaining questions assess the survey respondents’ opinions on what are the obstacles to firm growth and performance.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

The primary sampling unit of the study is an establishment. The establishment is a physical location where business is carried out and where industrial operations take place or services are provided. A firm may be composed of one or more establishments. For example, a brewery may have several bottling plants and several establishments for distribution. For the purposes of this survey an establishment must make its own financial decisions and have its own financial statements separate from those of the firm. An establishment must also have its own management and control over its payroll.

Universe

The whole population, or the universe, covered in the Enterprise Surveys is the non-agricultural private economy. It comprises: all manufacturing sectors according to the ISIC Revision 3.1 group classification (group D), construction sector (group F), services sector (groups G and H), and transport, storage, and communications sector (group I). Note that this population definition excludes the following sectors: financial intermediation (group J), real estate and renting activities (group K, except sub-sector 72, IT, which was added to the population under study), and all public or utilities sectors. Companies with 100% government ownership are not eligible to participate in the Enterprise Surveys.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample was selected using stratified random sampling. Two levels of stratification were used in this country: industry and region. The size was not available in the sampling frame for most contacts.

Industry stratification was designed in the way that follows: For panel firms, the universe was stratified into manufacturing industries and a services sector. For fresh firms, the universe was stratified into manufacturing industries and two service sectors (retail and other services).

Regional stratification for the Malawi ES was defined by six metro areas: Blantyre, Kasungu, Lilongwe, Mangochi, Mzimba, Zombe.

For the Malawi ES, multiple sample frames were used: a sample frame was built using data compiled from local and municipal business registries. Due to the fact that the previous round of surveys utilized different stratification criteria in the 2009 survey sample, the following convention was used. The presence of panel firms was limited to a maximum of 50% of the achieved interviews in each cell. That sample is referred to as the Panel.

The sample design for the Malawi Enterprise Survey was generated with the aim of obtaining interviews at 460 establishments.

Given the impact that non-eligible units included in the sample universe may have on the results, adjustments may be needed when computing the appropriate weights for individual observations.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The following survey instruments are available: - Manufacturing Module Questionnaire - Services Module Questionnaire

The survey is fielded via manufacturing or services questionnaires in order not to ask questions that are irrelevant to specific types of firms, e.g. a question that relates to production and nonproduction workers should not be asked of a retail firm. In addition to questions that are asked across countries, all surveys are customized and contain country-specific questions. An example of customization would be including tourism-related questions that are asked in certain countries when tourism is an existing or potential sector of economic growth.

The eligible manufacturing industries have been surveyed using the Manufacturing Module Questionnaire (includes a common set of core variables, plus manufacturing specific questions). Eligible service establishments have been covered using the Services Module Questionnaire. Each variation of the questionnaire is identified by the index variable, a0.

Cleaning operations

Data entry and quality controls are implemented by the contractor and data is delivered to the World Bank in batches (typically 10%, 50% and 100%). These data deliveries are checked for logical consistency, out of range values, skip patterns, and duplicate entries. Problems are flagged by the World Bank and corrected by the implementing contractor through data checks, callbacks, and revisiting establishments.

Response rate

Survey non-response must be differentiated from item non-response. The former refers to refusals to participate in the survey altogether whereas the latter refers to the refusals to answer some specific questions. Enterprise Surveys suffer from both problems and different strategies were used to address these issues.

Item non-response was addressed by two strategies: a- For sensitive questions that may generate negative reactions from the respondent, such as corruption or tax evasion, enumerators were instructed to collect "Refusal to respond" (-8) as a different option from "Don't know" (-9). b- Establishments with incomplete information were re-contacted in order to complete this information, whenever necessary.

Survey non-response was addressed by maximizing efforts to contact establishments that were initially selected for interview. Attempts were made to contact the establishment for interview at different times/days of the week before a replacement establishment (with similar strata characteristics) was suggested for interview. Survey non-response did occur but substitutions were made in order to potentially achieve strata-specific goals.

The number of interviews per contacted establishments was 0.28. This number is the result of two factors: explicit refusals to participate in the survey, as reflected by the rate of rejection (which includes rejections of the screener and the main survey) and the quality of the sample frame, as represented by the presence of ineligible units. The number of rejections per contact was 0.10.

Industry (including construction), value added (annual % growth) in Malawi was reported at 2.0998 % in 2024, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Malawi - Industry, value added (annual % growth) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on July of 2025.

Malawi: Industry value added, billion USD: The latest value from 2023 is 1.95 billion U.S. dollars, a decline from 2.1 billion U.S. dollars in 2022. In comparison, the world average is 124.18 billion U.S. dollars, based on data from 168 countries. Historically, the average for Malawi from 1980 to 2023 is 1.07 billion U.S. dollars. The minimum value, 0.37 billion U.S. dollars, was reached in 1984 while the maximum of 2.28 billion U.S. dollars was recorded in 2021.

Malawi MW: GDP: Real: Gross Value Added at Factor Cost: Industry: Manufacturing data was reported at 122,594.818 MWK mn in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 119,460.633 MWK mn for 2016. Malawi MW: GDP: Real: Gross Value Added at Factor Cost: Industry: Manufacturing data is updated yearly, averaging 62,522.032 MWK mn from Dec 1975 (Median) to 2017, with 43 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 122,594.818 MWK mn in 2017 and a record low of 38,459.925 MWK mn in 1976. Malawi MW: GDP: Real: Gross Value Added at Factor Cost: Industry: Manufacturing data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Malawi – Table MW.World Bank.WDI: Gross Domestic Product: Real. Manufacturing refers to industries belonging to ISIC divisions 15-37. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 3. Data are in constant local currency.; ; World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.; ; Note: Data for OECD countries are based on ISIC, revision 4.

Industry (including construction), value added (current US$) in Malawi was reported at 1947007815 USD in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Malawi - Industry, value added - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on July of 2025.

Abstract

The survey was conducted in Malawi between October and November 2005. Data from 160 establishments were analyzed.

The Enterprise Surveys are applied to a representative sample of firms in the non-agricultural economy. The sample is consistently defined in all countries and includes the entire manufacturing sector, the services sector, and the transportation and construction sectors. Public utilities, government services, health care, and financial services sectors are not included in the sample. Enterprise Surveys collect a wide array of qualitative and quantitative information through face-to-face interviews with firm managers and owners regarding the business environment in their countries and the productivity of their firms. The topics covered in Enterprise Surveys include the obstacles to doing business, infrastructure, finance, labor, corruption and regulation, law and order, innovation and technology, trade, and firm productivity.

Geographic coverage

National

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The current survey instrument is available: Malawi Productivity and Investment Climate Survey.

The standard Enterprise Survey topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs/labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, competition, capacity utilization, informality, business-government relations, conflict resolution and legal environment, innovation and technology, and performance measures. The questionnaires also assess respondents’ opinions on what are the obstacles to firm growth and performance.

Note that variables and questions from m1 to m39 are related to Malawi 2005 Employee Survey, which is not described in this metadata file.

Malawi Exports of residues, wastes of food industry, animal fodder to United States was US$5.88 Thousand during 2012, according to the United Nations COMTRADE database on international trade. Malawi Exports of residues, wastes of food industry, animal fodder to United States - data, historical chart and statistics - was last updated on August of 2025.

Malawi Exports of residues, wastes of food industry, animal fodder was US$52.73 Million during 2023, according to the United Nations COMTRADE database on international trade. Malawi Exports of residues, wastes of food industry, animal fodder - data, historical chart and statistics - was last updated on July of 2025.

Abstract

The documented dataset covers Enterprise Survey (ES) panel data collected in Malawi in 2009 and 2014, as part of Africa Enterprise Surveys roll-out, an initiative of the World Bank.

New Enterprise Surveys target a sample consisting of longitudinal (panel) observations and new cross-sectional data. Panel firms are prioritized in the sample selection, comprising up to 50% of the sample in the current wave. For all panel firms, regardless of the sample, current eligibility or operating status is determined and included in panel datasets.

Malawi ES 2014 was conducted between April 2014 and February 2015, Malawi ES 2009 was carried out in May - July 2009. The objective of the Enterprise Survey is to obtain feedback from enterprises on the state of the private sector as well as to help in building a panel of enterprise data that will make it possible to track changes in the business environment over time, thus allowing, for example, impact assessments of reforms. Through interviews with firms in the manufacturing and services sectors, the survey assesses the constraints to private sector growth and creates statistically significant business environment indicators that are comparable across countries.

Stratified random sampling was used to select the surveyed businesses. The data was collected using face-to-face interviews.

Data from 673 establishments was analyzed: 436 businesses were from 2014 ES only, 63 - from 2009 ES only, and 174 firms were from both 2009 and 2014 panels.

The standard Enterprise Survey topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs and labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, competition, capacity utilization, land and permits, taxation, informality, business-government relations, innovation and technology, and performance measures. Over 90 percent of the questions objectively measure characteristics of a country’s business environment. The remaining questions assess the survey respondents’ opinions on what are the obstacles to firm growth and performance.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

The primary sampling unit of the study is an establishment. An establishment is a physical location where business is carried out and where industrial operations take place or services are provided. A firm may be composed of one or more establishments. For example, a brewery may have several bottling plants and several establishments for distribution. For the purposes of this survey an establishment must make its own financial decisions and have its own financial statements separate from those of the firm. An establishment must also have its own management and control over its payroll.

Universe

The whole population, or the universe, covered in the Enterprise Surveys is the non-agricultural private economy. It comprises: all manufacturing sectors according to the ISIC Revision 3.1 group classification (group D), construction sector (group F), services sector (groups G and H), and transport, storage, and communications sector (group I). Note that this population definition excludes the following sectors: financial intermediation (group J), real estate and renting activities (group K, except sub-sector 72, IT, which was added to the population under study), and all public or utilities sectors. Companies with 100% government ownership are not eligible to participate in the Enterprise Surveys.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

For the Malawi ES, multiple sample frames were used: a sample frame was built using data compiled from local and municipal business registries. Due to the fact that the previous round of surveys utilized different stratification criteria in the 2009 survey sample, the presence of panel firms was limited to a maximum of 50% of the achieved interviews in each stratum. That sample is referred to as the panel.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The following survey instruments were used for Malawi ES 2009 and 2014: - Manufacturing Module Questionnaire - Services Module Questionnaire

The survey is fielded via manufacturing or services questionnaires in order not to ask questions that are irrelevant to specific types of firms, e.g. a question that relates to production and nonproduction workers should not be asked of a retail firm. In addition to questions that are asked across countries, all surveys are customized and contain country-specific questions. An example of customization would be including tourism-related questions that are asked in certain countries when tourism is an existing or potential sector of economic growth. There is a skip pattern in the Service Module Questionnaire for questions that apply only to retail firms.

Cleaning operations

Data entry and quality controls are implemented by the contractor and data is delivered to the World Bank in batches (typically 10%, 50% and 100%). These data deliveries are checked for logical consistency, out of range values, skip patterns, and duplicate entries. Problems are flagged by the World Bank and corrected by the implementing contractor through data checks, callbacks, and revisiting establishments.

Response rate

Survey non-response must be differentiated from item non-response. The former refers to refusals to participate in the survey altogether whereas the latter refers to the refusals to answer some specific questions. Enterprise Surveys suffer from both problems and different strategies were used to address these issues.

Item non-response was addressed by two strategies: a- For sensitive questions that may generate negative reactions from the respondent, such as corruption or tax evasion, enumerators were instructed to collect "Refusal to respond" (-8) as a different option from "Don't know" (-9). b- Establishments with incomplete information were re-contacted in order to complete this information, whenever necessary.

Survey non-response was addressed by maximizing efforts to contact establishments that were initially selected for interview. Attempts were made to contact the establishment for interview at different times/days of the week before a replacement establishment (with similar strata characteristics) was suggested for interview. Survey non-response did occur but substitutions were made in order to potentially achieve strata-specific goals.

This horizontal bar chart displays ESG score (/ 100) by industry using the aggregation average in Malawi. The data is about companies.