This dataset is designed to represent and identify the property boundaries in Lexington-Fayette County. The original dataset was created in late 1990's by a third party that converted existing paper maps to digital GIS files. The data has since been updated by georeferencing recorded plats for corrections and new additions. In cases where the plats do not appear accurate, aerial photos are utilized in attempt to properly locate the property lines. The only except for this process are changes to highway right-of-way in which calls are run from deeds. The geometry of this data is not of survey quality and should not be used for survey purposes. The data is intended for general reference purposes only.As part of the basemap data layers, the parcel boundary map layer is an integral part of the Lexington Fayette-Urban County Government Geographic Information System. Basemap data layers are accessed by personnel in most LFUCG divisions for basic applications such as viewing, querying, and map output production. More advanced user applications may focus on thematic mapping, summarization of data by geography, or planning purposes (including defining boundaries, managing assets and facilities, integrating attribute databases with geographic features, spatial analysis, and presentation output).
Publication Date: April 2025 2024 Parcel Data. Updated annually, or as needed. The data can be downloaded here: https://gis.ny.gov/parcels#data-download. This feature service has two layers: 1) NYS Tax Parcels Public, and 2) NYS Tax Parcels Public Footprint which contains polygons representing counties for which tax parcel polygons are available in the NYS Tax Parcels Public layer. County footprint polygons display when zoomed out beyond 1:37,050-scale. Tax parcel polygons display when zoomed in below 1:37,051-scale. The NYS Tax Parcels Public layer contains 2024 parcel data only for NY State counties which gave NYS ITS Geospatial Services permission to share this data with the public. Work to obtain parcel data from additional counties, as well as permission to share the data, is ongoing. To date, 36 counties have provided Geospatial Services permission to share their parcel data with the public. Parcel data for counties which do not allow Geospatial Services to redistribute their data must be obtained directly from those counties. Geospatial Services' goal is to eventually include parcel data for all counties in New York State. Parcel geometry was incorporated as received from County Real Property Departments. No attempt was made to edge-match parcels along adjacent counties. County attribute values were populated using 2024 Assessment Roll tabular data the NYS ITS Geospatial Services obtained from the NYS Department of Tax and Finance’s Office of Real Property Tax Services (ORPTS). Tabular assessment data was joined to the county provided parcel geometry using the SWIS & SBL or SWIS & PRINT KEY unique identifier for each parcel. Detailed information about assessment attributes can be found in the ORPTS Assessor’s Manuals available here: https://www.tax.ny.gov/research/property/assess/manuals/assersmanual.htm. New York City data comes from NYC MapPluto which can be found here: https://www1.nyc.gov/site/planning/data-maps/open-data/dwn-pluto-mappluto.page. Thanks to the following counties that specifically authorized Geospatial Services to share their GIS tax parcel data with the public: Albany, Cayuga, Chautauqua, Cortland, Erie, Genesee, Greene, Hamilton, Lewis, Livingston, Montgomery, NYC- Bronx, NYC- Kings (Brooklyn), NYC- New York (Manhattan), NYC- Queens, NYC- Richmond (Staten Island), Oneida, Onondaga, Ontario, Orange, Oswego, Otsego, Putnam, Rensselaer, Rockland, Schuyler, St Lawrence, Steuben, Suffolk, Sullivan, Tioga, Tompkins, Ulster, Warren, Wayne, and Westchester. Geometry accuracy varies by contributing county. This map service is available to the public. The State of New York, acting through the New York State Office of Information Technology Services, makes no representations or warranties, express or implied, with respect to the use of or reliance on the Data provided. The User accepts the Data provided “as is” with no guarantees that it is error free, complete, accurate, current or fit for any particular purpose and assumes all risks associated with its use. The State disclaims any responsibility or legal liability to Users for damages of any kind, relating to the providing of the Data or the use of it. Users should be aware that temporal changes may have occurred since this Data was created.
Dataset SummaryAbout this data:This layer displays the Zoning, Preservation Districts, and Overlay Districts for the City of Rochester, NY. What is Zoning?Zoning is the means by which communities regulate the use of land and buildings to protect and promote the quality of life within their boundaries. Zoning regulations are also an important means of implementing the goals of the City’s comprehensive plan. Under the Zoning Code, every city property is located in a specific zoning district and has an established legal use. If there was no Zoning Code, property owners could infringe on one another's use of property; nearby uses could be incompatible; structures could be built too close or too tall; the natural environment could be adversely impacted, and important historical and cultural assets could be lost.Zoning regulations are therefore written to make the best uses of our already built environment; to protect the investments made in properties; and, to promote the development and enjoyment of neighborhoods.The City of Rochester’s zoning regulations were comprehensively revised in 1929, 1957, 1975, and 2003.Zoning Code UpdateThe City is currently in the process of updating its Zoning Code to align with the Rochester 2034 Comprehensive Plan. To learn more about this project and how you can be involved, click here.Zoning Applications and Reviews A Permit application is generally required to initiate a Zoning application and review. Permits are required to establish a use for a property, or to make improvements to it, and may be made by an owner or an individual with a contractual interest in the property, such as a lessee, contractor, or agent.When an application for a Permit is made to the City of Rochester, a zoning review is initiated, and an application for a Certificate of Zoning Compliance (CZC) is opened. Applicants are encouraged to schedule pre-application meetings for their projects as needed.Zoning regulations determine the types of uses and development allowed in each zoning district, as well as many detailed aspects of a development, such as accessory uses, parking, setbacks, screening, landscaping, and to some extent, design. Regulations are found in Chapter 120 of the City Code.Approximately fifteen (15) different types of zoning districts exist in the City of Rochester, each with their own unique set of regulations for uses and development. There are also certain regulations applied city-wide or to specified uses. Click here to learn What's my Zoning.Zoning regulations also identify certain special approval processes that may be required to approve changes to a property. Variances, Special Permits, Certificates of Appropriateness, Site Plan Approvals, and Subdivisions are the most commonly needed types of special approvals. Special approvals sometimes waive requirements written in the Zoning Code.Special ApprovalsSpecial approvals are granted by a public board, a commission, City Council or by the Manager of Zoning. Variances are granted by the Zoning Board of Appeals; Special Permits and Subdivision approvals are granted by the City Planning Commission ; Certificates of Appropriateness are approved by the Rochester Preservation Board; and Zoning text or map amendments are reviewed by the City Planning Commission and approved by City Council. Application forms and meeting schedules are available online for most of these processes.All applications must be reviewed for their possible environmental impacts to our physical, cultural and historical assets. State and local environmental laws, known as "SEQR," enacted first in the 1970's, require specific compliance reviews to ensure that each project or change does not cause any significant adverse impacts to these assets.Zoning ApprovalThe Manager of Zoning must approve all Certificates of Zoning Compliance (CZC). The issuance of a Certificate establishes that a project or proposal complies with and meets all required zoning regulations for the requested approval. It is required before a Building Permit can be issued.Data Dictionary for Zoning Overlay Districts and Preservation Districts: Label: The pop-up text that identifies the district. ZONE_LABEL: The name of the layer. Official Description: The name of the zoning class. BLURB1: A description of the zoning class. LINKTEXT1: Notes if there is a link to the zoning class description. HREF1: A link to the City of Rochester zoning on ecode360 for the given zone label. Data Dictionary for Zoning Districts: Label: The pop-up text that identifies the district. Category: The specific zoning category the district falls into. ZONE_LABEL: The name of the zoning layer. Official Description: The name of the zoning class. BLURB1: A description of the zoning class. LINKTEXT1: Notes if there is a link to the zoning class description. HREF1: A link to the City of Rochester zoning on ecode360 for the given zone label.
What is a conservation area?A conservation area is 'an area of special architectural or historic interest, the character or appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance'.Conservation areas are designated (chosen) by the council. Changes within, and adjacent to, conservation areas are managed through decisions made on planning applications.Developments in conservation areas should have a neutral or positive impact on the significance of the conservation area. If there is a negative impact, the development must be shown to provide public benefits instead.An area can be designated as a conservation area for a number of different reasons. Not all conservation areas are judged to be significant for the same reasons. This means something which is an acceptable development in one area might not be an acceptable development in another area.What special controls are there in conservation areas?You will need conservation area consent from the council to demolish a building or structure (with certain exceptions) - this gives the council the chance to consider the contribution of an existing building to the area before making a decision on any proposed replacement.The alterations and extensions that you can make to your home without needing planning permission are more limited than elsewhere. You need to give the council six weeks notice before carrying out any works to trees. This gives the council the chance to decide if a tree preservation order is necessary. Remember that there are extra controls over "listed buildings". It is always best to check with the Council before doing any work, to find out what approvals you may need.Linthorpe Conservation Area Article 4(2) DirectionAlthough restrictions already exist within the conservation area, permitted development including the removal of boundary walls and gate posts, and replacement of original timber windows with u-PVC windows, does not require planning permission. Over time similar alterations have damaged the character and appearance of the conservation area. The council has therefore introduced an Article 4(2) Direction, which means that residents will now have to apply for planning permission for certain alterations that were previously permitted developments.For further information read the conservation leaflet or to check if your property is affected contact the Conservation Officer on 01642 729116 or via email to conservation@middlesbrough.gov.uk.You can also view the document which officially confirmed the Article 4 Direction in February 2010.Guidance on the care, repair and upgrading of traditional windows can be found on Historic England's traditional windows guidance.Development Control Telephone: (01642) 729377
What is a conservation area?A conservation area is 'an area of special architectural or historic interest, the character or appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance'.Conservation areas are designated (chosen) by the council. Changes within, and adjacent to, conservation areas are managed through decisions made on planning applications.Developments in conservation areas should have a neutral or positive impact on the significance of the conservation area. If there is a negative impact, the development must be shown to provide public benefits instead.An area can be designated as a conservation area for a number of different reasons. Not all conservation areas are judged to be significant for the same reasons. This means something which is an acceptable development in one area might not be an acceptable development in another area.What special controls are there in conservation areas?You will need conservation area consent from the council to demolish a building or structure (with certain exceptions) - this gives the council the chance to consider the contribution of an existing building to the area before making a decision on any proposed replacement.The alterations and extensions that you can make to your home without needing planning permission are more limited than elsewhere. You need to give the council six weeks notice before carrying out any works to trees. This gives the council the chance to decide if a tree preservation order is necessary. Remember that there are extra controls over "listed buildings". It is always best to check with the Council before doing any work, to find out what approvals you may need.Linthorpe Conservation Area Article 4(2) DirectionAlthough restrictions already exist within the conservation area, permitted development including the removal of boundary walls and gate posts, and replacement of original timber windows with u-PVC windows, does not require planning permission. Over time similar alterations have damaged the character and appearance of the conservation area. The council has therefore introduced an Article 4(2) Direction, which means that residents will now have to apply for planning permission for certain alterations that were previously permitted developments.For further information read the conservation leaflet or to check if your property is affected contact the Conservation Officer on 01642 729116 or via email to conservation@middlesbrough.gov.uk.You can also view the document which officially confirmed the Article 4 Direction in February 2010.Guidance on the care, repair and upgrading of traditional windows can be found on Historic England's traditional windows guidance.Development Control Telephone: (01642) 729377
https://reference.data.gov.uk/id/open-government-licencehttps://reference.data.gov.uk/id/open-government-licence
What is a conservation area?A conservation area is 'an area of special architectural or historic interest, the character or appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance'.Conservation areas are designated (chosen) by the council. Changes within, and adjacent to, conservation areas are managed through decisions made on planning applications.Developments in conservation areas should have a neutral or positive impact on the significance of the conservation area. If there is a negative impact, the development must be shown to provide public benefits instead.An area can be designated as a conservation area for a number of different reasons. Not all conservation areas are judged to be significant for the same reasons. This means something which is an acceptable development in one area might not be an acceptable development in another area.What special controls are there in conservation areas?You will need conservation area consent from the council to demolish a building or structure (with certain exceptions) - this gives the council the chance to consider the contribution of an existing building to the area before making a decision on any proposed replacement.The alterations and extensions that you can make to your home without needing planning permission are more limited than elsewhere. You need to give the council six weeks notice before carrying out any works to trees. This gives the council the chance to decide if a tree preservation order is necessary. Remember that there are extra controls over "listed buildings". It is always best to check with the Council before doing any work, to find out what approvals you may need.Linthorpe Conservation Area Article 4(2) DirectionAlthough restrictions already exist within the conservation area, permitted development including the removal of boundary walls and gate posts, and replacement of original timber windows with u-PVC windows, does not require planning permission. Over time similar alterations have damaged the character and appearance of the conservation area. The council has therefore introduced an Article 4(2) Direction, which means that residents will now have to apply for planning permission for certain alterations that were previously permitted developments.For further information read the conservation leaflet or to check if your property is affected contact the Conservation Officer on 01642 729116 or via email to conservation@middlesbrough.gov.uk.You can also view the document which officially confirmed the Article 4 Direction in February 2010.Guidance on the care, repair and upgrading of traditional windows can be found on Historic England's traditional windows guidance.Development Control Telephone: (01642) 729377
What is a conservation area?A conservation area is 'an area of special architectural or historic interest, the character or appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance'.Conservation areas are designated (chosen) by the council. Changes within, and adjacent to, conservation areas are managed through decisions made on planning applications.Developments in conservation areas should have a neutral or positive impact on the significance of the conservation area. If there is a negative impact, the development must be shown to provide public benefits instead.An area can be designated as a conservation area for a number of different reasons. Not all conservation areas are judged to be significant for the same reasons. This means something which is an acceptable development in one area might not be an acceptable development in another area.What special controls are there in conservation areas?You will need conservation area consent from the council to demolish a building or structure (with certain exceptions) - this gives the council the chance to consider the contribution of an existing building to the area before making a decision on any proposed replacement.The alterations and extensions that you can make to your home without needing planning permission are more limited than elsewhere. You need to give the council six weeks notice before carrying out any works to trees. This gives the council the chance to decide if a tree preservation order is necessary. Remember that there are extra controls over "listed buildings". It is always best to check with the Council before doing any work, to find out what approvals you may need.Linthorpe Conservation Area Article 4(2) DirectionAlthough restrictions already exist within the conservation area, permitted development including the removal of boundary walls and gate posts, and replacement of original timber windows with u-PVC windows, does not require planning permission. Over time similar alterations have damaged the character and appearance of the conservation area. The council has therefore introduced an Article 4(2) Direction, which means that residents will now have to apply for planning permission for certain alterations that were previously permitted developments.For further information read the conservation leaflet or to check if your property is affected contact the Conservation Officer on 01642 729116 or via email to conservation@middlesbrough.gov.uk.You can also view the document which officially confirmed the Article 4 Direction in February 2010.Guidance on the care, repair and upgrading of traditional windows can be found on Historic England's traditional windows guidance.Development Control Telephone: (01642) 729377
The Provincial Land Use Atlas (LUA) is a collection of digital land use data displaying administrative boundaries, proposed/approved developments, and layers associated with land use policies/regulations/legislation. The LUA was originally created as a tool to process Crown land applications and an aide in resource planning to identify potential land use conflicts. Included with the LUA is topographic base-mapping, aerial photography, imagery, Crown Land titles/applications, Municipal Plans and land use/land use restriction data.
What is a conservation area?A conservation area is 'an area of special architectural or historic interest, the character or appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance'.Conservation areas are designated (chosen) by the council. Changes within, and adjacent to, conservation areas are managed through decisions made on planning applications.Developments in conservation areas should have a neutral or positive impact on the significance of the conservation area. If there is a negative impact, the development must be shown to provide public benefits instead.An area can be designated as a conservation area for a number of different reasons. Not all conservation areas are judged to be significant for the same reasons. This means something which is an acceptable development in one area might not be an acceptable development in another area.What special controls are there in conservation areas?You will need conservation area consent from the council to demolish a building or structure (with certain exceptions) - this gives the council the chance to consider the contribution of an existing building to the area before making a decision on any proposed replacement.The alterations and extensions that you can make to your home without needing planning permission are more limited than elsewhere. You need to give the council six weeks notice before carrying out any works to trees. This gives the council the chance to decide if a tree preservation order is necessary. Remember that there are extra controls over "listed buildings". It is always best to check with the Council before doing any work, to find out what approvals you may need.Linthorpe Conservation Area Article 4(2) DirectionAlthough restrictions already exist within the conservation area, permitted development including the removal of boundary walls and gate posts, and replacement of original timber windows with u-PVC windows, does not require planning permission. Over time similar alterations have damaged the character and appearance of the conservation area. The council has therefore introduced an Article 4(2) Direction, which means that residents will now have to apply for planning permission for certain alterations that were previously permitted developments.For further information read the conservation leaflet or to check if your property is affected contact the Conservation Officer on 01642 729116 or via email to conservation@middlesbrough.gov.uk.You can also view the document which officially confirmed the Article 4 Direction in February 2010.Guidance on the care, repair and upgrading of traditional windows can be found on Historic England's traditional windows guidance.Development Control Telephone: (01642) 729377
https://reference.data.gov.uk/id/open-government-licencehttps://reference.data.gov.uk/id/open-government-licence
What is a conservation area?A conservation area is 'an area of special architectural or historic interest, the character or appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance'.Conservation areas are designated (chosen) by the council. Changes within, and adjacent to, conservation areas are managed through decisions made on planning applications.Developments in conservation areas should have a neutral or positive impact on the significance of the conservation area. If there is a negative impact, the development must be shown to provide public benefits instead.An area can be designated as a conservation area for a number of different reasons. Not all conservation areas are judged to be significant for the same reasons. This means something which is an acceptable development in one area might not be an acceptable development in another area.What special controls are there in conservation areas?You will need conservation area consent from the council to demolish a building or structure (with certain exceptions) - this gives the council the chance to consider the contribution of an existing building to the area before making a decision on any proposed replacement.The alterations and extensions that you can make to your home without needing planning permission are more limited than elsewhere. You need to give the council six weeks notice before carrying out any works to trees. This gives the council the chance to decide if a tree preservation order is necessary. Remember that there are extra controls over "listed buildings". It is always best to check with the Council before doing any work, to find out what approvals you may need.Linthorpe Conservation Area Article 4(2) DirectionAlthough restrictions already exist within the conservation area, permitted development including the removal of boundary walls and gate posts, and replacement of original timber windows with u-PVC windows, does not require planning permission. Over time similar alterations have damaged the character and appearance of the conservation area. The council has therefore introduced an Article 4(2) Direction, which means that residents will now have to apply for planning permission for certain alterations that were previously permitted developments.For further information read the conservation leaflet or to check if your property is affected contact the Conservation Officer on 01642 729116 or via email to conservation@middlesbrough.gov.uk.You can also view the document which officially confirmed the Article 4 Direction in February 2010.Guidance on the care, repair and upgrading of traditional windows can be found on Historic England's traditional windows guidance.Development Control Telephone: (01642) 729377
What is a conservation area?A conservation area is 'an area of special architectural or historic interest, the character or appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance'.Conservation areas are designated (chosen) by the council. Changes within, and adjacent to, conservation areas are managed through decisions made on planning applications.Developments in conservation areas should have a neutral or positive impact on the significance of the conservation area. If there is a negative impact, the development must be shown to provide public benefits instead.An area can be designated as a conservation area for a number of different reasons. Not all conservation areas are judged to be significant for the same reasons. This means something which is an acceptable development in one area might not be an acceptable development in another area.What special controls are there in conservation areas?You will need conservation area consent from the council to demolish a building or structure (with certain exceptions) - this gives the council the chance to consider the contribution of an existing building to the area before making a decision on any proposed replacement.The alterations and extensions that you can make to your home without needing planning permission are more limited than elsewhere. You need to give the council six weeks notice before carrying out any works to trees. This gives the council the chance to decide if a tree preservation order is necessary. Remember that there are extra controls over "listed buildings". It is always best to check with the Council before doing any work, to find out what approvals you may need.Linthorpe Conservation Area Article 4(2) DirectionAlthough restrictions already exist within the conservation area, permitted development including the removal of boundary walls and gate posts, and replacement of original timber windows with u-PVC windows, does not require planning permission. Over time similar alterations have damaged the character and appearance of the conservation area. The council has therefore introduced an Article 4(2) Direction, which means that residents will now have to apply for planning permission for certain alterations that were previously permitted developments.For further information read the conservation leaflet or to check if your property is affected contact the Conservation Officer on 01642 729116 or via email to conservation@middlesbrough.gov.uk.You can also view the document which officially confirmed the Article 4 Direction in February 2010.Guidance on the care, repair and upgrading of traditional windows can be found on Historic England's traditional windows guidance.Development Control Telephone: (01642) 729377
The delineation of agricultural field boundaries has a wide range of applications, such as for crop management, precision agriculture, land use planning and crop insurance, etc. Manually digitizing agricultural fields from imagery is labor-intensive and time-consuming. This deep learning model automates the process of extracting agricultural field boundaries from satellite imagery, thereby significantly reducing the time and effort required. Its ability to adapt to varying crop types, geographical regions, and imaging conditions makes it suitable for large-scale operations.Using the modelFollow the guide to use the model. Before using this model, ensure that the supported deep learning libraries are installed. For more details, check Deep Learning Libraries Installer for ArcGIS.Fine-tuning the modelThis model can be fine-tuned using the Train Deep Learning Model tool. Follow the guide to fine-tune this model.InputSentinel-2 L2A 12-bands multispectral imagery using Bottom of Atmosphere (BOA) reflectance product in the form of a raster, mosaic or image service.OutputFeature class containing delineated agricultural fields.Applicable geographiesThe model is expected to work well in agricultural regions of USA.Model architectureThis model uses the Mask R-CNN model architecture implemented in ArcGIS API for Python.Accuracy metricsThis model has an average precision score of 0.64 for fields.Training dataThis model has been trained on an Esri proprietary agricultural field delineation dataset.LimitationsThis model works well only in areas having farmlands and may not give satisfactory results in areas near water bodies and hilly regions. The results of this pretrained model cannot be guaranteed against any other variation of the Sentinel-2 data.Sample resultsHere are a few results from the model.
https://reference.data.gov.uk/id/open-government-licencehttps://reference.data.gov.uk/id/open-government-licence
What is a conservation area?A conservation area is 'an area of special architectural or historic interest, the character or appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance'.Conservation areas are designated (chosen) by the council. Changes within, and adjacent to, conservation areas are managed through decisions made on planning applications.Developments in conservation areas should have a neutral or positive impact on the significance of the conservation area. If there is a negative impact, the development must be shown to provide public benefits instead.An area can be designated as a conservation area for a number of different reasons. Not all conservation areas are judged to be significant for the same reasons. This means something which is an acceptable development in one area might not be an acceptable development in another area.What special controls are there in conservation areas?You will need conservation area consent from the council to demolish a building or structure (with certain exceptions) - this gives the council the chance to consider the contribution of an existing building to the area before making a decision on any proposed replacement.The alterations and extensions that you can make to your home without needing planning permission are more limited than elsewhere. You need to give the council six weeks notice before carrying out any works to trees. This gives the council the chance to decide if a tree preservation order is necessary. Remember that there are extra controls over "listed buildings". It is always best to check with the Council before doing any work, to find out what approvals you may need.Linthorpe Conservation Area Article 4(2) DirectionAlthough restrictions already exist within the conservation area, permitted development including the removal of boundary walls and gate posts, and replacement of original timber windows with u-PVC windows, does not require planning permission. Over time similar alterations have damaged the character and appearance of the conservation area. The council has therefore introduced an Article 4(2) Direction, which means that residents will now have to apply for planning permission for certain alterations that were previously permitted developments.For further information read the conservation leaflet or to check if your property is affected contact the Conservation Officer on 01642 729116 or via email to conservation@middlesbrough.gov.uk.You can also view the document which officially confirmed the Article 4 Direction in February 2010.Guidance on the care, repair and upgrading of traditional windows can be found on Historic England's traditional windows guidance.Development Control Telephone: (01642) 729377
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This dataset is designed to represent and identify the property boundaries in Lexington-Fayette County. The original dataset was created in late 1990's by a third party that converted existing paper maps to digital GIS files. The data has since been updated by georeferencing recorded plats for corrections and new additions. In cases where the plats do not appear accurate, aerial photos are utilized in attempt to properly locate the property lines. The only except for this process are changes to highway right-of-way in which calls are run from deeds. The geometry of this data is not of survey quality and should not be used for survey purposes. The data is intended for general reference purposes only.As part of the basemap data layers, the parcel boundary map layer is an integral part of the Lexington Fayette-Urban County Government Geographic Information System. Basemap data layers are accessed by personnel in most LFUCG divisions for basic applications such as viewing, querying, and map output production. More advanced user applications may focus on thematic mapping, summarization of data by geography, or planning purposes (including defining boundaries, managing assets and facilities, integrating attribute databases with geographic features, spatial analysis, and presentation output).