In the past four centuries, the population of the Thirteen Colonies and United States of America has grown from a recorded 350 people around the Jamestown colony in Virginia in 1610, to an estimated 346 million in 2025. While the fertility rate has now dropped well below replacement level, and the population is on track to go into a natural decline in the 2040s, projected high net immigration rates mean the population will continue growing well into the next century, crossing the 400 million mark in the 2070s. Indigenous population Early population figures for the Thirteen Colonies and United States come with certain caveats. Official records excluded the indigenous population, and they generally remained excluded until the late 1800s. In 1500, in the first decade of European colonization of the Americas, the native population living within the modern U.S. borders was believed to be around 1.9 million people. The spread of Old World diseases, such as smallpox, measles, and influenza, to biologically defenseless populations in the New World then wreaked havoc across the continent, often wiping out large portions of the population in areas that had not yet made contact with Europeans. By the time of Jamestown's founding in 1607, it is believed the native population within current U.S. borders had dropped by almost 60 percent. As the U.S. expanded, indigenous populations were largely still excluded from population figures as they were driven westward, however taxpaying Natives were included in the census from 1870 to 1890, before all were included thereafter. It should be noted that estimates for indigenous populations in the Americas vary significantly by source and time period. Migration and expansion fuels population growth The arrival of European settlers and African slaves was the key driver of population growth in North America in the 17th century. Settlers from Britain were the dominant group in the Thirteen Colonies, before settlers from elsewhere in Europe, particularly Germany and Ireland, made a large impact in the mid-19th century. By the end of the 19th century, improvements in transport technology and increasing economic opportunities saw migration to the United States increase further, particularly from southern and Eastern Europe, and in the first decade of the 1900s the number of migrants to the U.S. exceeded one million people in some years. It is also estimated that almost 400,000 African slaves were transported directly across the Atlantic to mainland North America between 1500 and 1866 (although the importation of slaves was abolished in 1808). Blacks made up a much larger share of the population before slavery's abolition. Twentieth and twenty-first century The U.S. population has grown steadily since 1900, reaching one hundred million in the 1910s, two hundred million in the 1960s, and three hundred million in 2007. Since WWII, the U.S. has established itself as the world's foremost superpower, with the world's largest economy, and most powerful military. This growth in prosperity has been accompanied by increases in living standards, particularly through medical advances, infrastructure improvements, clean water accessibility. These have all contributed to higher infant and child survival rates, as well as an increase in life expectancy (doubling from roughly 40 to 80 years in the past 150 years), which have also played a large part in population growth. As fertility rates decline and increases in life expectancy slows, migration remains the largest factor in population growth. Since the 1960s, Latin America has now become the most common origin for migrants in the U.S., while immigration rates from Asia have also increased significantly. It remains to be seen how immigration restrictions of the current administration affect long-term population projections for the United States.

U.S. Census population data for Kansas counties from 1890 through 2010. The choropleth map shows 2010 population based on a quantile classification. Click on any county to see additional information about historic maximums, population loss, and trend in population since 1890.

FIRE1890_POLY: A series of four maps showing the state of forests in the northern coastal area of Oregon. They show the change in stand age over time due to fires. This dataset shows conditions in 1890.

The map shows the tracklines for historical bathymetric data for Florida Bay. The areas on the map are linked to the corresponding data sets which contain values for X (easting), Y (northing), Z (elevation), and the RMS set to 0.0.

This reference houses a collection of quarter section maps, and related documents, of the Woodworth Study Area in Woodworth, North Dakota. The maps are hand-drawn and labeled with quarter and unit numbers. Information noted in the additional related documents include the history of land use and treatments applied by year. Land use histories date back to 1890, while treatment information typically encompasses the years between 1964 and 1995.

This is an Annotation for Transparent Inquiry (ATI) data project. The annotated article can be viewed on the publisher's website. In this paper, we investigate the spatial expansion of the colonial state in German East Africa. In contrast to large parts of the literature that focuses on the development of national state capabilities, we analyze the development of sub-national state presence. We argue that this sub-national expansion of state presence follows a logic of political and territorial control. We present statistical evidence that the German colonial government was more likely to establish presence, via the creation of a military station, if a region violently resisted German rule in the immediate past or if the creation of a station vastly expanded territorial control of the colony. This required the colonial administration to commit scarce financial and human resources even to remote and dangerous locations of the colony. In contrast, the potential for economic extraction or cost-driving geographic or ecological factors seem to have mattered less in the colonial government’s decision-making. These findings extend our understanding of state-building in colonial times and emphasize the importance of a context-specific, political calculus, forcing colonial decision-makers to make consequential investments with very limited information. Data overview The core empirical contribution of the paper is a statistical analysis of the creation of military stations in German East Africa from 1890 to 1909. The analysis relies on an indicator of station presence in a set of regular grid-cells, observed from 1890 to 1909, as our main outcome measure. We also consider information on station type and troop strength as alternatives. Our key independent variables are the occurrence of violence against German troops in each grid cell in prior years and a measure of territorial coverage gain implied by the creation of new stations. The analysis controls for an extensive list of control variables. More details on variable definitions and modeling assumptions in the statistical analysis can be found in the paper and statistical appendix. Several of our quantitative variables were generated by digitizing archival records and information from historical maps. All maps, periodicals and monographs have been obtained from the “Berlin State Library – Prussian Cultural Heritage” (Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin – Preußischer Kulturbesitz), the “ZBW Leibniz Information Centre for Economics” (Leibniz- Informationszentrum Wirtschaft) in Hamburg and the German Federal Archives in Berlin. Data for our main outcome and explanatory variable come from a book written by Ernst Nigmann, a former major in the colonial army, and published in 1911. Nigmann provides information on the establishment dates and locations of German stations as well as on major instances of violence in the colony. We have digitized this information with the help of the 1920 German Colonial Atlas and a complete village and location register accompanying the atlas. The atlas was published in 1920 by the Colonial Department of the Imperial Foreign Ministry (Kolonialabteilung des Auswärtigen Amtes). The atlas consists of nine over-sized map sheets. Information on other variables and the underlying primary sources can be found in the main manuscript and the statistical appendix. We complement this statistical analysis with a descriptive introduction to the case of German East Africa and the discussion of a few qualitative pieces of evidence with respect to the decision-making calculus of colonial administrators. The Section “Colonial State Building in German East Africa” conveys basic descriptive information about the evolution of German colonialism in Tanzania. This section largely draws on secondary source material written by historians. Our section on “Robustness Checks” provides more specific qualitative evidence from primary sources in support of our argument. For example, we use information from an official military handbook (“Militärisches Orientierungsheft für Deutsch-Ostafrika”), prepared by the German military and published in 1911, to discuss the practical difficulty of obtaining reliable information on local ethnic groups. This discussion illustrates the need for colonial decision-makers to rely on easily observable events, like violence against German troops or settlers, for allocating stations across the colony instead of relying on specific organizational characteristics of local ethnic groups. We leverage additional primary source material to engage other aspects of station placement. For example, Section 15 in the Appendix draws on the yearly report of the colonial office from 1904/05 and other internal colonial files to identify explicit motives for station creation. Here, we also draw on assessments by Ernst Nigman, published in his 1911 book. Section 16 engages qualitative evidence on the role of cost considerations in station placement,...

Graph and download economic data for Median Sales Price of Houses Sold for the United States (MSPUS) from Q1 1963 to Q2 2025 about sales, median, housing, and USA.

The Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) is the Federal standard for geographic nomenclature. The U.S. Geological Survey developed the GNIS for the U.S. Board on Geographic Names, a Federal inter-agency body chartered by public law to maintain uniform feature name usage throughout the Government and to promulgate standard names to the public. The GNIS is the official repository of domestic geographic names data; the official vehicle for geographic names use by all departments of the Federal Government; and the source for applying geographic names to Federal electronic and printed products of all types. See for additional information. The Geographic Names Information System contains information about physical and cultural geographic features of all types in the United States, associated areas, and Antarctica, current and historical, but not including roads and highways. The database holds the Federally recognized name of each feature and defines the feature location by state, county, USGS topographic map, and geographic coordinates. Other attributes include names or spellings other than the official name, feature designations, feature classification, historical and descriptive information, and for some categories the geometric boundaries. The database assigns a unique, permanent feature identifier, the Feature ID, as a standard Federal key for accessing, integrating, or reconciling feature data from multiple data sets. The GNIS collects data from a broad program of partnerships with Federal, State, and local government agencies and other authorized contributors. The GNIS provides data to all levels of government and to the public, as well as to numerous applications through a web query site, web map and feature services, file download services, and customized files upon request. The U.S. Board on Geographic Names was created in 1890 and established in its present form by Public Law in 1947 to establish and maintain uniform geographic name usage throughout the Federal Government. The Board serves all government agencies and the public as the central authority to which name inquiries, name issues, and new name proposals can be directed. It is comprised of representatives of Federal agencies associated with land management and cartography. Sharing its responsibilities with the Secretary of the Interior, the Board develops principles, policies, and procedures governing the use of both domestic and foreign geographic names as well as undersea and Antarctic feature names. Source data were originally downloaded from the U.S. Board on Geographic Names website (http://geonames.usgs.gov), imported and adapted for redistribution via RIGIS. Information about how these data were processed are available later in this metadata record under the Data Quality Information section.

The data set for the Butler Peak quadrangle has been prepared by the Southern California Areal Mapping Project (SCAMP), a cooperative project sponsored jointly by the U.S. Geological Survey and the California Division of Mines and Geology, as part of an ongoing effort to utilize a Geographical Information System (GIS) format to create a regional digital geologic database for southern California. This regional database is being developed as a contribution to the National Geologic Map Data Base of the National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program of the USGS. Development of the data set for the Butler Peak quadrangle has also been supported by the U.S. Forest Service, San Bernardino National Forest.

The digital geologic map database for the Butler Peak quadrangle has been created as a general-purpose data set that is applicable to other land-related investigations in the earth and biological sciences. For example, the U.S. Forest Service, San Bernardino National Forest, is using the database as part of a study of an endangered plant species that shows preference for particular rock type environments. The Butler Peak database is not suitable for site-specific geologic evaluations at scales greater than 1:24,000 (1 in = 2,000 ft).

This data set maps and describes the geology of the Butler Peak 7.5' quadrangle, San Bernardino County, California. Created using Environmental Systems Research Institute's ARC/INFO software, the data base consists of the following items: (1) a map coverage showing geologic contacts and units,(2) a scanned topographic base at a scale of 1:24,000, and (3) attribute tables for geologic units (polygons), contacts (arcs), and site-specific data (points). In addition, the data set includes the following graphic and text products: (1) A PostScript graphic plot-file containing the geologic map on a 1:24,000 topographic base accompanied by a Description of Map Units (DMU), a Correlation of Map Units (CMU), and a key to point and line symbols; (2) PDF files of the DMU and CMU, and of this Readme, and (3) this metadata file.

The geologic map data base contains original U.S. Geological Survey data generated by detailed field observation and by interpretation of aerial photographs. The map was created by transferring lines from the aerial photographs to a 1:24,000 mylar orthophoto-quadrangle and then to a base-stable topographic map. This map was then scribed, and a .007 mil, right-reading, black line clear film made by contact photographic processes.The black line was scanned and auto-vectorized by Optronics Specialty Company, Northridge, CA. The non-attributed scan was imported into ARC/INFO, where the database was built. Within the database, geologic contacts are represented as lines (arcs), geologic units as polygons, and site-specific data as points. Polygon, arc, and point attribute tables (.pat, .aat, and .pat, respectively) uniquely identify each geologic datum and link it to other tables (.rel) that provide more detailed geologic information.

Metadata record for the Wyoming State Archives website; link in record. Included are samples of three types of State and Territorial maps: the Holt's maps, the US Department of Interior maps and the Transportation/Postal Route maps. The Holt's maps were produced between 1883 and ca.1890. They show the development and settlement of Wyoming and include the location of some early ranches and trails. The Archives has US Department of Interior State maps from 1876 to 1947. They are extremely detailed, including information as diverse as the location of US land offices, Indian and Military Reservations, forest and bird reserves, etc. The Transportation/Postal Route maps vary greatly depending on the reason they were produced. Many of the early Postal Route maps don't even show roads or trails, but include the amount of time to travel from one stop to the next. Later Transportation maps include bus routes, airport locations, etc.

This dataset contains the years beech scale (Cryptococcus fagisuga; a predisposing agent of beech bark disease) was first detected in counties of Canada and the United states. These data were aggregated from observations made from 1890 to 2015 in order to map the spread of the insect throughout its invaded range in eastern North America. Detection year data are organized by country, province/state, and county for a total of 389 records with references to their original reporting literature.

This data set was developed to provide geologic map GIS of the Coeur d'Alene 1:100,000 quadrangle for use in future spatial analysis by a variety of users. These data can be printed in a variety of ways to display various geologic features or used for digital analysis and modeling. This database is not meant to be used or displayed at any scale larger than 1:100,000 (e.g. 1:62,500 or 1:24,000).

The digital geologic map of the Coeur d'Alene 1:100,000 quadrangle was compiled from preliminary digital datasets [Athol, Coeur d'Alene, Kellogg, Kingston, Lakeview, Lane, and Spirit Lake 15-minute quadrangles] prepared by the Idaho Geological Survey from A. B. Griggs (unpublished field maps), supplemented by Griggs (1973) and by digital data from Bookstrom and others (1999) and Derkey and others (1996). The digital geologic map database can be queried in many ways to produce a variety of derivative geologic maps.

This GIS consists of two major Arc/Info data sets: one line and polygon file (cda100k) containing geologic contacts and structures (lines) and geologic map rock units (polygons), and one point file (cda100kp) containing structural data.

This data set contains up to nine types of digital elevation data: 1-1 degree blocks, 2-1 degree x 3 degree mosaic of elevation (latitude/longitude coordinate system), 3-1 degree x 3 degree mosaic of slope, 4-1 degree x 3 degree mosaic of aspect (latitude/longitude coordinate system), 5-1 degree x 3 degree mosaic of filtered elevation (5 x 5 filter), 6-1 degree x 3 degree mosaic of elevation (UTM registered), 7-1 degree x 3 degree mosaic of slope (UTM registered), 8-1 degree x 3 degree mosaic of aspect (UTM registered), 9-1 degree x 3 degree mosaic of shaded relief (latitude/longitude coordinate system). Data coverage is from 1982 to present with work ongoing. Data source is 1:250,000 scale Defense Mapping Agency Digital Terrain Series. The data set currently contains 966 records with estimated growth of 5-15 records per year. Storage required varies by selection on area size. Data are available on: 9-track, 800 bpi, 1600 bpi, 6250 bpi, unlabeled, unblocked, or BCD tape. Subsets on the main file and custom formats as well as limited documentation is available.

    Data is organized by 7 1/2 ' or 15 ' quads. This data is intended to be used
    for land cover analysis, wildlife refuge studies, drainage analysis, and land
    use planning.

This data set describes sea floor characteristics for the Western Massachusetts Bay. This data set was created using sidescan-sonar imagery, photography, and sediment samples.

This map has 2 mGal gravity contours over a topographic base at a scale of 1:100,000. It covers the southern portion of San Francisco Bay, most of the Santa Clara Valley, and the surrounding mountains. It is a companion to U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 03-360, Shaded Relief Aeromagnetic Map of the Santa Clara Valley and Vicinity, California by Carter W. Roberts and Robert C. Jachens.

[Summary provided by USGS.]

The U.S Geological Survey (USGS) Land Cover Institute (LCI) will address land cover topics from local to global scales, and in both domestic and international settings. The USGS through the Land Cover Institute serves as a facilitator for land cover and land use science, applications, and production functions. The institute assists in the availability and technical support of land cover data sets through increasing public and scientific awareness of the importance of land cover science.

Forest Ecosystem Dynamics (FED) Project Spatial Data Archive: Elevation Contours for the Northern Experimental Forest

The Biospheric Sciences Branch (formerly Earth Resources Branch) within the Laboratory for Terrestrial Physics at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center and associated University investigators are involved in a research program entitled Forest Ecosystem Dynamics (FED) which is fundamentally concerned with vegetation change of forest ecosystems at local to regional spatial scales (100 to 10,000 meters) and temporal scales ranging from monthly to decadal periods (10 to 100 years). The nature and extent of the impacts of these changes, as well as the feedbacks to global climate, may be addressed through modeling the interactions of the vegetation, soil, and energy components of the boreal ecosystem.

The Howland Forest research site lies within the Northern Experimental Forest of International Paper. The natural stands in this boreal-northern hardwood transitional forest consist of spruce-hemlock-fir, aspen-birch, and hemlock-hardwood mixtures. The topography of the region varies from flat to gently rolling, with a maximum elevation change of less than 68 m within 10 km. Due to the region's glacial history, soil drainage classes within a small area may vary widely, from well drained to poorly drained. Consequently, an elaborate patchwork of forest communities has developed, supporting exceptional local species diversity.

This data layer contains elevation contours for the 10 X 10 km area located within the Northern Experimental Forest. Contours and elevation benchmarks from the United States Geological Survey 7.5" Maine quadsheets for Howland and Lagrange were digitized, and elevation data in feet were added.

The data was revised by projecting it into NAD83 datum by L. Prihodko at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Although the data was received at GSFC with an undeclared datum, it was assumed to be in North American Datum of 1927 (NAD27) because the original map from which the data were digitized was in NAD27. Also, the data fit exactly within the bounds of the FED site grid (even Universal Transverse Mercator projections) in NAD27. After projecting the data into NAD83 it was checked to insure that the change was a linear translation of the coordinates.

LISS 3, aboard IRS – P6 (RESOURCESAT-I), imagery held by INPE.

Forest Ecosystem Dynamics (FED) Project Spatial Data Archive: Digital Elevation Model for the Northern Experimental Forest

The Biospheric Sciences Branch (formerly Earth Resources Branch) within the Laboratory for Terrestrial Physics at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center and associated University investigators are involved in a research program entitled Forest Ecosystem Dynamics (FED) which is fundamentally concerned with vegetation change of forest ecosystems at local to regional spatial scales (100 to 10,000 meters) and temporal scales ranging from monthly to decadal periods (10 to 100 years). The nature and extent of the impacts of these changes, as well as the feedbacks to global climate, may be addressed through modeling the interactions of the vegetation, soil, and energy components of the boreal ecosystem.

The Howland Forest research site lies within the Northern Experimental Forest of International Paper. The natural stands in this boreal-northern hardwood transitional forest consist of spruce-hemlock-fir, aspen-birch, and hemlock-hardwood mixtures. The topography of the region varies from flat to gently rolling, with a maximum elevation change of less than 68 m within 10 km. Due to the region's glacial history, soil drainage classes within a small area may vary widely, from well drained to poorly drained. Consequently, an elaborate patchwork of forest communities has developed, supporting exceptional local species diversity.

Howland DEM is a digital elevation model of the 10km X 10km area located within the Northern Experimental Forest. The contours and elevation benchmarks from the United States Geological Survey 7.5'quadsheets for Howland and Lagrange were digitized and then rasterized into a 10m X 10m grid.

The data was revised by projecting it into NAD83 datum by L. Prihodko at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Although the data was received at GSFC with an undeclared datum, it was assumed to be in North American Datum of 1927 (NAD27) because the original map from which the data were digitized was in NAD27. Also, the data fit exactly within the bounds of the FED site grid (even Universal Transverse Mercator projections) in NAD27. After projecting the data into NAD83 it was checked to insure that the change was a linear translation of the coordinates only and that the gridded values did not undergo any changes.

This is a PDF format map of the country, as released by the United Nations.