The Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) was created in the New Deal Era and trained many home appraisers in the 1930s. The HOLC created a neighborhood ranking system infamously known today as redlining. Local real estate developers and appraisers in over 200 cities assigned grades to residential neighborhoods. These maps and neighborhood ratings set the rules for decades of real estate practices. The grades ranged from A to D. A was traditionally colored in green, B was traditionally colored in blue, C was traditionally colored in yellow, and D was traditionally colored in red. A (Best): Always upper- or upper-middle-class White neighborhoods that HOLC defined as posing minimal risk for banks and other mortgage lenders, as they were "ethnically homogeneous" and had room to be further developed.B (Still Desirable): Generally nearly or completely White, U.S. -born neighborhoods that HOLC defined as "still desirable" and sound investments for mortgage lenders.C (Declining): Areas where the residents were often working-class and/or first or second generation immigrants from Europe. These areas often lacked utilities and were characterized by older building stock.D (Hazardous): Areas here often received this grade because they were "infiltrated" with "undesirable populations" such as Jewish, Asian, Mexican, and Black families. These areas were more likely to be close to industrial areas and to have older housing.Banks received federal backing to lend money for mortgages based on these grades. Many banks simply refused to lend to areas with the lowest grade, making it impossible for people in many areas to become homeowners. While this type of neighborhood classification is no longer legal thanks to the Fair Housing Act of 1968 (which was passed in large part due to the activism and work of the NAACP and other groups), the effects of disinvestment due to redlining are still observable today. For example, the health and wealth of neighborhoods in Chicago today can be traced back to redlining (Chicago Tribune). In addition to formerly redlined neighborhoods having fewer resources such as quality schools, access to fresh foods, and health care facilities, new research from the Science Museum of Virginia finds a link between urban heat islands and redlining (Hoffman, et al., 2020). This layer comes out of that work, specifically from University of Richmond's Digital Scholarship Lab. More information on sources and digitization process can be found on the Data and Download and About pages. NOTE: This map has been updated as of 1/16/24 to use a newer version of the data layer which contains more cities than it previously did. As mentioned above, over 200 cities were redlined and therefore this is not a complete dataset of every city that experienced redlining by the HOLC in the 1930s. Map opens in Sacramento, CA. Use bookmarks or the search bar to get to other cities.Cities included in this mapAlabama: Birmingham, Mobile, MontgomeryArizona: PhoenixArkansas: Arkadelphia, Batesville, Camden, Conway, El Dorado, Fort Smith, Little Rock, Russellville, TexarkanaCalifornia: Fresno, Los Angeles, Oakland, Sacramento, San Diego, San Francisco, San Jose, StocktonColorado: Boulder, Colorado Springs, Denver, Fort Collins, Fort Morgan, Grand Junction, Greeley, Longmont, PuebloConnecticut: Bridgeport and Fairfield; Hartford; New Britain; New Haven; Stamford, Darien, and New Canaan; WaterburyFlorida: Crestview, Daytona Beach, DeFuniak Springs, DeLand, Jacksonville, Miami, New Smyrna, Orlando, Pensacola, St. Petersburg, TampaGeorgia: Atlanta, Augusta, Columbus, Macon, SavannahIowa: Boone, Cedar Rapids, Council Bluffs, Davenport, Des Moines, Dubuque, Sioux City, WaterlooIllinois: Aurora, Chicago, Decatur, East St. Louis, Joliet, Peoria, Rockford, SpringfieldIndiana: Evansville, Fort Wayne, Indianapolis, Lake County Gary, Muncie, South Bend, Terre HauteKansas: Atchison, Greater Kansas City, Junction City, Topeka, WichitaKentucky: Covington, Lexington, LouisvilleLouisiana: New Orleans, ShreveportMaine: Augusta, Boothbay, Portland, Sanford, WatervilleMaryland: BaltimoreMassachusetts: Arlington, Belmont, Boston, Braintree, Brockton, Brookline, Cambridge, Chelsea, Dedham, Everett, Fall River, Fitchburg, Haverhill, Holyoke Chicopee, Lawrence, Lexington, Lowell, Lynn, Malden, Medford, Melrose, Milton, Needham, New Bedford, Newton, Pittsfield, Quincy, Revere, Salem, Saugus, Somerville, Springfield, Waltham, Watertown, Winchester, Winthrop, WorcesterMichigan: Battle Creek, Bay City, Detroit, Flint, Grand Rapids, Jackson, Kalamazoo, Lansing, Muskegon, Pontiac, Saginaw, ToledoMinnesota: Austin, Duluth, Mankato, Minneapolis, Rochester, Staples, St. Cloud, St. PaulMississippi: JacksonMissouri: Cape Girardeau, Carthage, Greater Kansas City, Joplin, Springfield, St. Joseph, St. LouisNorth Carolina: Asheville, Charlotte, Durham, Elizabeth City, Fayetteville, Goldsboro, Greensboro, Hendersonville, High Point, New Bern, Rocky Mount, Statesville, Winston-SalemNorth Dakota: Fargo, Grand Forks, Minot, WillistonNebraska: Lincoln, OmahaNew Hampshire: ManchesterNew Jersey: Atlantic City, Bergen County, Camden, Essex County, Monmouth, Passaic County, Perth Amboy, Trenton, Union CountyNew York: Albany, Binghamton/Johnson City, Bronx, Brooklyn, Buffalo, Elmira, Jamestown, Lower Westchester County, Manhattan, Niagara Falls, Poughkeepsie, Queens, Rochester, Schenectady, Staten Island, Syracuse, Troy, UticaOhio: Akron, Canton, Cleveland, Columbus, Dayton, Hamilton, Lima, Lorain, Portsmouth, Springfield, Toledo, Warren, YoungstownOklahoma: Ada, Alva, Enid, Miami Ottawa County, Muskogee, Norman, Oklahoma City, South McAlester, TulsaOregon: PortlandPennsylvania: Allentown, Altoona, Bethlehem, Chester, Erie, Harrisburg, Johnstown, Lancaster, McKeesport, New Castle, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Wilkes-Barre, YorkRhode Island: Pawtucket & Central Falls, Providence, WoonsocketSouth Carolina: Aiken, Charleston, Columbia, Greater Anderson, Greater Greensville, Orangeburg, Rock Hill, Spartanburg, SumterSouth Dakota: Aberdeen, Huron, Milbank, Mitchell, Rapid City, Sioux Falls, Vermillion, WatertownTennessee: Chattanooga, Elizabethton, Erwin, Greenville, Johnson City, Knoxville, Memphis, NashvilleTexas: Amarillo, Austin, Beaumont, Dallas, El Paso, Forth Worth, Galveston, Houston, Port Arthur, San Antonio, Waco, Wichita FallsUtah: Ogden, Salt Lake CityVirginia: Bristol, Danville, Harrisonburg, Lynchburg, Newport News, Norfolk, Petersburg, Phoebus, Richmond, Roanoke, StauntonVermont: Bennington, Brattleboro, Burlington, Montpelier, Newport City, Poultney, Rutland, Springfield, St. Albans, St. Johnsbury, WindsorWashington: Seattle, Spokane, TacomaWisconsin: Kenosha, Madison, Milwaukee County, Oshkosh, RacineWest Virginia: Charleston, Huntington, WheelingAn example of a map produced by the HOLC of Philadelphia:

Descriptions of Metropolitan Transportation Commission's 34 Super DistrictsSuper District #1 - Greater Downtown San Francisco: This area, the northeastern quadrant of the city, is bounded by Van Ness Avenue on the west, 11th Street on the southwest, and Townsend Street on the south. This Super District includes the following neighborhoods and districts: Financial District, Union Square, Tenderloin, Civic Center, South of Market, South Park, Rincon Hill, Chinatown, Jackson Square, Telegraph Hill, North Beach, Nob Hill, Russian Hill, Polk Gulch and Fisherman's Wharf. Treasure Island and Yerba Buena Island are also part of Super District #1.Super District #2 - Richmond District: This area, the northwestern quadrant of the city, is bounded by Van Ness Avenue on the east, Market Street on the southeast, and 17th Street, Stanyan Street, and Lincoln Way on the south. Super District #2 includes the following neighborhoods and districts: the Presidio, the Western Addition District, the Marina, Cow Hollow, Pacific Heights, Cathedral Hill, Japantown, Hayes Valley, Duboce Triangle, the Haight-Ashbury, the Richmond District, Inner Richmond, Outer Richmond, Laurel Heights, Sea Cliff, and the Golden Gate Park.Super District #3 - Mission District: This area, the southeastern quadrant of the city, is bounded by Townsend Street, 11th Street, Market Street, 17th Street, Stanyan Street, and Lincoln Way on the northern boundary; 7th Avenue, Laguna Honda, Woodside Avenue, O'Shaughnessy Boulevard and other smaller streets (Juanita, Casita, El Verano, Ashton, Orizaba) on the western boundary; and by the San Mateo County line on the southern boundary. Super District #3 includes the following neighborhoods and districts: China Basin, Potrero Hill, Inner Mission, Outer Mission, Twin Peaks, Parnassus Heights, Dolores Heights, Castro, Eureka Valley, Noe Valley, Bernal Heights, Glen Park, Ingleside, Ocean View, the Excelsior, Crocker-Amazon, Visitacion Valley, Portola, Bayview, and Hunters Point.Super District #4 - Sunset District: This area, the southwestern quadrant of the city, is bounded by Lincoln Way (Golden Gate Park) on the north; 7th Avenue, Laguna Honda, Woodside Avenue, O'Shaughnessy Boulevard and other smaller streets (Juanita, Casita, El Verano, Ashton, Orizaba) on the eastern boundary; and by the San Mateo County line on the southern boundary. Super District #4 includes the following neighborhoods and districts: Inner Sunset, the Sunset District, Sunset Heights, Parkside, Lake Merced District, Park-Merced, Ingleside Heights, West Portal and St. Francis Wood.Super District #5 - Daly City/San Bruno: This northern San Mateo County Super District includes the communities of Daly City, Colma, Brisbane, South San Francisco, Pacifica, San Bruno, Millbrae, and the north part of Burlingame. The boundary between Super District #5 and Super District #6 is Broadway, Carmelita Avenue, El Camino Real, Easton Drive, the Hillsborough / Burlingame city limits, Interstate 280, Skyline Boulevard, the Pacifica city limits, and the Montara Mountain ridgeline extending to Devil's Slide on the coast.Super District #6 - San Mateo/Burlingame: The central San Mateo County Super District includes the communities of Hillsborough, San Mateo, Foster City, Belmont, the southern part of Burlingame, and the coastside communities of Montara, Moss Beach, El Granada, and Half Moon Bay. The southern boundary of Super District #6 is the Foster City city limits, the Belmont/San Carlos city limits, Interstate 280, Kings Mountain, Lobitos Creek extending to Martins Beach on the coast.Super District #7 - Redwood City/Menlo Park: The southern San Mateo County Super District includes the communities of San Carlos, Redwood Shores, Redwood City, Atherton, Menlo Park, East Palo Alto, Woodside, Portola Valley, and the coastside communities of San Gregorio and Pescadero.Super District #8 - Palo Alto/Los Altos: This Santa Clara County Super District includes the communities of Palo Alto, Los Altos, Los Altos Hills, and the western part of Mountain View. Boundaries include the San Mateo County line, US-101 on the north, and Cal-85 (Stevens Creek Freeway) and Stevens Creek on the east.Super District #9 - Sunnyvale/Mountain View: This is the "Silicon Valley" Super District and includes the communities of Mountain View (eastern part and shoreline), Sunnyvale, Santa Clara (northern part), Alviso, and San Jose (northern part). Also included in this Super District is the "Golden Triangle" district. Super District #9 is bounded by US-101, Cal-85, Stevens Creek on the western boundary; Homestead Road on the southern boundary; Pierce Street, Civic Center Drive and the SP tracks in Santa Clara City; and Interstate 880 as the eastern boundary.Super District #10 - Cupertino/Saratoga: This Super District is located in south central Santa Clara County and includes the communities of Cupertino, Saratoga, Santa Clara City (southern part), Campbell (western part), San Jose (western part), Monte Sereno, Los Gatos and Redwood Estates. This area is bounded by Stevens Creek and the Santa Cruz Mountains on the west, Homestead Road on the north, Interstate 880/California Route 17 on the east; Union Avenue, Camden Avenue and Hicks Road (San Jose) also on the eastern boundary; and the Santa Clara/Santa Cruz county line on the south.Super District #11 - Central San Jose: This central Santa Clara County Super District is comprised of San Jose (central area), Santa Clara City (downtown area), and Campbell (east of Cal-17). The general boundaries of Super District #11 are Interstate 880/California Route 17 on the west; US-101 on the east; and the Capitol Expressway, Hillsdale Avenue, Camden Avenue, and Union Avenue on the south boundary.Super District #12 - Milpitas/East San Jose: This eastern Santa Clara County Super District includes the City of Milpitas, and the East San Jose communities of Berryessa, Alum Rock, and Evergreen. Boundaries include Interstate 880 and US-101 freeways on the west; San Jose City limits (Evergreen) on the south; and the mountains on the east.Super District #13 - South San Jose: This south-central Santa Clara County Super District includes the southern part of San Jose including the Almaden and Santa Teresa neighborhoods. Super District #13 is surrounded by Super District #10 on the west; Super District #11 on the north; Super District #12 on the northeast; and Super District #14 on the south at Metcalf Road (Coyote).Super District #14 - Gilroy/Morgan Hill: This area of Santa Clara County is also known as "South County" and includes the communities of Gilroy, Morgan Hill, San Martin and the Coyote Valley. Also included in this Super District are Loma Prieta (western boundary of the Super District) and Mount Hamilton in the northeastern, rural portion of Santa Clara County. This area is bounded by Santa Cruz and San Benito Counties on the south, and Merced and Stanislaus Counties on the eastern border.Super District #15 - Livermore/Pleasanton: This is the eastern Alameda County Super District including the Livermore and Amador Valley communities of Livermore, Pleasanton, Dublin, San Ramon Village, and Sunol. This Super District includes all of eastern Alameda County east of Pleasanton Ridge and Dublin Canyon.Super District #16 - Fremont/Union City: The southern Alameda County Super District includes the communities of Fremont, Newark and Union City. The boundaries for this Super District are the Hayward/Union City city limits on the north side; the hills to the immediate east; the Santa Clara/Alameda County line on the south; and the San Francisco Bay on the west.Super District #17 - Hayward/San Leandro: This southern Alameda County Super District includes the communities of Hayward, San Lorenzo, San Leandro, Castro Valley, Cherryland, and Ashland. The northern border is the San Leandro/Oakland city limits.Super District #18 - Oakland/Alameda: This northern Alameda County Super District includes the island city of Alameda, Oakland, and Piedmont. The Oakland neighborhoods of North Oakland and Rockridge are in the adjacent Super District #19. The border between Super Districts #18 and #19 are the Oakland/Emeryville city limits; 52nd and 51st Streets; Broadway; and Old Tunnel Road.Super District #19 - Berkeley/Albany: This northern Alameda County Super District includes all of Emeryville, Berkeley, and Albany, and the Oakland neighborhoods in North Oakland and Rockridge. The Super District is surrounded by the Alameda/Contra Costa County lines; the San Francisco Bay; and the Oakland Super District.Super District #20 - Richmond/El Cerrito: This is the western Contra Costa Super District. It includes the communities of Richmond, El Cerrito, Kensington, Richmond Heights, San Pablo, El Sobrante, Pinole, Hercules, Rodeo, Crockett, and Port Costa. The eastern boundary to Super District #20 is defined as the Carquinez Scenic Drive (east of Port Costa); McEwen Road; California Route 4; Alhambra Valley Road; Briones Road through the Regional Park; Bear Creek Road; and Wildcat Canyon Road to the Alameda/Contra Costa County line.Super District #21 - Concord/Martinez: This is one of three central Contra Costa County Super Districts. Super District #21 includes the communities of Concord, Martinez, Pleasant Hill, Clayton, and Pacheco. This area is bounded by Suisun Bay on the north; Willow Pass and Marsh Creek on the east; Mt Diablo on the southeast; and Cowell Road, Treat Boulevard, Oak Grove Road, Minert Road, Bancroft Road, Oak Park Boulevard, Putnam Boulevard, Geary Road, and Pleasant Hill Road on the south; and Briones Park, Alhambra Valley Road and Cal-4 on the west.Super District #22 - Walnut Creek: This central Contra Costa County Super District includes the communities of Walnut Creek, Lafayette, Moraga and Orinda. The latter three communities are more popularly known as Lamorinda. The border with Super District #23 generally follows the southern city limits of Walnut Creek.Super

There is a newer and more authoritative version of this layer here! It is owned by the University of Richmond's Digital Scholarship Lab and contains data on many more cities.The Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) was created in the New Deal Era and trained many home appraisers in the 1930s. The HOLC created a neighborhood ranking system infamously known today as redlining. Local real estate developers and appraisers in over 200 cities assigned grades to residential neighborhoods. These maps and neighborhood ratings set the rules for decades of real estate practices. The grades ranged from A to D. A was traditionally colored in green, B was traditionally colored in blue, C was traditionally colored in yellow, and D was traditionally colored in red. A (Best): Always upper- or upper-middle-class White neighborhoods that HOLC defined as posing minimal risk for banks and other mortgage lenders, as they were "ethnically homogeneous" and had room to be further developed.B (Still Desirable): Generally nearly or completely White, U.S. -born neighborhoods that HOLC defined as "still desirable" and sound investments for mortgage lenders.C (Declining): Areas where the residents were often working-class and/or first or second generation immigrants from Europe. These areas often lacked utilities and were characterized by older building stock.D (Hazardous): Areas here often received this grade because they were "infiltrated" with "undesirable populations" such as Jewish, Asian, Mexican, and Black families. These areas were more likely to be close to industrial areas and to have older housing.Banks received federal backing to lend money for mortgages based on these grades. Many banks simply refused to lend to areas with the lowest grade, making it impossible for people in many areas to become homeowners. While this type of neighborhood classification is no longer legal thanks to the Fair Housing Act of 1968 (which was passed in large part due to the activism and work of the NAACP and other groups), the effects of disinvestment due to redlining are still observable today. For example, the health and wealth of neighborhoods in Chicago today can be traced back to redlining (Chicago Tribune). In addition to formerly redlined neighborhoods having fewer resources such as quality schools, access to fresh foods, and health care facilities, new research from the Science Museum of Virginia finds a link between urban heat islands and redlining (Hoffman, et al., 2020). This layer comes out of that work, specifically from University of Richmond's Digital Scholarship Lab. More information on sources and digitization process can be found on the Data and Download and About pages. This layer includes 7,148 neighborhoods spanning 143 cities across the continental United States. NOTE: As mentioned above, over 200 cities were redlined and therefore this is not a complete dataset of every city that experienced redlining by the HOLC in the 1930s. More cities are available in this feature layer from University of Richmond.Cities included in this layerAlabama: Birmingham, Mobile, MontgomeryCalifornia: Fresno, Los Angeles, Sacramento, San Diego, San Francisco, San Jose, StocktonColorado: DenverConnecticut: East Hartford, New Britain, New Haven, StamfordFlorida: Jacksonville, Miami, St. Petersburg, TampaGeorgia: Atlanta, Augusta, Chattanooga, Columbus, MaconIllinois: Aurora, Chicago, Decatur, Joliet, GaryIndiana: Evansville, Fort Wayne, Indianapolis, Gary, Muncie, South Bend, Terre HauteKansas: Greater Kansas City, WichitaKentucky: Lexington, LouisvilleLouisiana: New OrleansMassachusetts: Arlington, Belmont, Boston, Braintree, Brockton, Brookline, Cambridge, Chelsea, Dedham, Everett, Haverhill, Holyoke Chicopee, Lexington, Malden, Medford, Melrose, Milton, Needham, Newton, Quincy, Revere, Saugus, Somerville, Waltham, Watertown, Winchester, WinthropMaryland: BaltimoreMichigan: Battle Creek, Bay City, Detroit, Flint, Grand Rapids, Kalamazoo, Muskegon, Pontiac, Saginaw, ToledoMinnesota: Duluth, MinneapolisMissouri: Greater Kansas City, Springfield, St. Joseph, St. LouisNorth Carolina: Asheville, Charlotte, Durham, Greensboro, Winston SalemNew Hampshire: ManchesterNew Jersey: Atlantic City, Bergen Co., Camden, Essex County, Hudson County, TrentonNew York: Bronx, Brooklyn, Buffalo, Elmira, Binghamton/Johnson City, Lower Westchester Co., Manhattan, Niagara Falls, Poughkeepsie, Queens, Rochester, Staten Island, Syracuse, UticaOhio: Akron, Canton, Cleveland, Columbus, Dayton, Hamilton, Lima, Lorrain, Portsmouth, Springfield, Toledo, Warren, YoungstownOregon: PortlandPennsylvania: Altoona, Erie, Johnstown, New Castle, Philadelphia, PittsburghSouth Carolina: AugustaTennessee: Chattanooga, KnoxvilleTexas: DallasVirginia: Lynchburg, Norfolk, Richmond, RoanokeWashington: Seattle, Spokane, TacomaWisconsin: Kenosha, Milwaukee, Oshkosh, RacineWest Virginia: Charleston, WheelingAn example of a map produced by the HOLC of Philadelphia: