Follow-up questions after map design variation (*this question was included for evaluating a possible response bias).

Map variation categories.

Regression models with SBC and p-value with task success, comfort, and confidence ratings as the dependent variables (see S4–S6 Tables for odds ratios of each model).

Over a period of almost 50 years since the beginning of the state recording, the original recordings had not been reproduced due to the lack of military and civilian interest. It was not until around 1860 that interest changed from the civilian side. There was a real demand for 1:25,000 scale maps, particularly from the mining side. From 1868 onwards, the General Staff made these map sheets available to the Prussian Ministry of Commerce, which were originally only intended to be used to derive subsequent standards. However, since the map sheets now published had already been recorded between 1836 and 1850 and only came onto the market 20 years later without further updates, they were rejected in some parts of Prussia. In the period that followed, the call for up-to-date maps became more and more urgent. The foundation stone for the new admission was thus laid. From 1875, the entire Prussian territory was recorded again, now in the meter unit agreed by the International Meter Convention of 1875. Only the cut of the sheet, the projection and the scale were taken over from the original measuring table sheets. The terrain was no longer displayed as a hatched representation, but for the first time in the form of contour lines, with a level surface known as normal zero being introduced as a reference point for a uniform indication of altitude throughout Germany. Compared to the original recording, the modern cartographic design principles can be clearly recognized in this new recording, such as the structure of the path network, the representation and delimitation of the vegetation, the reproduction of the administrative districts, as well as the labeling and the sheet margin, which to this day characterize the content and appearance of the official topographic national map series. The manufacturing process chosen was mainly engraving on copper or drawing on lithographic stone. Originally, the new recording had its own numbering system, which was later adapted to the sheet numbers and sheet names of today's DTK25 for reasons of simplification.

Regression model with task success as the dependent variable (see S3 Table for odds ratios).

The soil map shows the dominant composition of the soil in the first 2 meters below ground level. In the interests of simplification, a classification in sand, loam or clay per square kilometre has been chosen. This was drawn up on the basis of the soil type map and supplemented with drilling rigs of own drillings and drillings found in the Database Subsurface Flanders. In the context of rainwater policy and the principles of optimal separation with the aim of promoting the natural runoff and infiltration of rainwater, it is important to have an insight into the soil condition and infiltration sensitivity of the upper soil layer in Antwerp. In this way, the integration of water management into urban design can be controlled more effectively and efficiently, as well as the localisation of infiltration-prone areas for future construction projects. For example, city authorities regularly receive questions from contractors, architects and design offices about the possibility of infiltration on a particular plot. This information is also important in the design and implementation of public urban renewal works. The layout of geohydrological maps can contribute to a better alignment between spatial planning, public space design, green management and water management. It is quite possible to save costs by combining multiple management aspects with the construction of green-blue structures: tackling flooding, combating soil desiccation, developing more urban nature and biodiversity. Finally, these data are used as substantiation in the preparation of the rainwater plan; a plan indicating at district level how much infiltration and/or buffer capacity is desirable and in which forms (e.g. collective wadi, canal or pond). The contract concerns the preparation of four geohydrological maps, in particular: a soil map, a groundwater map (meter - ground level) with an annual average depth of the phreatic groundwater table below street level, a groundwater map with annual average levels relative to the topographic reference level (meter -/+ TAW) and an infiltration map of the Antwerp region. The study is part of the characterisation of the subsurface of Antwerp with a view to the localisation of infiltration-prone areas for future construction projects. These maps describe the entire regionthe territory of Antwerp (city of Antwerp with its 9 districts and submunicipalities), with the exception of the Antwerp port area. For the right bank of the Antwerp port area, the possibilities of rainwater infiltration and buffering have already been investigated (What about rainwater in the Antwerp port area?, IMDC iov Port of Antwerp and Alfaport, 2013). In function of the calibration and calculation of groundwater and groundwater data, it was important to integrate the port area into the model area. . The study area is bounded to the north, east, south and west respectively by the national border and municipalities of Berendrecht, Deurne, HobokenStabroek, Kapellen, Brasschaat, Schoten Wijnegem, Wommelgem, Borsbeek, Mortsel, Edegem, Aartselaar, Hemiksem and LinkeroeverZwijndrecht.

The adoption of a not orthogonal point of view in maps creation implies changes in the symbology design to make possible the cartographic communication. There are no general principles for 3D maps and misconceptions in the construction process of these maps may restrict or even impair the proper communication of cartographic features, and their spatial relationships represented. In addition, graphic design technologies allow quite complex and compelling visual solutions, but the problem of proper symbology is compounded by lack of knowledge of how users react to the perspective representation and perceptual differences from conventional topographic map. Therefore, there is a need to adapt the cartographic representations to the 3D environment. This research proposes the evaluation of the visual variable size in some specific features on a 3D map and assesses its influence on the perception of expert users. To accomplish this, the research presents a test methodology that combines qualitative and quantitative techniques to measure the degree of success of the proposition. The results show different degrees of perception of visual variables in the visual differentiation process of landmarks

Data for paper published in Proceedings of the National Academy of SciencesFunctional mapping of the molluscan brain guided by synchrotron X-ray tomographyAbstract Molluscan brains are comprised of morphologically consistent and functionally interrogable neurons offering rich opportunities for understanding how neural circuits drive behaviour. Nonetheless, detailed component-level CNS maps are completely lacking, total neuron numbers are unknown, and organizational principles remain poorly defined, limiting a full and systematic characterization of circuit operation. Here we establish an accessible, generalizable approach, harnessing synchrotron X-ray tomography, to rapidly determine the three-dimensional structure of the multi-millimeter-scale CNS of Lymnaea. Focusing on the feeding ganglia, we generate the first full neuron-level reconstruction, revealing key design principles and revising cell count estimates upwards threefold. Our atlas uncovers the superficial but also non-superficial ganglionic architecture, reveals the cell organization in normally hidden regions - ganglionic “dark-sides” - and details features of single-neuron morphology, together guiding targeted follow-up functional investigation based on intracellular recordings. Using this approach, we identify three pivotal, to date unreported, neuron classes: a command-like food-signalling cell type, a feeding central pattern-generator interneuron, and a unique behavior-specific motoneuron, together significantly advancing understanding of the function of this classical control circuit. Combining our morphological and electrophysiological data we also establish a first functional CNS atlas in Lymnaea as a shared and scalable resource for the research community. Our approach enables the rapid construction of cell atlases in large-scale nervous systems, with key relevance to functional circuit interrogation in a diverse range of model organisms.Contents:Excel file with multiple sheets, each related to a different dataset within the paper.readme.txt file containing Description information

For natural PPRs, the environmental code defines two categories of zones (L562-1): risk-exposed areas and areas that are not directly exposed to risks but where measures may be foreseen to avoid exacerbating the risk. Depending on the hazard level, each area is subject to an enforceable settlement. This RPP has 7 restricted zones: — RFU: highly urbanised area in strong contingencies in which a prohibition principle applies taking into account the highly urbanised nature — UK: Other urbanised area and area of activity in strong contingencies in which a prohibition principle applies — VD: area with little or no strong contingencies in which the PPRNPi must ensure the free flow of water and the conservation of flood fields — O: low or medium contingencies urbanised area in which the principle of authorisation applies provided that projects take flood risk into account in their design — V: little to no urbanised area of low or medium contingencies in which the PPRNPi must ensure the free flow of water and the conservation of flood fields. Some land use related to the management of these spaces may be allowed. — Gold: residual hazard area in which the authorisation principle applies provided that projects take flood risk into account in their design including in non-urbanised areas at the time of the development of the PPRNPi — B: area corresponding to an exceptional flood of return 1000 years in which the principle of regulating only those establishments useful for crisis management, useful for a rapid return to normal, the failure of which poses a high risk to persons and facilities classified for the protection of the environment likely to generate significant pollution or risks

For natural PPRs, the Environmental Code defines two categories of zones (L562-1): risk-exposed areas and areas that are not directly exposed to risks but where measures can be foreseen to avoid exacerbating the risk. Depending on the hazard level, each area is subject to an enforceable settlement. This RPP consists of 7 restricted areas: — Rfu: highly urbanised area in which a prohibition principle applies, taking into account the highly urbanised nature — UK: Other urbanised area and area of activity in which there is a prohibition principle — VD: little or no urbanised area in which the PPRNPi must ensure the free flow of water and the conservation of flood fields — O: low or medium-risk urbanised area to which the principle of authorisation applies provided that projects take flood risk into account in their design — V: little or no urbanised area in which the PPRNPi is responsible for the free flow of water and the conservation of flood fields. Some land use related to the management of these areas may be permitted. — Gold: residual hazard area to which the licensing principle applies provided that projects take into account flood risk in their design, including in non-urbanised areas at the time of the development of the PPRNPi — B: area corresponding to an exceptional return flood 1000 years in which the principle of regulating the only institutions relevant for crisis management, useful for a rapid return to normal, the failure of which poses a high risk to persons and installations classified for environmental protection which may cause significant pollution or risk

The seismic zoning map for Belgium was published in the Belgian national annex (NBN EN 1998-1 ANB) to the European building code Eurocode 8 (EN 1998-1), which became effective in all European member states in 2011. This map classifies Belgian communes into five seismic zones, corresponding to different values of the reference peak ground acceleration (PGA) to be taken into account in the design of structures for earthquake resistance. In combination with the importance class of the building and the ground type, the reference PGA is used to calculate the design response spectrum defining the accelerations that the structure should be able to withstand without collapse. For further details and the precise specifications, users should consult the normative documents, which can be ordered from the Bureau for Standardisation NBN (https://www.nbn.be/en). The Eurocode-8 seismic zoning map for Belgium was established by the Royal Observatory of Belgium, based on a reimplementation of the seismic hazard map of Leynaud et al. (2000) for a return period of 475 years (equivalent to 10% probability of exceedance in a timespan of 50 years). This hazard map was calculated following the principles of probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, and based on a simple model of seismic sources and their activity in and around Belgium, and a single ground-motion model (or “attenuation law”), describing PGA in function of earthquake magnitude and epicentral distance. To date, this is the only seismic hazard map that has been published specifically for Belgium, and it is still considered as the official seismic hazard map for Belgium.

The model applies manifold learning to reduce the dimensionality of high-dimensional map color data derived from the Map Emotion Dataset, thereby extracting emotional color manifold features, then emotional color constraints for maps on color feature indicators was introduced to genetic algorithm framework to generate color schemes that align with the thematic and emotional requirements of maps. This model offers a structured framework for enhancing the emotional expressiveness of cartographic products while maintaining consistency with established color design principles.

Summary: Creating the world’s first open-source, high-resolution, land cover map of the worldStorymap metadata page: URL forthcoming Possible K-12 Next Generation Science standards addressed:Grade level(s) K: Standard K-ESS3-1 - Earth and Human Activity - Use a model to represent the relationship between the needs of different plants or animals (including humans) and the places they liveGrade level(s) K: Standard K-ESS3-3 - Earth and Human Activity - Communicate solutions that will reduce the impact of humans on the land, water, air, and/or other living things in the local environmentGrade level(s) 2: Standard 2-ESS2-1 - Earth’s Systems - Compare multiple solutions designed to slow or prevent wind or water from changing the shape of the landGrade level(s) 2: Standard 2-ESS2-2 - Earth’s Systems - Develop a model to represent the shapes and kinds of land and bodies of water in an areaGrade level(s) 3: Standard 3-LS4-1 - Biological Evolution: Unity and Diversity - Analyze and interpret data from fossils to provide evidence of the organisms and the environments in which they lived long ago.Grade level(s) 3: Standard 3-LS4-1 - Biological Evolution: Unity and Diversity - Analyze and interpret data from fossils to provide evidence of the organisms and the environments in which they lived long ago.Grade level(s) 3: Standard 3-LS4-4 - Biological Evolution: Unity and Diversity - Make a claim about the merit of a solution to a problem caused when the environment changes and the types of plants and animals that live there may changeGrade level(s) 4: Standard 4-ESS1-1 - Earth’s Place in the Universe - Identify evidence from patterns in rock formations and fossils in rock layers to support an explanation for changes in a landscape over timeGrade level(s) 4: Standard 4-ESS2-2 - Earth’s Systems - Analyze and interpret data from maps to describe patterns of Earth’s featuresGrade level(s) 5: Standard 5-ESS2-1 - Earth’s Systems - Develop a model using an example to describe ways the geosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and/or atmosphere interact.Grade level(s) 6-8: Standard MS-ESS2-2 - Earth’s Systems - Construct an explanation based on evidence for how geoscience processes have changed Earth’s surface at varying time and spatial scalesGrade level(s) 6-8: Standard MS-ESS2-6 - Earth’s Systems - Develop and use a model to describe how unequal heating and rotation of the Earth cause patterns of atmospheric and oceanic circulation that determine regional climates.Grade level(s) 6-8: Standard MS-ESS3-3 - Earth and Human Activity - Apply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing a human impact on the environment.Grade level(s) 9-12: Standard HS-ESS2-1 - Earth’s Systems - Develop a model to illustrate how Earth’s internal and surface processes operate at different spatial and temporal scales to form continental and ocean-floor features.Grade level(s) 9-12: Standard HS-ESS2-7 - Earth’s Systems - Construct an argument based on evidence about the simultaneous coevolution of Earth’s systems and life on EarthGrade level(s) 9-12: Standard HS-ESS3-4 - Earth and Human Activity - Evaluate or refine a technological solution that reduces impacts of human activities on natural systems.Grade level(s) 9-12: Standard HS-ESS3-6 - Earth and Human Activity - Use a computational representation to illustrate the relationships among Earth systems and how those relationships are being modified due to human activityMost frequently used words:areaslandclassesApproximate Flesch-Kincaid reading grade level: 9.7. The FK reading grade level should be considered carefully against the grade level(s) in the NGSS content standards above.

Choropleth maps are fundamental tools for geographic data analysis, primarily relying on color to convey information. Consequently, the design of their color schemes is of paramount importance in choropleth map production. The traditional coloring methods offered by GIS tools such as ArcGIS and QGIS are not user-friendly for non-professionals. These tools provide numerous color schemes, making selection difficult, and cannot also easily fulfill personalized coloring needs, such as requests for 'summer-like' map colors. To address these shortcomings, we develop a novel system that leverages a large language model and map color design principles to generate contextually relevant and user-aligned choropleth map color schemes. The system follows a three-stage process: Data processing, which provides an overview and classification of the data; Color Concept Design, where color theme and mode are conceptualized based on data characteristics and user intentions; and Color Scheme Design, where specific colors are assigned to classes. Our system incorporates an interactive interface for choropleth map color design and allows users to customize color choices flexibly. Through user studies and evaluations, the system demonstrates acceptable usability, accuracy, and flexibility, with users highlighting its efficiency and ease of use.

In today’s information age, thematic maps increasingly appear in all kinds of media and publications and many users control the map design process themselves. Due to wider prevalence of data, teaching the principles of thematic cartography is gaining interest. Students need to understand the power of thematic maps to reveal geographic patterns and relations, and should learn how to create convincing maps. In this paper, student maps featuring socio-economic themes for Northern South Africa show how attention can be drawn to information hidden in data. Seven students each prepared a black-and-white traditional thematic map and a coloured infographics-style map, which were later enhanced by a well-trained cartographer. Through these maps, we demonstrate that the power of thematic maps depends on the chosen cartographic representation and that diversity of visualization options matters when telling a story with a map. Discussion of the maps illustrates the relevance and challenge of thematic maps for society, the need to develop map literacy, and the possibility to accommodate new visualization trends, like narrative data visualization, in thematic cartography teaching. The emphasis should be on using multivariate data and allowing infographics characteristics, thus fostering creativity and preparing students for a role in interdisciplinary data journalism teams.

In the primary visual cortex of primates and carnivores, functional architecture can be characterized by maps of various stimulus features such as orientation preference (OP), ocular dominance (OD), and spatial frequency. It is a long-standing question in theoretical neuroscience whether the observed maps should be interpreted as optima of a specific energy functional that summarizes the design principles of cortical functional architecture. A rigorous evaluation of this optimization hypothesis is particularly demanded by recent evidence that the functional architecture of orientation columns precisely follows species invariant quantitative laws. Because it would be desirable to infer the form of such an optimization principle from the biological data, the optimization approach to explain cortical functional architecture raises the following questions: i) What are the genuine ground states of candidate energy functionals and how can they be calculated with precision and rigor? ii) How do differences in candidate optimization principles impact on the predicted map structure and conversely what can be learned about a hypothetical underlying optimization principle from observations on map structure? iii) Is there a way to analyze the coordinated organization of cortical maps predicted by optimization principles in general? To answer these questions we developed a general dynamical systems approach to the combined optimization of visual cortical maps of OP and another scalar feature such as OD or spatial frequency preference. From basic symmetry assumptions we obtain a comprehensive phenomenological classification of possible inter-map coupling energies and examine representative examples. We show that each individual coupling energy leads to a different class of OP solutions with different correlations among the maps such that inferences about the optimization principle from map layout appear viable. We systematically assess whether quantitative laws resembling experimental observations can result from the coordinated optimization of orientation columns with other feature maps.

Proteins are involved in almost all functions in a living cell, and functions of proteins are realized by their tertiary structures. Obtaining a global perspective of the variety and distribution of protein structures lays a foundation for our understanding of the building principle of protein structures. In light of the rapid accumulation of low-resolution structure data from electron tomography and cryo-electron microscopy, here we map and classify three-dimensional (3D) surface shapes of proteins into a similarity space. Surface shapes of proteins were represented with 3D Zernike descriptors, mathematical moment-based invariants, which have previously been demonstrated effective for biomolecular structure similarity search. In addition to single chains of proteins, we have also analyzed the shape space occupied by protein complexes. From the mapping, we have obtained various new insights into the relationship between shapes, main-chain folds, and complex formation. The unique view obtained from shape mapping opens up new ways to understand design principles, functions, and evolution of proteins.

Extending product life is one of the effective ways to reduce the waste of resources. However, many unsatisfactory products are scrapped because of a lack of adequate performance. The product should be improved and upgraded innovatively, and the existing upgradable products may create more economic benefits for the longer product life cycles. This paper proposed a product innovative design and product upgrade employing an Extenics-TRIZ Integrated requirement-function-principle-structure (RFPS) model, which aims at complex requirement flexibility with easy-to-use design process when the product needs a redesign. Here, the requirement flexibility refers to the ability of a design object to adapt its design levels. There are two design strategies: the extension analysis methods are utilized to map the top-level requirements to functions, principles, and structures requirements, and then the TRIZ is used to handle the design problems according to the objects on different levels. This design knowledge is summarized as RFPS, and it can be reused in computer-aided innovation further. A case study for a cutting table is illustrated to the innovation and upgrade, and it indicates the effectiveness for designers to implement the design methodology.

Entropy is an important trait for life as well as the human brain. Characterizing brain entropy (BEN) may provide an informative tool to assess brain states and brain functions. Yet little is known about the distribution and regional organization of BEN in normal brain. The purpose of this study was to examine the whole brain entropy patterns using a large cohort of normal subjects. A series of experiments were first performed to validate an approximate entropy measure regarding its sensitivity, specificity, and reliability using synthetic data and fMRI data. Resting state fMRI data from a large cohort of normal subjects (n = 1049) from multi-sites were then used to derive a 3-dimensional BEN map, showing a sharp low-high entropy contrast between the neocortex and the rest of brain. The spatial heterogeneity of resting BEN was further studied using a data-driven clustering method, and the entire brain was found to be organized into 7 hierarchical regional BEN networks that are consistent with known structural and functional brain parcellations. These findings suggest BEN mapping as a physiologically and functionally meaningful measure for studying brain functions.

Extending product life is one of the effective ways to reduce the waste of resources. However, many unsatisfactory products are scrapped because of a lack of adequate performance. The product should be improved and upgraded innovatively, and the existing upgradable products may create more economic benefits for the longer product life cycles. This paper proposed a product innovative design and product upgrade employing an Extenics-TRIZ Integrated requirement-function-principle-structure (RFPS) model, which aims at complex requirement flexibility with easy-to-use design process when the product needs a redesign. Here, the requirement flexibility refers to the ability of a design object to adapt its design levels. There are two design strategies: the extension analysis methods are utilized to map the top-level requirements to functions, principles, and structures requirements, and then the TRIZ is used to handle the design problems according to the objects on different levels. This design knowledge is summarized as RFPS, and it can be reused in computer-aided innovation further. A case study for a cutting table is illustrated to the innovation and upgrade, and it indicates the effectiveness for designers to implement the design methodology.