This entry does not contain data itself, it is for the website, the NASA Disasters Mapping Portal: https://maps.disasters.nasa.gov The Disasters Mapping Portal contains numerous datasets that can be streamed from the Portal into GIS software. The Disasters Applications area promotes the use of Earth observations to improve prediction of, preparation for, response to, and recovery from natural and technological disasters. Disaster applications and applied research on natural hazards support emergency mitigation approaches, such as early warning systems, and providing information and maps to disaster response and recovery teams. NOTE: Removed "2017 - Present" from "Temporal Applicability" since it's not valid NOTE: Removed "Event-Specific and Near-Real Time Products" from "Update Frequency" since it's not valid

Locations of disasters the NASA Disasters Program has evaluated and responded to. All products for these events can be found on the NASA Disasters Mapping Portal:https://maps.disasters.nasa.gov/

The NASA Disasters Mapping Portal contains derived products for disaster response. The Disasters Applications area promotes the use of Earth observations to improve prediction of, preparation for, response to, and recovery from natural and technological disasters. Disaster applications and applied research on natural hazards support emergency mitigation approaches, such as early warning systems, and providing information and maps to disaster response and recovery teams.

Dates of Images:Pre-Event: April 2024Post-Event: 5/18/2024, 5/19/2024, 5/20/2024Date of Next Image:UnknownSummary:The Black Marble High-Definition (BMHD) images were created by the NASA Black Marble Science team, with directed funding the NASA-Google Partnership program. The images map the impact of extreme heat in Houston, Texas on electric grids. The baseline image is from April 2024, a cloud-free, moon-free composite, and the “after" image is from May 18, 2024 - May 20, 2024. There is a layer to display where clouds are present in the "after" images. This comparison between the images is meant as a visual assessment of outage impacts from the extreme heat to aid various partners who are working to deliver emergency aids to local communities. Power outage maps like these help disaster response efforts in the short-term as well as long-term monitoring during the crucial stages of disaster recovery.From the BMHD data, zonal statistics were collated with FEMA's National Risk Index (NRI) Social Vulnerability score to identify areas where vulnerable populations were affected by power outages. Higher (red) census tract areas indicate a higher amount of power lost relative to the second date listed. For example, a red polygon in the Baseline (April) - May 18th layer indicates that specific area lost disproportionately more power and is in an area with high social vulnerability risk when comparing the normal power available (baseline) to when the disaster occurred.Suggested Use:NOTE: Black Marble HD images are downscaled from NASA’s Black Marble nighttime lights product (VNP46), and as such are a “modelled” or “best guess” estimate of how lights are distributed at a 30m resolution. These images should be used for visualization purposes, not for quantitative analysis.The image is in a yellow-red color scale. Red indicates more severe impacts. Grey polygons are acquired from cloud cover and represent areas where no data was available on a given day.Satellite/Sensor:The primary data source, NASA’s Black Marble nighttime lights product suite (VNP46), utilized to generate this product is derived from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Day/Night Band (DNB) onboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Platform (SNPP) along with high resolution base layers - Landsat derived normalized index products (NDVI and NDWI) and OpenStreetMap (OSM) derived road layerResolution:Scaled resolution of 30 metersCredits:NASA Black Marble Science teamFEMA National Risk Index (NRI) TeamPlease cite the following two references when using this data:Román MO, Stokes EC, Shrestha R, Wang Z, Schultz L, Carlo EA, Sun Q, Bell J, Molthan A, Kalb V, Ji C. Satellite-based assessment of electricity restoration efforts in Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria. PloS one. 2019 Jun 28;14(6):e0218883.Román MO, Wang Z, Sun Q, Kalb V, Miller SD, Molthan A, Schultz L, Bell J, Stokes EC, Pandey B, Seto KC. NASA's Black Marble nighttime lights product suite. Remote Sensing of Environment. 2018 Jun 1;210:113-43.Point of Contact:Ranjay ShresthaNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterE-mail: ranjay.m.shrestha@nasa.govAdditional Links:NASA’s Black Marble Product SuiteRomán, M.O. et al. (2019) Satellite-based assessment of electricity restoration efforts in Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria. PLoS One, 14 (6).Román, M.O. et al. (2018) NASA’s Black Marble nighttime lights product suite. Remote Sensing of Environment. 210, 113–143.FEMA's National Risk Index Map: https://hazards.fema.gov/nri/data-resources#shpDownloadEsri REST Endpoint:See URL section on right side of page.WMS Endpoint:https://maps.disasters.nasa.gov/ags03/services/texas_extremeheat_202405/Relative_Power_Loss_Web_Map/MapServer/WMSServer?request=GetCapabilities&service=WMSData Download:https://maps.disasters.nasa.gov/download/gis_products/event_specific/2024/texas_extremeheat_202405/blackmarble_hd/

Date of Images:9/29/2022, 10/2/2022, 10/3/2022, 10/4/2022Date of Next Image:N/ASummary:RADARSAT-2 and MSFC Sentinel-1:Scientists at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center created these water extents on September 29, 2022 using the RADARSAT-2 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) instrument. These images can be used to see where open water is visible at the time of the satellite overpass. This product shows all water detected and differentiates between normal water areas and some flooded areas. This product was classified using the USDA Crop Data Layer for 2021. It's important to note that all flooded areas may not be captured do to the sensors limitations of not being able to "see" through vegetation and buildings. To determine where additional flooding may have occurred, combine this layer with other data sets.ARIA Flood Proxy Map:This Flood Proxy Map (FPM) depicts areas that are likely flooded in Florida due to Hurricane Ian. This map was derived from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images acquired by the Copernicus Sentinel-1 satellites operated by the European Space Agency (ESA) before (9/30/2021) and after (10/2/2022) the event.Dartmouth Flood Observatory at the University of Colorado and NASA GSFC PlanetScope, Sentinel-1, and MODIS:Potentially flooded area created using PlanetScope imagery from October 2, 2022, October 3, 2022, and October 4, 2022 using a beta PlanetScope Flood Mapping system created in partnership between NASA GSFC and Dartmouth Flood Observatory at the University of Colorado.Potentially flooded area created using Sentinel-1 SAR data from October 2, 2022. The product is processed by the Dartmouth Flood Observatory at the University of Colorado, from Copernicus/European Space Agency Sentinel 1 SAR data. The NASA Earth Sciences Program provided funding to the University for Colorado for this work.Potentially flooded area created using MODIS data from September 30, 2022, October 2, 2022, and October 3, 2022. The product is processed by the Dartmouth Flood Observatory at the University of Colorado, MODIS instrument on the Terra and Aqua satellites. The NASA Earth Sciences Program provided funding to the University for Colorado for this work.Suggested Use:RADARSAT-2 and MSFC Sentinel-1:This product shows water that is detected by the sensor with different colors indicating different land cover/land use classifications from the USDA Crop Data Layer for 2021 that appear to have water and are potentially flooded.Blue (1): Known WaterRed (2): Anomalous WaterGreen (3): Flooded WetlandsBrown (4): Flooded CroplandsPurple (5): Potentially Flooded Developed Areas (Low Confidence)(0): No DataARIA Flood Proxy Map:Dark red pixels indicate areas that are likely flooded.This flood proxy map should be used as a guide to identify areas that are likely flooded, and is less reliable over urban and vegetated areas.Caveats: the majority of developed areas were filtered out due the capabilities of the sensor to detect urban flooding. As a result, these images may not detect all flooding and some potentially flooded developed areas could be inaccurate.Dartmouth Flood Observatory at the University of Colorado and NASA GSFC PlanetScope, Sentinel-1, and MODIS:In some cases, responders need this information only during the event. In many others, "building back better" requires accurate knowledge of what land areas were flooded, and also how large the event was compared to previous events. Input from disaster responders, flood risk analysts, and all others seeking information of what land was flooded during major events is welcomed. In many cases, Dartmouth Flood Observatory can produce information products tailored to end user GIS systems and analysis objectives. Write to Robert.Brakenridge@Colorado.edu or Albert.Kettner@Colorado.eduSatellite/Sensor:RADARSAT-2 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)Copernicus Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)PlanetScopeMODISResolution:PlanetScope: 3 metersRADARSAT-2: ~20 metersSentinel-1: 30 metersMODIS: 250 metersCredits:NASA Disasters Program, Dartmouth Flood Observatory at the University of Colorado, NASA MSFC, NASA GSFCRADARSAT-2: This service contains modified RADARSAT-2 data, collected through Hazards Data Distribution System (HDDS)-USGS; post-processing and data product development performed by NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. RADARSAT-2 Data and Products © Maxar Technologies Ltd. (2022) - All Rights Reserved. RADARSAT is an official mark of the Canadian Space Agency.Sentinel-1: Sentinel data used in this derived product, contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2022), processed by ESA, Alaska Satellite Facility, NASA Marshall Space Flight CenterThe FPM contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2021-2022), processed by the European Space Agency and analyzed by the NASA-JPL/Caltech ARIA team. Part of the funding was provided by NASA's Earth Applied Sciences Disasters Program.PlanetScope: Includes copyrighted material of Planet Labs PBC. All rights reserved.Esri REST Endpoint:See URL section on the right side of page.WMS Endpoint: https://maps.disasters.nasa.gov/ags04/services/hurricane_ian_2022/water_extents/MapServer/WMSServer Data Download: DFO PlanetScope (flood extent): https://maps.disasters.nasa.gov/download/gis_products/event_specific/2022/hurricane_ian_2022/planet/dfo_gsfc/ DFO Sentinel 1: https://maps.disasters.nasa.gov/download/gis_products/event_specific/2022/hurricane_ian_2022/sentinel1/dfo/ DFO MODIS: https://maps.disasters.nasa.gov/download/gis_products/event_specific/2022/hurricane_ian_2022/modis/ Radarsat 2: https://maps.disasters.nasa.gov/download/gis_products/event_specific/2022/hurricane_ian_2022/radarsat2/ ARIA FPM: https://maps.disasters.nasa.gov/download/gis_products/event_specific/2022/hurricane_ian_2022/aria/ MSFC Sentinel-1: https://maps.disasters.nasa.gov/download/gis_products/event_specific/2022/hurricane_ian_2022/sentinel1/

Date of Image:Pre-Event: June 2024Post-Event: 9/12/2024, 9/13/2024, 9/14/2024, 9/15/2024Summary:These Black Marble High-Definition (BMHD) images were created by the NASA Black Marble Science team, with directed funding the NASA-Google Partnership program. The images map the impact of Hurricane Francine on electrical grids in Louisiana. The baseline image is from June 2024, a cloud-free, moon-free composite, and the “after" images are from September 12, 2024 - September 15, 2024. There is a layer to display where clouds are present in the "after" images. This comparison between the images is meant as a visual assessment of outage impacts from the Hurricane to aid various partners who are working to deliver emergency aids to local communities. Power outage maps like these help disaster response efforts in the short-term as well as long-term monitoring during the crucial stages of disaster recovery.Suggested Use:NOTE: Black Marble HD images are downscaled from NASA’s Black Marble nighttime lights product (VNP46), and as such are a “modelled” or “best guess” estimate of how lights are distributed at a 30m resolution. These images should be used for visualization purposes, not for quantitative analysis.The image is in inferno color scale. Yellow represents presence of more light; dark blue less lights. Grey represents cloud cover.Satellite/Sensor:The primary data source, NASA’s Black Marble nighttime lights product suite (VNP46), utilized to generate this product is derived from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Day/Night Band (DNB) onboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Platform (SNPP) along with high resolution base layers - Landsat derived normalized index products (NDVI and NDWI) and OpenStreetMap (OSM) derived road layerResolution:Scaled resolution of 30 metersCredits:NASA Black Marble Science teamPlease cite the following two references when using this data:Román MO, Stokes EC, Shrestha R, Wang Z, Schultz L, Carlo EA, Sun Q, Bell J, Molthan A, Kalb V, Ji C. Satellite-based assessment of electricity restoration efforts in Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria. PloS one. 2019 Jun 28;14(6):e0218883.Román MO, Wang Z, Sun Q, Kalb V, Miller SD, Molthan A, Schultz L, Bell J, Stokes EC, Pandey B, Seto KC. NASA's Black Marble nighttime lights product suite. Remote Sensing of Environment. 2018 Jun 1;210:113-43.Point of Contact:Ranjay ShresthaNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterE-mail: ranjay.m.shrestha@nasa.govAdditional Links:NASA’s Black Marble Product SuiteRomán, M.O. et al. (2019) Satellite-based assessment of electricity restoration efforts in Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria. PLoS One, 14 (6).Román, M.O. et al. (2018) NASA’s Black Marble nighttime lights product suite. Remote Sensing of Environment. 210, 113–143.Esri REST Endpoint:See URL section on right side of page.WMS Endpoint:https://maps.disasters.nasa.gov/ags03/services/hurricane_francine_2024/Black_Marble_High_Definition_BMHD/MapServer/WMSServerData Download:https://maps.disasters.nasa.gov/download/gis_products/event_specific/2024/tropical_storm_francine_202409/black_marble/

Date of Image:Pre-Event: June 2024Post-Event: 9/12/2024, 9/13/2024, 9/14/2024, 9/15/2024Summary:These Black Marble Day-Night Band (BRDF-Corrected) images were created by the NASA Black Marble Science team. The images corrected for atmospheric, terrain, lunar BRDF, and straylight effects, and directly measures light intensity on the ground in units of nanowatts/(steradian centimeter squared). The images are scaled from 0 - 30, and show the impact of Hurricane Francine on electric grids in Louisiana. The baseline image is from June 2024, a cloud-free, moon-free composite, and the “after" images are from September 12, 2024 - September 15, 2024. There is a layer to display where clouds are present. This comparison between the images is meant as a visual assessment of outage impacts from Francine to aid various partners who are working to deliver emergency aids to local communities. Power outage maps like these help disaster response efforts in the short-term as well as long-term monitoring during the crucial stages of disaster recovery.Suggested Use:NASA's Black Marble Nighttime Light product suite is a state-of-the-art daily global collection of standard products for monitoring nighttime lights (NTL). Utilizing the Visible Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Day/Night Band (DNB) aboard the Suomi-NPP, NOAA-20, and NOAA-21 satellites.The image is in inferno color scale. Yellow represents presence of more light; dark blue less lights. Grey represents cloud cover.Satellite/Sensor:Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Day/Night Band (DNB) onboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Platform (SNPP), NOAA-20, and NOAA-21Resolution:500 metersCredits:NASA Black Marble Science teamPlease cite the following two references when using this data:Román MO, Stokes EC, Shrestha R, Wang Z, Schultz L, Carlo EA, Sun Q, Bell J, Molthan A, Kalb V, Ji C. Satellite-based assessment of electricity restoration efforts in Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria. PloS one. 2019 Jun 28;14(6):e0218883.Román MO, Wang Z, Sun Q, Kalb V, Miller SD, Molthan A, Schultz L, Bell J, Stokes EC, Pandey B, Seto KC. NASA's Black Marble nighttime lights product suite. Remote Sensing of Environment. 2018 Jun 1;210:113-43.Point of Contact:Ranjay ShresthaNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterE-mail: ranjay.m.shrestha@nasa.govAdditional Links:NASA’s Black Marble Product SuiteRomán, M.O. et al. (2019) Satellite-based assessment of electricity restoration efforts in Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria. PLoS One, 14 (6).Román, M.O. et al. (2018) NASA’s Black Marble nighttime lights product suite. Remote Sensing of Environment. 210, 113–143.Esri REST Endpoint:See URL section on right side of page.WMS Endpoint:https://maps.disasters.nasa.gov/ags03/services/hurricane_francine_2024/Black_Marble_Day_Night_Band_BRDF_Corrected_Hurricane_Francine/MapServer/WMSServerData Download:https://maps.disasters.nasa.gov/download/gis_products/event_specific/2024/tropical_storm_francine_202409/black_marble/

The Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS) system is a core EOSDIS component which provides a scalable, responsive, highly available, and community standards based set of imagery services. These services are designed with the goal of advancing user interactions with EOSDIS’ inter-disciplinary data through enhanced visual representation and discovery.GIBS Available Imagery ProductsThe GIBS imagery archive includes approximately 1000 imagery products representing visualized science data from the NASA Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS). Each imagery product is generated at the native resolution of the source data to provide "full resolution" visualizations of a science parameter. GIBS works closely with the science teams to identify the appropriate data range and color mappings, where appropriate, to provide the best quality imagery to the Earth science community. Many GIBS imagery products are generated by the EOSDIS LANCE near real-time processing system resulting in imagery available in GIBS within 3.5 hours of observation. These products and others may also extend from present to the beginning of the satellite mission. In addition, GIBS makes available supporting imagery layers such as data/no-data, water masks, orbit tracks, and graticules to improve imagery usage.The GIBS team is actively engaging the NASA EOSDIS Distributed Active Archive Centers (DAACs) to add more imagery products and to extend their coverage throughout the life of the mission. The remainder of this page provides a structured view of the layers currently available within GIBS grouped by science discipline and science observation. For information regarding how to access these products, see the GIBS API section of this wiki. For information regarding how to access these products through an existing client, refer to the Map Library and GIS Client sections of this wiki. If you are aware of a science parameter that you would like to see visualized, please contact us at support@earthdata.nasa.gov. https://wiki.earthdata.nasa.gov/display/GIBS/GIBS+Available+Imagery+Products#expand-AerosolOpticalDepth29ProductsNASA GIS API for Developers https://wiki.earthdata.nasa.gov/display/GIBS/GIBS+API+for+Developers

The Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS) system is a core EOSDIS component which provides a scalable, responsive, highly available, and community standards based set of imagery services. These services are designed with the goal of advancing user interactions with EOSDIS’ inter-disciplinary data through enhanced visual representation and discovery.GIBS Available Imagery ProductsThe GIBS imagery archive includes approximately 1000 imagery products representing visualized science data from the NASA Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS). Each imagery product is generated at the native resolution of the source data to provide "full resolution" visualizations of a science parameter. GIBS works closely with the science teams to identify the appropriate data range and color mappings, where appropriate, to provide the best quality imagery to the Earth science community. Many GIBS imagery products are generated by the EOSDIS LANCE near real-time processing system resulting in imagery available in GIBS within 3.5 hours of observation. These products and others may also extend from present to the beginning of the satellite mission. In addition, GIBS makes available supporting imagery layers such as data/no-data, water masks, orbit tracks, and graticules to improve imagery usage.The GIBS team is actively engaging the NASA EOSDIS Distributed Active Archive Centers (DAACs) to add more imagery products and to extend their coverage throughout the life of the mission. The remainder of this page provides a structured view of the layers currently available within GIBS grouped by science discipline and science observation. For information regarding how to access these products, see the GIBS API section of this wiki. For information regarding how to access these products through an existing client, refer to the Map Library and GIS Client sections of this wiki. If you are aware of a science parameter that you would like to see visualized, please contact us at support@earthdata.nasa.gov. https://wiki.earthdata.nasa.gov/display/GIBS/GIBS+Available+Imagery+Products#expand-AerosolOpticalDepth29ProductsNASA GIS API for Developers https://wiki.earthdata.nasa.gov/display/GIBS/GIBS+API+for+Developers

Date of Image:12/14/2023, 12/19/2023, 12/20/2023, 12/21/2023, 12/22/2023, 12/23/2023Date of Next Image:UnknownSummary:These Black Marble High-Definition (BMHD) images were created by the NASA Black Marble Science team, with directed funding the NASA-Google Partnership program. The images map the impact of a major storm events on electric grids across Maine, USA. The baseline image (before the storm) was from December 14, 2023, a cloud-free, moon-free night, and the “after" image was from December 19, 2023. There is a layer to display where clouds are present in the "after" images. This comparison between the two images is meant as a visual assessment of outage impacts from the storm to aid various partners who are working to deliver emergency aids to local communities. Power outage maps like these help disaster response efforts in the short-term as well as long-term monitoring during the crucial stages of disaster recovery.Suggested Use:NOTE: Black Marble HD images are downscaled from NASA’s Black Marble nighttime lights product (VNP46), and as such are a “modelled” or “best guess” estimate of how lights are distributed at a 30m resolution. These images should be used for visualization purposes, not for quantitative analysis.The image is in inferno color scale. Yellow represents presence of more light; dark blue less lights.Satellite/Sensor:The primary data source, NASA’s Black Marble nighttime lights product suite (VNP46), utilized to generate this product is derived from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Day/Night Band (DNB) onboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Platform (SNPP) along with high resolution base layers - Landsat derived normalized index products (NDVI and NDWI) and OpenStreetMap (OSM) derived road layerResolution:Scaled resolution of 30 metersCredits:NASA Black Marble Science teamPlease cite the following two references when using this data:Román MO, Stokes EC, Shrestha R, Wang Z, Schultz L, Carlo EA, Sun Q, Bell J, Molthan A, Kalb V, Ji C. Satellite-based assessment of electricity restoration efforts in Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria. PloS one. 2019 Jun 28;14(6):e0218883.Román MO, Wang Z, Sun Q, Kalb V, Miller SD, Molthan A, Schultz L, Bell J, Stokes EC, Pandey B, Seto KC. NASA's Black Marble nighttime lights product suite. Remote Sensing of Environment. 2018 Jun 1;210:113-43.Point of Contact:Ranjay ShresthaNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterE-mail: ranjay.m.shrestha@nasa.govAdditional Links:NASA’s Black Marble Product SuiteRomán, M.O. et al. (2019) Satellite-based assessment of electricity restoration efforts in Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria. PLoS One, 14 (6).Román, M.O. et al. (2018) NASA’s Black Marble nighttime lights product suite. Remote Sensing of Environment. 210, 113–143.Esri REST Endpoint: See URL section on right side of page.WMS Endpoint:https://maps.disasters.nasa.gov/ags03/services/newengland_flooding_202312/BlackMarble/MapServer/WMSServerData Download:https://maps.disasters.nasa.gov/download/gis_products/event_specific/2023/newengland_flooding_202312/blackmarble/

Dates of Imagery:8/21 - 9/16/2019Next Estimated Update:None ExpectedRefresh Interval:24 HoursSummary:From the NASA Black Marble product suite, the images of nighttime lights in Hurricane Dorian ROI areas are based on data captured by the Suomi NPP satellite, with an equator crossing time of approximately 1:30 am local time. The data was acquired by the Day/Night Band (DNB) of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), which detects light in a range of wavelengths from green to near-infrared, including city lights and lights from other activity. The NASA Black Marble standard product is available on a daily basis within 3-5 hours after acquisition at 500m spatial resolution from January 2012 to present.Suggested Use:In this image, city lights appear in bright shades of yellow to white when not obscured by clouds (shades of blue to white). Visual comparisons of pre- and post-event scenes allow for subjective identification of where lights are missing as a result of disaster impacts on local infrastructure that have caused damages to structures or utilities.Satellite/Sensor:Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership (S-NPP) Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) use of the day-night band and M15 thermal infrared band. S-NPP is a joint mission between NASA and NOAA. Similar capabilities are available from the NOAA-20 mission.Resolution:500 mCredits:Black Marble team at GSFC and collaborators at MSFCFor more information: https://viirsland.gsfc.nasa.gov/Products/NASA/BlackMarble.htmlEsri REST Endpoint:See URL section on right side of page.WMS Endpoint:https://maps.disasters.nasa.gov/ags02/services/hurricane_dorian_2019/viirs_dnb_map_service/MapServer/WMSServer

The Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS) system is a core EOSDIS component which provides a scalable, responsive, highly available, and community standards based set of imagery services. These services are designed with the goal of advancing user interactions with EOSDIS’ inter-disciplinary data through enhanced visual representation and discovery.

M2I1NXINT (or inst1_2d_int_Nx) is an instantaneous 2-dimensional hourly data collection in Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications version 2 (MERRA-2). This collection consists of vertically integrated diagnostics, such as kinetic energy, virtual potential temperature, and total precipitable water (or ice, liquid, and vapor). The timestamp of a data field is on each hour starting from 00:00 UTC, e.g.: 00:00, 01:00, … , 23:00 UTC.

MERRA-2 is the latest version of global atmospheric reanalysis for the satellite era produced by NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) using the Goddard Earth Observing System Model (GEOS) version 5.12.4. The dataset covers the period of 1980-present with the latency of ~3 weeks after the end of a month.

Data Reprocessing: Please check “Records of MERRA-2 Data Reprocessing and Service Changes” linked from the “Documentation” tab on this page. Note that a reprocessed data filename is different from the original file.

MERRA-2 Mailing List: Sign up to receive information on reprocessing of data, changing of tools and services, as well as data announcements from GMAO. Contact the GES DISC Help Desk (gsfc-dl-help-disc@mail.nasa.gov) to be added to the list.

Questions: If you have a question, please read "MERRA-2 File Specification Document", “MERRA-2 Data Access – Quick Start Guide”, and FAQs linked from the ”Documentation” tab on this page. If that does not answer your question, you may post your question to the NASA Earthdata Forum (forum.earthdata.nasa.gov) or email the GES DISC Help Desk (gsfc-dl-help-disc@mail.nasa.gov).

Date of Image:9/2/2019Date of Next Image:UnknownSummary:The Advanced Rapid Imaging and Analysis (ARIA) team at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, California, created this Damage Proxy Map (DPM) depicting areas of the Bahamas that are likely damaged (shown by red and yellow pixels) as a result of Hurricane Dorian that made a landfall as Category 5 storm Sunday (September 1) afternoon. The map was derived from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data acquired around 7pm (local time) on September 2, 2019 by the European Union's Copernicus Sentinel-1 satellites operated by the European Space Agency (ESA). The pre-event images were taken before (August 21, 2019) and the post-event image was acquired a day after the hurricane's landfall.Suggested Use:The color variation from yellow to red indicates increasingly more significant ground surface change. This damage proxy map should be used as guidance to identify damaged areas, and may be less reliable over vegetated areas and flooded areas. For example, the scattered single colored pixels over vegetated areas may be false positives, and the lack of colored pixels over vegetated areas does not necessarily mean no damage.Satellite/Sensor:Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) on European Space Agency's (ESA) Copernicus Sentinel-1 satelliteResolution: 30 metersCredits:Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2019) processed by the ARIA team at NASA-JPL and Caltech. This task was funded by NASA Disasters Program. For more information about ARIA, visit: http://aria.jpl.nasa.govFor more information about the EU’s Copernicus Programme, visit: https://www.copernicus.eu/enEsri REST Endpoint:See URL section on right side of pageWMS Endpoint: https://maps.disasters.nasa.gov/ags04/services/hurricane_dorian_2019/aria_sentinel1_dpm_20190902/ImageServer/WMSServer

Dates of Images:Post-Event: October 12, 2024; October 11, 2024Pre-Event: October 2, 2024Date of Next Image:UnknownSummary:Natural Color: The Natural Color RGB provides a false composite look at the surface. This RGB uses a shortwave, the near-infrared, and red channels from the instrument.Color Infrared: The Color Infrared composite is created using the near-infrared, red, and green channels, allowing for the ability to see areas impacted from the fires. The near-infrared gives the ability to see through thin clouds. Healthy vegetation is shown as red, water is in blue.True Color: The True Color RGB composite provides a product of how the surface would look to the naked eye from space. The RGB is created using the red, green, and blue channels of the respective instrument.Suggested Use:Natural Color: areas of water will appear blue, healthy green vegetation will appear as a bright green, urban areas in various shades of magenta.Color Infrared: depicts healthy vegetation as red, water as blue. Some minor atmospheric corrections have occurred.True Color: provides a product of how the surface would look to the naked eye from space. The True Color RGB is produced using the 3 visible wavelength bands (red, green, and blue) from the respective sensor. Some minor atmospheric corrections have occurred.Satellite/Sensor:Landsat 9 Operational Land Imager (OLI)Resolution:30 metersCredits:NASA/MSFC, USGSEsri REST Endpoint:See URL section on right side of pageWMS Endpoint:https://maps.disasters.nasa.gov/ags03/services/tropical_cyclone_debby_2024/Landsat_9_Imagery_for_Tropical_Cyclone_Debby_August_2024/MapServer/WMSServerData Download:https://maps.disasters.nasa.gov/download/gis_products/event_specific/2024/hurricane_milton_202410/landsat/

Date of Images:9/29/2022, 10/2/2022, 10/3/2022, 10/4/2022Date of Next Image:N/ASummary:RADARSAT-2 and MSFC Sentinel-1:Scientists at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center created these water extents on September 29, 2022 using the RADARSAT-2 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) instrument. These images can be used to see where open water is visible at the time of the satellite overpass. This product shows all water detected and differentiates between normal water areas and some flooded areas. This product was classified using the USDA Crop Data Layer for 2021. It's important to note that all flooded areas may not be captured do to the sensors limitations of not being able to "see" through vegetation and buildings. To determine where additional flooding may have occurred, combine this layer with other data sets.ARIA Flood Proxy Map:This Flood Proxy Map (FPM) depicts areas that are likely flooded in Florida due to Hurricane Ian. This map was derived from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images acquired by the Copernicus Sentinel-1 satellites operated by the European Space Agency (ESA) before (9/30/2021) and after (10/2/2022) the event.Dartmouth Flood Observatory at the University of Colorado and NASA GSFC PlanetScope, Sentinel-1, and MODIS:Potentially flooded area created using PlanetScope imagery from October 2, 2022, October 3, 2022, and October 4, 2022 using a beta PlanetScope Flood Mapping system created in partnership between NASA GSFC and Dartmouth Flood Observatory at the University of Colorado.Potentially flooded area created using Sentinel-1 SAR data from October 2, 2022. The product is processed by the Dartmouth Flood Observatory at the University of Colorado, from Copernicus/European Space Agency Sentinel 1 SAR data. The NASA Earth Sciences Program provided funding to the University for Colorado for this work.Potentially flooded area created using MODIS data from September 30, 2022, October 2, 2022, and October 3, 2022. The product is processed by the Dartmouth Flood Observatory at the University of Colorado, MODIS instrument on the Terra and Aqua satellites. The NASA Earth Sciences Program provided funding to the University for Colorado for this work.Suggested Use:RADARSAT-2 and MSFC Sentinel-1:This product shows water that is detected by the sensor with different colors indicating different land cover/land use classifications from the USDA Crop Data Layer for 2021 that appear to have water and are potentially flooded.Blue (1): Known WaterRed (2): Anomalous WaterGreen (3): Flooded WetlandsBrown (4): Flooded CroplandsPurple (5): Potentially Flooded Developed Areas (Low Confidence)(0): No DataARIA Flood Proxy Map:Dark red pixels indicate areas that are likely flooded.This flood proxy map should be used as a guide to identify areas that are likely flooded, and is less reliable over urban and vegetated areas.Caveats: the majority of developed areas were filtered out due the capabilities of the sensor to detect urban flooding. As a result, these images may not detect all flooding and some potentially flooded developed areas could be inaccurate.Dartmouth Flood Observatory at the University of Colorado and NASA GSFC PlanetScope, Sentinel-1, and MODIS:In some cases, responders need this information only during the event. In many others, "building back better" requires accurate knowledge of what land areas were flooded, and also how large the event was compared to previous events. Input from disaster responders, flood risk analysts, and all others seeking information of what land was flooded during major events is welcomed. In many cases, Dartmouth Flood Observatory can produce information products tailored to end user GIS systems and analysis objectives. Write to Robert.Brakenridge@Colorado.edu or Albert.Kettner@Colorado.eduSatellite/Sensor:RADARSAT-2 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)Copernicus Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)PlanetScopeMODISResolution:PlanetScope: 3 metersRADARSAT-2: ~20 metersSentinel-1: 30 metersMODIS: 250 metersCredits:NASA Disasters Program, Dartmouth Flood Observatory at the University of Colorado, NASA MSFC, NASA GSFCRADARSAT-2: This service contains modified RADARSAT-2 data, collected through Hazards Data Distribution System (HDDS)-USGS; post-processing and data product development performed by NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. RADARSAT-2 Data and Products © Maxar Technologies Ltd. (2022) - All Rights Reserved. RADARSAT is an official mark of the Canadian Space Agency.Sentinel-1: Sentinel data used in this derived product, contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2022), processed by ESA, Alaska Satellite Facility, NASA Marshall Space Flight CenterThe FPM contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2021-2022), processed by the European Space Agency and analyzed by the NASA-JPL/Caltech ARIA team. Part of the funding was provided by NASA's Earth Applied Sciences Disasters Program.PlanetScope: Includes copyrighted material of Planet Labs PBC. All rights reserved.Esri REST Endpoint:See URL section on the right side of page.WMS Endpoint: https://maps.disasters.nasa.gov/ags04/services/hurricane_ian_2022/water_extents/MapServer/WMSServer Data Download: DFO PlanetScope (flood extent): https://maps.disasters.nasa.gov/download/gis_products/event_specific/2022/hurricane_ian_2022/planet/dfo_gsfc/ DFO Sentinel 1: https://maps.disasters.nasa.gov/download/gis_products/event_specific/2022/hurricane_ian_2022/sentinel1/dfo/ DFO MODIS: https://maps.disasters.nasa.gov/download/gis_products/event_specific/2022/hurricane_ian_2022/modis/ Radarsat 2: https://maps.disasters.nasa.gov/download/gis_products/event_specific/2022/hurricane_ian_2022/radarsat2/ ARIA FPM: https://maps.disasters.nasa.gov/download/gis_products/event_specific/2022/hurricane_ian_2022/aria/ MSFC Sentinel-1: https://maps.disasters.nasa.gov/download/gis_products/event_specific/2022/hurricane_ian_2022/sentinel1/

Dates of Images:4/30/2024, 5/7/2024, 5/12/2024Date of Next Image:Varies by region, typically 12 days since previous pass. Set time slider to most recent interval and click on area of interest to identify date of last pass.Summary:The Alaska Satellite Facility has developed false color Red, Green, Blue (RGB) and Radiometrically Terrain-Correct (RTC) composites and surface water extent products of the Sentinel-1A/B Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) instrument which assigns the co- and cross-polarization information to a channel in the composite. When used to support a flooding event, areas in blue denotes water present at the time of the satellite overpass before or after the start of the flooding event.Sentinel-1 RGB Decomposition of RTC VV and VH imagery over United States coastlines. Blue areas have low returns in VV and VH (smooth surfaces such as calm water, but also frozen/crusted soil or dry sand), Green areas have high returns in VH (volume scatterers such as vegetation or some types of snow/ice), and Red areas have relatively high VV returns and relatively low VH returns (such as urban or sparsely vegetated areas).Suggested Use:In this image, water appears in blue, vegetated areas in shades of green and urban areas in bright orange. It is recommended to use this product with ancillary information to derive flooded areas.Satellite/Sensor:Synthetic Aperture Radar on European Space Agency's (ESA) Copernicus Sentinel-1A satelliteResolution:30 metersEsri REST Endpoint:See URL section on right side of pageWMS Endpoint:https://maps.disasters.nasa.gov/ags04/services/brasil_flood_2024/planet_true/MapServer/WMSServer?request=GetCapabilities&service=WMSData Download:https://maps.disasters.nasa.gov/download/gis_products/event_specific/2024/texas_flood_202405/sentinel1/

Date of Images:2/2/2023, 2/10/2023, 2/17/2023Summary:The NASA GSFC landslides team manually mapped landslide initiation points after the February 6, 2023 earthquakes in Türkiye. The landslide initiation points were derived from PlanetScope imagery. This is only a portion of the region where landslides occurred, and areas covered with clouds or snow were not included.NOTE: This is a rapid response product. We have not done any form of manual corrections. These landslides were manually mapped using different dates of PlanetScope imagery, but all are presumed to have been triggered by the 2/6/2023 earthquakes. As clouds cleared or snow melted, more landslides were identified.This PlanetScope imagery captured by Planet Labs Inc. in February 2023 shows a few landslides following the earthquakes in Türkiye. True Color RGB provides a product of how the surface would look to the naked eye from space. The True Color RGB s produced using the 3 visible wavelength bands (red, green, and blue) from the respective sensor. Some minor atmospheric corrections have occurred.Suggested Use:True Color RGB provides a product of how the surface would look to the naked eye from space. The True Color RGB is produced using the 3 visible wavelength bands (red, green, and blue) from the respective sensor. Some minor atmospheric corrections have occurred.Satellite/Sensor:PlanetScopeResolution:3 metersCredits:NASA Disasters Program, NASA GSFC, Includes copyrighted material of Planet Labs PBC. All rights reserved.Esri REST Endpoint:See URL section on right side of pageWMS Endpoint:https://maps.disasters.nasa.gov/ags04/services/turkey_earthquake_2023/Landslides_after_Earthquakes_in_Turkiye/MapServer/WMSServerData Download:landslide points: https://maps.disasters.nasa.gov/download/gis_products/event_specific/2023/turkiye_earthquakes_202302/landslides/

Date of Images:Dates used for landslide mapping: April 20, 2024; April 21, 2024; May 6, 2024; May 7, 2024; May 8, 2024Dates of Planet Imagery: 4/20/2023, 5/6/2024, 5/7/2024Summary:The NASA GSFC landslides team manually mapped landslide initiation points after the April 29, 2024 heavy rainfall in Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. The landslide initiation points were derived from PlanetScope imagery. This is only a portion of the region where landslides occurred, and areas covered with clouds were not included. More landslides will be mapped in coming days.NOTE: This is a rapid response product. These landslides were manually mapped using different dates of PlanetScope imagery, but all are presumed to have been triggered by the 4/29/2024 heavy rainfall event. As clouds cleared, more landslides were identified.This PlanetScope imagery captured by Planet Labs Inc. in May 2024 shows landslides following the heavy rainfall in Brasil. True Color RGB provides a product of how the surface would look to the naked eye from space. The True Color RGB s produced using the 3 visible wavelength bands (red, green, and blue) from the respective sensor. Some minor atmospheric corrections have occurred.Suggested Use:True Color RGB provides a product of how the surface would look to the naked eye from space. The True Color RGB is produced using the 3 visible wavelength bands (red, green, and blue) from the respective sensor. Some minor atmospheric corrections have occurred.Satellite/Sensor:PlanetScopeResolution:3 metersCredits:NASA Disasters Program, NASA GSFC, Includes copyrighted material of Planet Labs PBC. All rights reserved.Esri REST Endpoint:Landslide Points: https://maps.disasters.nasa.gov/arcgis/home/item.html?id=a442900ab36549ffb50cd722307ffa43Planet Imagery: https://maps.disasters.nasa.gov/arcgis/home/item.html?id=c434d94758344e368d10a7dfa39beeb5Data Download:Landslide points: https://maps.disasters.nasa.gov/download/gis_products/event_specific/2024/brasil_flood_202405/landslides/

Date of Image:10/2/2022Date of Next Image:UnknownSummary:The Advanced Rapid Imaging and Analysis (ARIA) team at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and California Institute of Technology created the multi-temporal coherence-based Damage Proxy Map (DPM2) depicting areas that are likely damaged in Florida state in the U.S. due to Hurricane Ian in September 2022. This map was derived from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images acquired by the Copernicus Sentinel-1 satellites operated by the European Space Agency (ESA) from 05 April 2022 to 02 October 2022.Suggested Use:The color variation from pale yellow to red indicates increasingly more significant surface change (drop in radar reflection coherence). Preliminary validation was done by comparing with the Media reports and other images.This damage proxy map should be used as guidance to identify damaged areas or areas affected by flood and may be less reliable over vegetated areas. The changes in radar reflections from flooded land and damaged buildings cannot be separated easily. For example, the scattered colored pixels over vegetated areas may be false positives, and the lack of colored pixels over vegetated areas does not necessarily mean no damage.Satellite/Sensor:Copernicus Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)Resolution:30 metersCredits:Sentinel-1 data were accessed through the Copernicus Open Hub and the Alaska Satellite Facility server. The product contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2022), processed by ESA and analyzed by the NASA-JPL/Caltech ARIA team. NASA's Earth Applied Sciences Disasters Program provided part of the funding.For more information about ARIA, visit: http://aria.jpl.nasa.govEsri REST Endpoint:See URL section on right side of pageWMS Endpoint:https://maps.disasters.nasa.gov/ags04/services/hurricane_ian_2022/aria_dpm/MapServer/WMSServerData Download:https://aria-share.jpl.nasa.gov/202209-Hurricane_Ian_USA/DPM/