Forests cover large areas of Canada but only some of these forests are actively managed. The Map of Forest Management in Canada provides a generalized classification of forest management in Canada, including: protected areas, Treaty/Settlement Lands (including Treaty Lands identified in Final Agreements, Land Claim Agreements and Settlements), Indian Reserves, other federal reserves (including military training areas), provincial and territorial reserves and restricted use areas, private lands, short- and long-term Crown forest tenure areas and areas with no current Crown timber dispositions. The Managed Forest Map of Canada dataset provides a wall-to-wall classification of lands in Canada. It does not differentiate areas of forest from non-forest. The Managed Forest Map of Canada differs from maps defining the area designated as “managed forest” for greenhouse gas inventory reporting purposes and does not replace those maps. Instead, the Managed Forest Map of Canada shows areas that are currently managed, as of June 2017, and provides generalized management type classification for those areas. Collaborating agencies plan to update the dataset periodically as needed, and remain open to receiving advice from experts concerning refinement priorities for future versions.

Map of Canada's forested areas used in the Story Map of Forest Management in Canada, 2017. Canada's forest management classification map classifies all land and inland water areas. It does not differentiate forest areas from non-forest areas. Treed areas can be identified using a separate map layer that was derived using satellite data. Treed areas were used as a proxy for forested areas having a canopy closure of 25% or greater and a tree height of 5 m or greater. Source: This web map shows Canada's forested areas used in the Story Map of Forest Management in Canada, 2017 and includes the following tiled layer: Canada's Forested or Treed Areas, 2017Data provided by Alberta Agriculture and Forestry; British Columbia Ministry of Forests; Manitoba Sustainable Development; Natural Resources Canada; New Brunswick Department of Energy and Resource Development; Newfoundland & Labrador Department of Fisheries and Land Resources; Northwest Territories Department of Environment and Natural Resources; Nova Scotia Department of Lands and Forestry; Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry; Prince Edward Island Department of Communities, Land & Environment; Québec Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs; Saskatchewan Ministry of Environment; and Yukon Energy, Mines and Resources.

Canada's forest management classification map classifies all land and inland water areas. It does not differentiate forest areas from non-forest areas. Treed areas can be identified using a separate map layer that was derived using satellite data. Treed areas were used as a proxy for forested areas having a canopy closure of 25% or greater and a tree height of 5 m or greater. Source: This web map shows Canada's forested areas used in the Story Map of Forest Management in Canada, 2017 and includes the following tiled layer:Canada's Forested or Treed Areas, 2017Data provided by Alberta Agriculture and Forestry; British Columbia Ministry of Forests; Manitoba Sustainable Development; Natural Resources Canada; New Brunswick Department of Energy and Resource Development; Newfoundland & Labrador Department of Fisheries and Land Resources; Northwest Territories Department of Environment and Natural Resources; Nova Scotia Department of Lands and Forestry; Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry; Prince Edward Island Department of Communities, Land & Environment; Québec Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs; Saskatchewan Ministry of Environment; and Yukon Energy, Mines and Resources.

Forests cover large areas of Canada but only some of these forests are actively managed. The 2017 Map of Forest Management in Canada provides a generalized classification of forest management in Canada, including:protected areasTreaty/Settlement Lands (including Treaty Lands identified in final agreements, land claim agreements and settlements)Indian reservesother federal reserves (including military training areas)provincial and territorial reserves and restricted use areasprivate landslong-term tenure areasshort-term tenure areasotherThe Map of Forest Management in Canada dataset provides a wall-to-wall classification of lands in Canada in 2017. It does not differentiate areas of forest from non-forest. The 2017 Map of Forest Management in Canada differs from maps defining the area designated as “managed forest” for greenhouse gas inventory reporting purposes and does not replace those maps. Instead, the Map of Forest Management in Canada shows areas that are currently managed, as of June 2017, and provides generalized management type classification for those areas. Collaborating agencies plan to update the dataset periodically as needed, and remain open to receiving advice from experts concerning refinement priorities for future versions.Source: This web map shows forest management in Canada areas, as of June 2017, and includes data provided by Alberta Agriculture and Forestry; British Columbia Ministry of Forests; Manitoba Sustainable Development; Natural Resources Canada; New Brunswick Department of Energy and Resource Development; Newfoundland & Labrador Department of Fisheries and Land Resources; Northwest Territories Department of Environment and Natural Resources; Nova Scotia Department of Lands and Forestry; Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry; Prince Edward Island Department of Communities, Land & Environment; Québec Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs; Saskatchewan Ministry of Environment; and Yukon Energy, Mines and Resources.

Private map (managed forest code 50) used in the Story Map of Forest Management in Canada, 2017. Private map (managed forest code 50) used in the Story Map of Forest Management in Canada, 2017. Private lands were identified using provincial and territorial land ownership datasets. Detailed ownership datasets were not available in all jurisdictions, so proxies were used where necessary. In Saskatchewan, lands south of the province's Commercial Forest Zone were classified as Private. This includes some Crown lands, but these are generally small and not included in forest management plans or leased for commercial forestry purposes. Source: This web map shows the private areas used in the map of forest management in Canada, 2017 and includes the following tiled layer: Private (Managed Forest Code 50)Data provided by Alberta Agriculture and Forestry; British Columbia Ministry of Forests; Manitoba Sustainable Development; Natural Resources Canada; New Brunswick Department of Energy and Resource Development; Newfoundland & Labrador Department of Fisheries and Land Resources; Northwest Territories Department of Environment and Natural Resources; Nova Scotia Department of Lands and Forestry; Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry; Prince Edward Island Department of Communities, Land & Environment; Québec Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs; Saskatchewan Ministry of Environment; and Yukon Energy, Mines and Resources.

This data publication contains two collections of raster maps of forest attributes across Canada, the first collection for year 2001, and the second for year 2011. The 2001 collection is actually an improved version of an earlier set of maps produced also for year 2001 (Beaudoin et al 2014, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2013-0401) that is itself available through the web site “http://nfi-nfis.org”. Each collection contains 93 maps of forest attributes: four land cover classes, 11 continuous stand-level structure variables such as age, volume, biomass and height, and 78 continuous values of percent composition for tree species or genus. The mapping was done at a spatial resolution of 250m along the MODIS grid. Briefly the method uses forest polygon information from the first version of photoplots database from Canada’s National Forest Inventory as reference data, and the non-parametric k-nearest neighbors procedure (kNN) to create the raster maps of forest attributes. The approach uses a set of 20 predictive variables that include MODIS spectral reflectance data, as well as topographic and climate data. Estimates are carried out on target pixels across all Canada treed landmass that are stratified as either forest or non-forest with 25% forest cover used as a threshold. Forest cover information was extracted from the global forest cover product of Hansen et al (2013) (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1244693). The mapping methodology and resultant datasets were intended to address the discontinuities across provincial borders created by their large differences in forest inventory standards. Analysis of residuals has failed to reveal residual discontinuities across provincial boundaries in the current raster dataset, meaning that our goal of providing discontinuity-free maps has been reached. The dataset was developed specifically to address strategic issues related to phenomena that span multiple provinces such as fire risk, insect spread and drought. In addition, the use of the kNN approach results in the maintenance of a realistic covariance structure among the different variable maps, an important property when the data are extracted to be used in models of ecosystem processes. For example, within each pixel, the composition values of all tree species add to 100%. Details on the product development and validation can be found in the following publication: Beaudoin, A., Bernier, P.Y., Villemaire, P., Guindon, L., Guo, X.-J. 2017. Tracking forest attributes across Canada between 2001 and 2011 using a kNN mapping approach applied to MODIS imagery, Canadian Journal of Forest Research 48: 85–93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2017-0184 Please cite this dataset as: Beaudoin A, Bernier PY, Villemaire P, Guindon L, Guo XJ. 2017. Species composition, forest properties and land cover types across Canada’s forests at 250m resolution for 2001 and 2011. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Quebec, Canada. https://doi.org/10.23687/ec9e2659-1c29-4ddb-87a2-6aced147a990 This dataset contains these NFI forest attributes: ## LAND COVER : landbase vegetated, landbase non-vegetated, landcover treed, landcover non-treed ## TREE STRUCTURE : total above ground biomass, tree branches biomass, tree foliage biomass, stem bark biomass, stem wood biomass, total dead trees biomass, stand age, crown closure, tree stand heigth, merchantable volume, total volume ## TREE SPECIES : abies amabilis (amabilis fir), abies balsamea (balsam fir), abies lasiocarpa (subalpine fir), abies spp. (unidentified fir), acer macrophyllum (bigleaf maple), acer negundo (manitoba maple, box-elder), acer pensylvanicum (striped maple), acer rubrum (red maple),

Protected map (managed forest code 20) used in the Story Map of Forest Management in Canada, 2017.Protected areas were identified using the Canadian Council on Ecological Areas CARTS geodatabase. All IUCN Category Ia through VI protected areas in Canada were classified as Protected (CCEA 2008) with only a few exceptions.Source: This web map shows the protected areas used in the map of forest management in Canada, 2017 and includes the following tiled layer:Protected (Managed Forest Code 20)Data provided by Alberta Agriculture and Forestry; British Columbia Ministry of Forests; Manitoba Sustainable Development; Natural Resources Canada; New Brunswick Department of Energy and Resource Development; Newfoundland & Labrador Department of Fisheries and Land Resources; Northwest Territories Department of Environment and Natural Resources; Nova Scotia Department of Lands and Forestry; Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry; Prince Edward Island Department of Communities, Land & Environment; Québec Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs; Saskatchewan Ministry of Environment; and Yukon Energy, Mines and Resources.

Forest area (% of land area) in Canada was reported at 39.47 % in 2022, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Canada - Forest area (% of land area) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on June of 2025.

Protected map (managed forest code 20) used in the Story Map of Forest Management in Canada, 2017. Protected map (managed forest code 20) used in the Story Map of Forest Management in Canada, 2017. Protected areas were identified using the Canadian Council on Ecological Areas CARTS geodatabase. All IUCN Category Ia through VI protected areas in Canada were classified as Protected (CCEA 2008) with only a few exceptions. Source: This web map shows the protected areas used in the map of forest management in Canada, 2017 and includes the following tiled layer:Protected (Managed Forest Code 20) Data provided by Alberta Agriculture and Forestry; British Columbia Ministry of Forests; Manitoba Sustainable Development; Natural Resources Canada; New Brunswick Department of Energy and Resource Development; Newfoundland & Labrador Department of Fisheries and Land Resources; Northwest Territories Department of Environment and Natural Resources; Nova Scotia Department of Lands and Forestry; Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry; Prince Edward Island Department of Communities, Land & Environment; Québec Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs; Saskatchewan Ministry of Environment; and Yukon Energy, Mines and Resources.

Indian reserve map (managed forest code 32) used in the Story Map of Forest Management in Canada, 2017.Indian Reserve lands were identified using the Geobase Aboriginal Lands of Canada geodatabase. The Indian Act defines these as federal Crown lands that have been “set apart by Her Majesty for the use and benefit of a band”.Source: This web map shows the Indian Reserve lands used in the map of forest management in Canada, 2017 and includes the following tiled layer:Indian Reserve (Managed Forest Code 32)Data provided by Alberta Agriculture and Forestry; British Columbia Ministry of Forests; Manitoba Sustainable Development; Natural Resources Canada; New Brunswick Department of Energy and Resource Development; Newfoundland & Labrador Department of Fisheries and Land Resources; Northwest Territories Department of Environment and Natural Resources; Nova Scotia Department of Lands and Forestry; Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry; Prince Edward Island Department of Communities, Land & Environment; Québec Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs; Saskatchewan Ministry of Environment; and Yukon Energy, Mines and Resources.

This publication contains a raster maps at 250 m resolution of the merchantable volume (m3/ha) of the mature Canadian forest available for harvesting in the next 20 years (2011 to 2031). The maps were produced from remote sensing products at a spatial resolution of 250 m on the MODIS pixel grid and 30 m on the Landsat pixel grid. More specifically, we used forest attribute data at the 250 m pixel for the years 2001 and 2011 (Beaudoin et al 2014 and 2018) combined with forest cover changes for the years 1985 to 2015 at 30 m (Guindon et al. 2017 and 2018). The map of mature forests in Canada was prepared at the forest management unit (FMU) level and therefore exclude private lands. To be considered mature (i.e. available for cutting in the next 20 years), the forest pixels of Beaudoin et al. (2018) was to have a merchantable volume per ha equal to or greater than 80% of the average merchantable volume of the pixels that were harvested between 2001 and 2011 per forest management unit. A scientific article gives additional details on the methodology: Barrette J, Paré D, Manka F, Guindon L, Bernier P, Titus B. 2018. Forecasting the spatial distribution of logging residues in Canada’s managed forests. Can. J. For. Res. 48: http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0080 Reference for this dataset: Barrette J, Paré D, Manka F, Guindon L, Bernier P, Titus B. 2018. Forecasting the spatial distribution of logging residues in Canada’s managed forests. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Quebec, Canada. https://doi.org/10.23687/dd94871a-9a20-47f5-825b-768518140f35

A spatially explicit “wall to wall” forest inventory of percent crown closure (CC), average height (Ht), average age (Age), and commercial species percentages derived using a multi-source inventory approach from Lochhead et al. (2017). This process involved compiling a suite of spatial layers including Landsat TM/ETM+ imagery, interpolated climate variables, topographic variables and other remote sensing products to be used as predictors and Canada’s National Forest Inventory photo plot information (1986-2010) as the source of dependant variables.Following Lochhead et al.(2017) the application used a method called kriging with external drift which relies on a system of non-linear models with spatially varying parameters to produce multivariate maps for the year 2010 at a 90m x 90m pixel resolution. The resulting maps are clipped to each forest management area (FMA) boundary which was sourced online (www.databasin.org). For cases, where a 90 m x 90 m pixel window overlapped non-vegetated area (e.g., waterbodies) the forest attribute information was averaging using only the vegetated pixels (i.e., prorating). For more information on methods refer to the publication.

Contained within the 2nd Edition (1915) of the Atlas of Canada, is a map that shows the extent of forested regions, using various colouring, in Canada. These regions include the Southern forest, Northern forest, and the Cordilleran forest. The map presents general portions of forested areas across the country which has been generally cleared of timber. Displayed is the section of Northern Forest that are less densely wooded; mixed prairie and woodland; prairie and outliers. There are also lists, by province, of the principal trees in Canada, in addition to notes of when distribution is confined to a comparatively small portion of the area of the province. The map also includes major cities, rivers, major bodies of water, and some railway systems that extend into the U.S.

Contained within the 3rd Edition (1957) of the Atlas of Canada is a map that shows the portions of land in four condensed maps which illustrate the kind of forest maps that were being prepared from air photographs with a minimum of groundwork by the Forestry Branch of the Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources in the 1950s. Such maps not only show more detail than can be shown on a general forest regions map but also enable sample areas to be located which, when investigated on the ground, provide estimates of timber volumes. These maps are also of value to those responsible for forest protection and the suppression of forest fires. The first of the maps reproduced here illustrates an area of almost continuous forest in the rough terrain of the Alberta foothills (from sheet 82 0/14 - Marble Mountain). The second shows forested areas broken only by a few scattered farms (from sheet 31 0/10 - Mitchinamecus River, Quebec). The third shows an area almost equally divided between farm and forest (from sheet 21 J/7 - Napadogan, New Brunswick) The remaining map represents a farming district with scattered woodlots (from sheet 31 H/1 - Memphremagog, Quebec).

Restricted map (managed forest code 33) used in the Story Map of Forest Management in Canada, 2017.Restricted use areas were identified using provincial and territorial datasets.Source: This web map shows the restricted use areas used in the map of forest management in Canada, 2017 and includes the following tiled layer:Restricted (Managed Forest Code 33)Data provided by Alberta Agriculture and Forestry; British Columbia Ministry of Forests; Manitoba Sustainable Development; Natural Resources Canada; New Brunswick Department of Energy and Resource Development; Newfoundland & Labrador Department of Fisheries and Land Resources; Northwest Territories Department of Environment and Natural Resources; Nova Scotia Department of Lands and Forestry; Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry; Prince Edward Island Department of Communities, Land & Environment; Québec Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs; Saskatchewan Ministry of Environment; and Yukon Energy, Mines and Resources.

Forest area (sq. km) in Canada was reported at 3468541 sq. Km in 2022, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Canada - Forest area (sq. km) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on July of 2025.

Contained within the 1st Edition (1906) of the Atlas of Canada is a map that shows the extent of forested regions, using tints of green, in Canada circa 1906. These regions include the Southern forest, Northern forest, and the Cordilleran forest. The map presents general portions of forested areas across the country which has been generally cleared of timber. Displayed is the section of Northern Forest that are less densely wooded; mixed prairie and woodland; Prairie; National Parks and Forest Reserves of the Dominion. There are also lists, by province, of the principal trees of Canada, in addition to notes of when distribution is confined to a comparatively small portion of the area of the province. The map also includes major cities, rivers, major bodies of water, and some railway systems.

This project aimed to produce the first wall-to-wall estimate of C stocks in plants and soils of Canada at 250 m spatial resolution. This dataset contains the map with total C stored in plants of forested areas in Canada (AGB, BGB and dead plants) in kg/m² and C stock uncertainty. To estimate the C stored in plants of forest areas, we used 47,967 ground measurements of AGB measures and 58 covariates mainly composed of optical data, terrain parameters, structural parameters (e.g., SAR data, clump index, canopy heights – generated from satellite LiDAR- included in the other dataset), soil type map and radiation flux data. Different models were trained using a recursive feature elimination, random forest scheme and a 5-fold cross-validation assessment. The model with higher R² and lowest root mean square error (RMSE) was used for spatial prediction of AGB in forest areas while 1^st and 3^rd quantiles of RF quantile regression were used to build the uncertainty map. After generating the AGB map, the root biomass of forest areas was computed by its relationship to AGB according to forest type. The dead plant materials were computed by a linear regression between live and dead AGB defined with ground measurements. Ultimately, the AGB as well as dead plant materials and BGB were multiplied by 0.5 to provide the maps in kg C m^-2.

The map title is Forest Types. Map scale. North arrow pointing to the north. Map projection is Hammer-Aitoff. Border of Canada. Great Lakes Border for each theme category within Canada. Neat line around the map. Each theme category is identified by a number that corresponds to the legend. Legend is divided into six categories: West Coast forest, Montane forest, Taiga forest, Boreal forest, Mixed forest, No forest. Tactile maps are designed with Braille, large text, and raised features for visually impaired and low vision users. The Tactile Maps of Canada collection includes: (a) Maps for Education: tactile maps showing the general geography of Canada, including the Tactile Atlas of Canada (maps of the provinces and territories showing political boundaries, lakes, rivers and major cities), and the Thematic Tactile Atlas of Canada (maps showing climatic regions, relief, forest types, physiographic regions, rock types, soil types, and vegetation). (b) Maps for Mobility: to help visually impaired persons navigate spaces and routes in major cities by providing information about streets, buildings and other features of a travel route in the downtown area of a city. (c) Maps for Transportation and Tourism: to assist visually impaired persons in planning travel to new destinations in Canada, showing how to get to a city, and streets in the downtown area.

This data publication contains a set of 30m resolution raster files representing 2020 Canadian wall-to-wall maps of broad land cover type, forest canopy height, degree of crown closure and aboveground tree biomass, along with species composition of several major tree species. The Spatialized CAnadian National Forest Inventory data product (SCANFI) was developed using the newly updated National Forest Inventory photo-plot dataset, which consists of a regular sample grid of photo-interpreted high-resolution imagery covering all of Canada’s non-arctic landmass. SCANFI was produced using temporally harmonized summer and winter Landsat spectral imagery along with hundreds of tile-level regional models based on a novel k-nearest neighbours and random forest imputation method. A full description of all methods and validation analyses can be found in Guindon et al. (2024). As the Arctic ecozones are outside NFI’s covered areas, the vegetation attributes in these regions were predicted using a single random forest model. The vegetation attributes in these arctic areas could not be rigorously validated. The raster file « SCANFI_aux_arcticExtrapolationArea.tif » identifies these zones. SCANFI is not meant to replace nor ignore provincial inventories which could include better and more regularly updated inputs, training data and local knowledge. Instead, SCANFI was developed to provide a current, spatially-explicit estimate of forest attributes, using a consistent data source and methodology across all provincial boundaries and territories. SCANFI is the first coherent 30m Canadian wall-to-wall map of tree structure and species composition and opens novel opportunities for a plethora of studies in a number of areas, such as forest economics, fire science and ecology. # Limitations 1- The spectral disturbances of some areas disturbed by pests are not comprehensively represented in the training set, thus making it impossible to predict all defoliation cases. One such area, severely impacted by the recent eastern spruce budworm outbreak, is located on the North Shore of the St-Lawrence River. These forests are misrepresented in our training data, there is therefore an imprecision in our estimates. 2- Attributes of open stand classes, namely shrub, herbs, rock and bryoid, are more difficult to estimate through the photointerpretation of aerial images. Therefore, these estimates could be less reliable than the forest attribute estimates. 3- As reported in the manuscript, the uncertainty of tree species cover predictions is relatively high. This is particularly true for less abundant tree species, such as ponderosa pine and tamarack. The tree species layers are therefore suitable for regional and coarser scale studies. Also, the broadleaf proportion are slightly underestimated in this product version. 4- Our validation indicates that the areas in Yukon exhibit a notably lower R2 value. Consequently, estimates within these regions are less dependable. 5- Urban areas and roads are classified as rock, according to the 2020 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada land-use classification map. Even though those areas contain mostly buildings and infrastructure, they may also contain trees. Forested urban parks are usually classified as forested areas. Vegetation attributes are also predicted for forested areas in agricultural regions. Updates of this dataset will eventually be available on this metadata page. # Details on the product development and validation can be found in the following publication: Guindon, L., Manka, F., Correia, D.L.P., Villemaire, P., Smiley, B., Bernier, P., Gauthier, S., Beaudoin, A., Boucher, J., and Boulanger, Y. 2024. A new approach for Spatializing the Canadian National Forest Inventory (SCANFI) using Landsat dense time series. Can. J. For. Res. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2023-0118 # Please cite this dataset as: Guindon L., Villemaire P., Correia D.L.P., Manka F., Lacarte S., Smiley B. 2023. SCANFI: Spatialized CAnadian National Forest Inventory data product. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Quebec, Canada. https://doi.org/10.23687/18e6a919-53fd-41ce-b4e2-44a9707c52dc # The following raster layers are available: • NFI land cover class values: Land cover classes include Water, Rock, Bryoid, Herbs, Shrub, Treed broadleaf, Treed mixed and Treed conifer • Aboveground tree biomass (tonnes/ha): biomass was derived from total merchantable volume estimates produced by provincial agencies • Height (meters): vegetation height • Crown closure (%): percentage of pixel covered by the tree canopy • Tree species cover (%): estimated as the proportion of the canopy covered by each tree species: o Balsam fir tree cover in percentage (Abies balsamea) o Black spruce tree cover in percentage (Picea mariana) o Douglas fir tree cover in percentage (Pseudotsuga menziesii) o Jack pine tree cover in percentage (Pinus banksiana) o Lodgepole pine tree cover in percentage (Pinus contorta) o Ponderosa pine tree cover in percentage (Pinus ponderosa) o Tamarack tree cover in percentage (Larix laricina) o White and red pine tree cover in percentage (Pinus strobus and Pinus resinosa) o Broadleaf tree cover in percentage (PrcB) o Other coniferous tree cover in percentage (PrcC)