The Itinerarium Orbis Christiani, edited by Hogenberg between 1579 and 1580, is little known, despite being considered the first European road atlas. The Hispania map offers us a network of transport routes the implementation of which was believed to be later and representative of innovative advances in terms of the visual differentiation of these routes. This article contextualizes this map and analyzes it in detail, dating its creation and identifying its sources. It then studies the Spanish transport network during the sixteenth century and, specifically, the characteristics of the three types of routes shown on the map. This is done by comparing it with several itineraries and maps of the time. To confirm the reliability of the Hogenberg map and to ensure the actual existence of the other types of routes shown on the map, proximity algorithms were applied. The research results question the traditional view of the origin and motivations of the Spanish transport network, tracing its unplanned birth at least as far back as the sixteenth century.

Linear regression model for pain intensity.

Clinically relevant outcomes differ by cluster membership.

Linear regression model for neuropathic pain quality.