This 1 km summary pixel data set represents the land surface of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, classified using two classification schemas, target and aggregate classes. The target class schema comprise 21 UKCEH land cover classes based upon Biodiversity Action Plan broad habitats. The aggregate class schema comprises 10 aggregate classes that are groupings of the 21 target classes. The aggregate classes group some of the more specialised target classes into more general classes. For example, the five coastal classes in the target class are grouped into a single aggregate class. The 1km percentage product provides the percentage cover for each of the 21 land cover classes for 1km x 1km pixels. This product contains one band per habitat class, producing 21 and 10 band images for the target and aggregate class products respectively. The 1km dominant coverage product is based on the 1km percentage product, and reports the land cover class with the highest percentage cover for each 1km pixel. A full description of this and all UKCEH LCM2022 products are available from the LCM2022 product documentation accompanying this dataset. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/0808d05b-f6da-4e76-a145-48d45a109707

A PDF map that shows the counties and unitary authorities in the United Kingdom as at 1 April 2023. (File Size - 583 KB)

This 1 km summary pixel data set represents the land surface of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, classified using two classification schemas, target and aggregate classes. The target class schema comprise 21 UKCEH land cover classes based upon Biodiversity Action Plan broad habitats. The aggregate class schema comprises 10 aggregate classes that are groupings of the 21 target classes. The aggregate classes group some of the more specialised target classes into more general classes. For example, the five coastal classes in the target class are grouped into a single aggregate class. The 1km percentage product provides the percentage cover for each of the 21 land cover classes for 1km x 1km pixels. This product contains one band per habitat class, producing 21 and 10 band images for the target and aggregate class products respectively. The 1km dominant coverage product is based on the 1km percentage product, and reports the land cover class with the highest percentage cover for each 1km pixel. A full description of this and all UKCEH LCM2023 products are available from the LCM2023 product documentation accompanying this dataset. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/96bc980a-31b4-4d1b-87e9-007d4932a56b

This dataset contains summary data regarding historical (1930s-40s) land use and land-use change between 1930s and 2007 according to broad land-use categories. Data provided are summary values at the 10-km grid square 'hectad' level of the British National Grid, specifying the proportion and proportion of change in broad land-use categories.

Historical data are based on the first Land Utilisation Survey of Great Britain (Stamp 1931). For England and Wales, digitisation of the historical maps contains information supplied by Natural England, based on methods developed by Baily et al. (2011). For Scotland, map images were digitised using the R package HistMapR (Auffret et al. 2017). Both methods involve processing and classifying images based on the colour of the historical land-use map categories. Classified maps were then resampled to the 25m resolution of the modern UK Land Cover Map 2007 (Morton et al. 2011), and both historical and modern land-use categories were adjusted to produce broad categories of equivalent land use: Arable, Grassland, Urban, Woodland, Agriculturally-Improved Grassland and Surface Water. In Scotland, surface water from a modern map is used for the historical time period due to issues in classifying this category. Pixels within a 75m buffer of the modern road network were removed due to the disproportionate size of roads shown in the historical maps, and pixels falling into some coastal land-use categories in the modern maps were removed due to a lack of equivalent in the historical maps. The proportions of remaining pixels within each hectad, and the change in the proportion over time was then calculated. Full details of data creation and processing can be found in Suggitt et al. (2023), and more information on the data files can be found in the readme.

The extent of the data files: GB_LandUseChange_Data.csv - table containing summary data, 2802 rows and 15 columns GB_LandUseChange_LowlandGrasslandChange.csv - table containing data on lowland grassland change, 2802 rows and 10 columns

The file GB_LandUseChange_Raster.tif is a GeoTIFF file primarily intended to be used with the R script. It can also be opened using other GIS software.

If R is installed with required packages (see sessionInfo.txt), the file Rplots.pdf can be generated running: Rscript GB_LandUseChange_Code.R

References:

Auffret, A.G., Kimberley, A., Plue, J., Skånes, H., Jakobsson, S., Waldén, E., Wennbom, M., Wood, H., Bullock, J.M., Cousins, S.A.O., Gartz, M., Hooftman, D.A.P., Tränk, L., 2017, HistMapR: Rapid digitization of historical land-use maps in R, Methods in Ecology and Evolution 8: 1453-1457. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12788

Baily, B., Riley, M., Aucott, P. & Southall, H., 2011, Extracting digital data from the First Land Utilisation Survey of Great Britain – Methods, issues and potential, Applied Geography 31: 959-968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2010.12.007

Morton, D., Rowland, C., Wood, C., Meek, L., Marston, C., Smith, G., Wadsworth, R., Simpson, I.C., 2011, Final Report for LCM2007 – the new UK Land Cover Map, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, UK. http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/14854

Stamp, D.L., 1931, The Land Utilisation Survey of Britain. Geographical Journal 78: 40-47. https://doi.org/10.2307/1784994

Suggitt, A.J., Wheatley, C.J., Aucott, P., Beale, C.M., Fox, R., Hill, J.K., Isaac, N.J.B., Martay, B., Southall, H., Thomas, C.D., Walker, K.J., Auffret, A.G., 2023, Linking climate warming and land conversion to species’ range changes across Great Britain, Nature Communications, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-42475-0

The 1885 UK parliamentary constituencies for Ireland were re-created in 2017 as part of a conference paper delivered at the Southern Irish Loyalism in Context conference at Maynooth University. The intial map only included the territory of the Irish Free State and was created by Martin Charlton and Jack Kavanagh. The remaining six counties of Ulster were completed by Eoin McLaughlin in 2018-19, the combined result is a GIS map of all the parliamentary constituecies across the island of Ireland for the period 1885-1918. The map is available in both ESRI Shapefile format and as a GeoPackage (GPKG). The methodology for creating the constituencies is outlined in detail below.

Methodology

A map showing the outlines of the 1855 – 1918 Constituency boundaries can be found on page 401 of Parliamentary Elections in Ireland, 1801-1922 (Dublin, 1978) by Brian Walker. This forms the basis for the creation of a set of digital boundaries which can then be used in a GIS. The general workflow involves allocating an 1885 Constituency identifier to each of the 309 Electoral Divisions present in the boundaries made available for the 2011 Census of Population data release by CSO. The ED boundaries are available in ‘shapefile’ format (a de facto standard for spatial data transfer). Once a Constituency identifier has been given to each ED, the GIS operation known as ‘dissolve’ is used to remove the boundaries between EDs in the same Constituency. To begin with Walker’s map was scanned at 1200 dots per inch in JPEG form. A scanned map cannot be linked to other spatial data without undergoing a process known as georeferencing. The CSO boundaries are available with spatial coordinates in the Irish National Grid system. The goal of georeferencing is to produce a rectified version of the map together with a world file. Rectification refers to the process of recomputing the pixel positions in the scanned map so that they are oriented with the ING coordinate system; the world file contains the extent in both the east-west and north-south directions of each pixel (in metres) and the coordinates of the most north-westerly pixel in the rectified image.

Georeferencing involves the identification of Ground Control Points – these are locations on the scanned map for which the spatial coordinates in ING are known. The Georeferencing option in ArcGIS 10.4 makes this a reasonably pain free task. For this map 36 GCPs were required for a local spline transformation. The Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 provides the legal basis for the constituencies to be used for future elections in England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. Part III of the Seventh Schedule of the Act defines the Constituencies in terms of Baronies, Parishes (and part Parishes) and Townlands for Ireland. Part III of the Sixth Schedule provides definitions for the Boroughs of Belfast and Dublin.

The CSO boundary collection also includes a shapefile of Barony boundaries. This makes it possible code a barony in two ways: (i) allocated completely to a Division or (ii) split between two Divisions. For the first type, the code is just the division name, and for the second the code includes both (or more) division names. Allocation of these names to the data in the ED shapefile is accomplished by a spatial join operation. Recoding the areas in the split Baronies is done interactively using the GIS software’s editing option. EDs or groups of EDs can be selected on the screen, and the correct Division code updated in the attribute table. There are a handful of cases where an ED is split between divisions, so a simple ‘majority’ rule was used for the allocation. As the maps are to be used at mainly for displaying data at the national level, a misallocation is unlikely to be noticed. The final set of boundaries was created using the dissolve operation mentioned earlier. There were a dozen ED that had initially escaped being allocated a code, but these were quickly updated. Similarly, a few of the EDs in the split divisions had been overlooked; again updating was painless. This meant that the dissolve had to be run a few more times before all the errors have been corrected.

For the Northern Ireland districts, a slightly different methodology was deployed which involved linking parishes and townlands along side baronies, using open data sources from the OSM Townlands.ie project and OpenData NI.

The Coastal Overview data layers identifies the lead authority for the management of discrete stretches of the English coast as defined by the Seaward of the Schedule 4 boundary of the Coastal Protection Act 1949. The data are intended as a reference for GIS users and Coastal Engineers with GIS capability to identify the responsible authority or whether the coast is privately owned. The information has been assigned from the following sources, listed in by preference: Shoreline Management Plans 1; Environment Agency’s RACE database; Consultation with Coastal Business User Group and Local Authority Maritime records where possible. A confidence rating is attributed based on where the data has been attributed from and the entry derived from the source data. The following data is intended as a reference document for GIS users and Coastal Engineers with GIS capability to identify the responsible authority and the assigned EA Coastal Engineer so as to effectively manage the coast for erosion and flooding. The product comprises 3 GIS layers that are based on the OS MasterMap Mean High Watermark and consists of the following data layers that are intended to be displayed as with the confidence factor that the information is correct. Coastal Overview Map [Polyline] –details the Lead Authority, EA Contact and other overview information for coast sections; Coastal Overview Map [Point] – shows the start point of the discrete stretch of coast and the lead authority; and Coastal Legislative Layer [Polyline] - represents the predominant risk; flooding or erosion, which are assigned to each section of the coastline.

The Historic Flood Map is a GIS layer showing the maximum extent of individual Recorded Flood Outlines from river, the sea and groundwater springs that meet a set criteria. It shows areas of land that have previously been subject to flooding in England. This excludes flooding from surface water, except in areas where it is impossible to determine whether the source is fluvial or surface water but the dominant source is fluvial.

The majority of records began in 1946 when predecessor bodies to the Environment Agency started collecting detailed information about flooding incidents, although we hold limited details about flooding incidents prior to this date.

If an area is not covered by the Historic Flood Map it does not mean that the area has never flooded, only that we do not currently have records of flooding in this area that meet the criteria for inclusion. It is also possible that the pattern of flooding in this area has changed and that this area would now flood or not flood under different circumstances. Outlines that don’t meet this criteria are stored in the Recorded Flood Outlines dataset.

The Historic Flood Map takes into account the presence of defences, structures, and other infrastructure where they existed at the time of flooding. It will include flood extents that may have been affected by overtopping, breaches or blockages.

Flooding is shown to the land and does not necessarily indicate that properties were flooded internally.

A series of maps describing geological factors relevant to offshore seabed activities. Produced in collaboration with The Crown Estate in 2014. The Bedrock Summary Lithologies dataset is a digital geological map across the bulk of the UK Continental Shelf (UKCS), for areas up to a water depth of 200m, which groups the bedrock lithologies (rock types) into classes based on similar engineering geology characteristics. The map is derived from the 1:250,000 scale digital bedrock map of the UKCS, called DiGRock250k, which is available separately from the BGS. The map was produced in 2014 in collaboration with The Crown Estate as part of a project to assess seabed development opportunities across the UKCS. This map has been released for viewing on the Offshore GeoIndex alongside a series of other offshore geological maps from the BGS.

Link to the ScienceBase Item Summary page for the item described by this metadata record. Service Protocol: Link to the ScienceBase Item Summary page for the item described by this metadata record. Application Profile: Web Browser. Link Function: information

This 1 km summary pixel data set represents the land surface of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, classified using two classification schemas, target and aggregate classes. The target class schema comprise 21 UKCEH land cover classes based upon Biodiversity Action Plan broad habitats. The aggregate class schema comprises 10 aggregate classes that are groupings of the 21 target classes. The aggregate classes group some of the more specialised target classes into more general classes. For example, the five coastal classes in the target class are grouped into a single aggregate class. The 1km percentage product provides the percentage cover for each of the 21 land cover classes for 1km x 1km pixels. This product contains one band per habitat class, producing 21 and 10 band images for the target and aggregate class products respectively. The 1km dominant coverage product is based on the 1km percentage product, and reports the land cover class with the highest percentage cover for each 1km pixel. A full description of this and all UKCEH LCM2017 products are available from the LCM2017 product documentation.

Several coal resource maps for the whole of the UK have been produced by the British Geological Survey as a result of joint work with Department of Trade and Industry and the Coal Authority. The UK Coal Resource for new exploitation technologies map is a map of Britain depicting the spatial extent of the principal coal resources overlayed with existing workings and potential new technologies for accessing the resource. The map also shows the areas where coal and lignite are present at the surface and also where coal is buried at depth beneath younger rocks. The project covers all onshore coalfields in the UK, including Northern Ireland. It includes coal under estuaries and near-shore areas that can practically be reached by land-based directional drilling. No data more than 5 km offshore were considered. The maps are intended to be used for resource development, energy policy, strategic planning, land-use planning, the indication of hazard in mined areas, environment assessment and as a teaching aid. In addition to a summary map at 1:750000 scale for Britain data also exists for each technology of 21 individual regions or coal fields at a scale of 1:100000. The data was published in printed map form for the summary map, inkjet plots for the 42 individual maps and as PDF documents on CD. The maps were accompanied by BGS report CR/04/015N, "UK Coal Resource for New Technologies, Final Report". The work was initiated in April 2002 and completed in October 2003. The data was also simplified for inclusion in the Britain Beneath your Feet atlas 2005.

Dosya Dosya geçmişi Dosya kullanımı Küresel dosya kullanımıDaha yüksek çözünürlüğe sahip sürüm bulunmamaktadır Tyne and

Dosya Dosya geçmişi Dosya kullanımı Küresel dosya kullanımıDaha yüksek çözünürlüğe sahip sürüm bulunmamaktadır East Suss

An index to over 600 ground geophysical surveys carried out in the UK for a variety of projects. A large number of these surveys were done in conjunction with the DTI Mineral Reconnaissance Programme in the 1970's and 80's, and many others were carried out at the request of BGS field mapping groups. Information held describes the survey objective, location of measurements, geophysical methods and equipment used, reports and publications, storage locations of data and results (for analogue and digital data), dates and personnel. There are two datasets; one shows the outline of the survey areas, and the other shows the actual survey lines within each area.

Dosya Dosya geçmişi Dosya kullanımı Küresel dosya kullanımıBu önizlemenin boyutu 758 600 piksel Diğer çözünürlükler 303

This dataset is refreshed on a weekly basis from the datasets the team works on daily.Last update date: 11 July 2025.National Highways Operational Highway Boundary (RedLine) maps out the land belonging to the highway for the whole Strategic Road Network (SRN). It comprises two layers; one being the an outline and another showing the registration status / category of land of land that makes up the boundary. Due to the process involved in creating junctions with local highway authority (LHA) roads, land in this dataset may represent LHA highway (owned by National Highways but the responsibility of the LHA to maintain). Surplus land or land held for future projects does not form part of this dataset.The highway boundary is derived from:Ordnance Survey Mastermap Topography,HM Land Registry National Polygon Service (National Highway titles only), andplots researched and digitised during the course of the RedLine Boundary Project.The boundary is split into categories describing the decisions made for particular plots of land. These categories are as follows:Auto-RedLine category is for plots created from an automated process using Ordnance Survey MasterMap Topography as a base. Land is not registered under National Highways' name. For example, but not limited to, unregistered ‘ancient’ highway vested in Highways England, or bridge carrying highways over a rail line.NH Title within RedLine category is for plots created from Land Registry Cadastral parcels whose proprietor is National Highways or a predecessor. Land in this category is within the highway boundary (audited) or meets a certain threshold by the algorithm.NH Title outside RedLine category is for plots created in the same way as above but these areas are thought to be outside the highway boundary. Where the Confidence is Low, land in this category is yet to be audited. Where the Confidence is High, land in this category has been reviewed and audited as outside our operational boundary.National Highways (Technician) Data category is for plots created by National Highways, digitised land parcels relating to highway land that is not registered, not yet registered or un-registerable.Road in Tunnel category, created using tunnel outlines from Ordnance Survey MasterMap Topography data. These represent tunnels on Highways England’s network. Land is not registered under National Highways' name, but land above the tunnel may be in National Highways’ title. Please refer to the definitive land ownership records held at HM Land Registry.The process attribute details how the decision was made for the particular plot of land. These are as follows:Automated category denotes data produced by an automated process. These areas are yet to be audited by the company.Audited category denotes data that has been audited by the company.Technician Data (Awaiting Audit) category denotes data that was created by National Highways but is yet to be audited and confirmed as final.The confidence attribute details how confident you can be in the decision. This attribute is derived from both the decisions made during the building of the underlying automated dataset as well as whether the section has been researched and/or audited by National Highways staff. These are as follows:High category denotes land that has a high probability of being within the RedLine boundary. These areas typically are audited or are features that are close to or on the highway.Moderate category denotes land that is likely to be within the highway boundary but is subject to change once the area has been audited.Low category denotes land that is less likely to be within the highway boundary. These plots typically represent Highways England registered land that the automated process has marked as outside the highway boundary.Please note that this dataset is indicative only. For queries about this dataset please contact the GIS and Research Team.

This 1 km summary pixel data set represents the land surface of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, classified using two classification schemas: target and aggregate classes. The target class schema comprise 21 UKCEH land cover classes based upon Biodiversity Action Plan broad habitats. The aggregate class schema comprises 10 aggregate classes that are groupings of the 21 target classes. The aggregate classes group some of the more specialised target classes into more general classes. For example, the five coastal classes in the target class are grouped into a single aggregate class. The 1km percentage products describe percentage cover for each of the 21 land cover classes for 1km x 1km pixels. These contain one band per habitat class, producing 21 images for the target class product and 10 images for the aggregate class product. The 1km dominant coverage products are based on the 1km percentage products, and describe the land cover class with the highest percentage cover for each 1km pixel. A full description of these and all UKCEH LCM2020 products are available from the LCM2020 product documentation which accompanies the data. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/d6f8c045-521b-476e-b0d6-b3b97715c138

A series of maps describing geological factors relevant to offshore seabed activities. Produced in collaboration with The Crown Estate in 2014. The Quaternary Deposits Summary Lithologies dataset is an offshore digital geological map across the bulk of the UK Continental Shelf (UKCS), for areas up to a water depth of 200 m, which groups the deposits into classes based on similar engineering geology characteristics. The map is derived from (unpublished) BGS 1:1,000,000 scale Quaternary digital geological mapping. The map was produced in 2014 in collaboration with The Crown Estate as part of a project to assess seabed development opportunities across the UKCS. This map has been released for viewing on the Offshore GeoIndex alongside a series of other offshore geological maps from the BGS.