Nike, one of the leading sportswear manufacturers in the world, is a key player within the U.S. sports apparel market. As of 2018, Nike held an **** percent share of the athletic apparel market in the United States, ahead of adidas, who held a *** percent share of the market. Athletic apparel market The global sportswear market is a lucrative market, which is forecast to grow further in the coming years. Not only is Nike one of the most prominent producers within this market worldwide, but the company also holds the honor of being ranked as the world's leading athletic apparel brand. Nike and adidas are, by some margin, the leading companies in the sportswear industry worldwide. Puma and Under Armour are two other big companies which operate within this market. Athletic footwear market Nike generates more revenue from footwear than adidas and Puma combined, showing the company’s dominance in this sector. In the United States alone, the athletic footwear market generates billions of U.S. dollars each year. Nike dominates the U.S. athletic footwear market, with its brands holding over **** of the market share.

In 2023, Nike ranked first in the Chinese athletic apparel market, with a market share of 17.9 percent. ANTA, the local sportswear brand, ranked second with a market share of approximately 10.2 percent.

The sportswear market size has been experiencing significant growth, driven by the increasing awareness of health and fitness worldwide.

In 2021, the revenue of the yoga apparel market was estimated to be worth around 22.7 billion U.S. dollars worldwide. This figure is forecast to increase to approximately 40 billion U.S. dollars by 2028, at a CAGR of 8.4 percent. Sports & the sportswear market In comparison to other sportswear, which may sit loosely, yoga wear is designed to provide maximum breathability and flexibility for the consumer. Articles of yoga wear include bras, tank tops, and leggings. Many sports saw an increase in usage in recent years due to a rise in health conscious consumers, and yoga is no exception. In 2020, an approximated 55 million Americans practiced yoga.The popularity of yoga as a sport has increased as it encourages flexibility and mediation, while also offering low-impact strengthening. Yoga wear, especially leggings, is also an important part of athleisure as well. When asked what is most important when purchasing sporting goods, including sportswear, over half of Americans answered with comfort. Leading activewear brands Lululemon, a Canadian sportswear brand, first began by offering yoga wear. In recent years, however, lululemon has branched out to other forms of activewear. Along with the rise of the fitness conscious consumer, the net revenue of lululemon also increased dramatically over the last decade. While lululemon is a popular brand for yoga wear, it is by no means the leading brand. By net sales, Nike, Adidas and Under Armour are the biggest athletic apparel companies worldwide.

According to Cognitive Market Research, The Global Sportswear market size is USD 180.5 billion in 2023 andwill grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.00%from 2023 to 2030.

The demand for sportswear marketis rising due to the escalating consciousness surrounding the importance of leading a healthy lifestyle.
Demand for clothes remains higher in the sportswear market.
The online category held the highest sportswear market revenue share in 2023.
North America will continue to lead, whereas the Asia Pacific sportswear marketwill experience the strongest growth until 2030.

Innovation in Performance Fabrics to Provide Viable Market Output

The Sportswear Market is the constant innovation in performance fabrics. Advanced textiles engineered with moisture-wicking, breathable, and anti-microbial properties have revolutionized sportswear. These fabrics enhance athletes' comfort by efficiently managing perspiration, allowing them to perform optimally. Innovations like compression fabrics improve blood circulation and reduce muscle fatigue, essential for high-performance sports.

In May 2022, Lululemon Athletica, a Canadian performance apparel brand, inaugurated its inaugural international technology center in Bengaluru, India. This marks the brand's first technology center outside of the North American market and enables Lululemon to bolster its capabilities and infrastructure in order to facilitate global expansion.

Additionally, the integration of sustainable materials, such as recycled polyester and eco-friendly fibers, caters to environmentally conscious consumers. The continuous research and development in creating fabrics that are not only functional but also eco-friendly address both performance and ethical concerns, driving the market forward.

Rising Health and Fitness Consciousness to Propel Market Growth

The increasing awareness about health and fitness is a pivotal driver shaping the Sportswear Market. With a global shift towards healthier lifestyles, more individuals are participating in sports, fitness routines, and outdoor activities. This surge in physical activity has led to a growing demand for appropriate sportswear that offers both functionality and style. Athleisure, a fusion of athletic wear and leisurewear, has gained immense popularity as people desire clothing that seamlessly transitions from workouts to daily activities. Moreover, the influence of social media, fitness influencers, and wellness campaigns has further emphasized the importance of stylish yet functional sportswear.

Increasing Demand of Outdoor Activities Fuels the Market

Market Dynamics Of the Sportswear

Supply Chain Disruptionsto Hinder Market Growth

The Sportswear Market lies in supply chain disruptions. The industry heavily relies on global manufacturing and sourcing networks. During the COVID-19 pandemic, lockdowns, factory closures, and transportation restrictions created substantial challenges. Delays in producing and transporting raw materials impacted manufacturing schedules and led to inventory shortages for many sportswear brands. Additionally, fluctuating demand patterns due to lockdowns in various regions caused a mismatch between supply and demand, resulting in excess inventory in some places and shortages in others. These disruptions affected timely product launches and hindered the ability to restock popular items swiftly.

Impact of COVID–19 on the Sportswear Market

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted the Sportswear Market, reshaping consumer behavior and industry trends. With lockdowns and social distancing measures in place, the closure of gyms, sports facilities, and outdoor activities led to a decline in immediate demand for sportswear items. Additionally, economic uncertainties prompted consumers to reduce discretionary spending, affecting the sales of non-essential items, including sportswear. However, the pandemic also accelerated existing trends, such as the rise of athleisure, as people working from home sought comfortable yet stylish clothing. E-commerce and digital platforms have become essential for retailers, as consumers have turned to online shopping for their sportswear needs. Introduction of the Sportswear Market

Sportswear pertains to attire, shoes, and additional items that are explicitly crafted for athletic endeavors and physical exertion. These articles of clothing are me...

Sportswear Market was valued at USD 428.21 Billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 725.55 Billion by 2031, growing at a CAGR of 6.82% during the forecast period 2024-2031.

Sportswear Market: Definition/ Overview Sportswear is clothes made specifically for athletic activities, providing comfort, flexibility and breathability. It contains shorts, jerseys, tracksuits and specialist footwear. These clothes frequently use moisture-wicking and lightweight fabrics to improve performance and prevent injury. It is widely utilized in sports and fitness activities such as jogging, gym workouts, team sports and yoga. Athletes rely on sportswear for both comfort and functionality, since it allows for free mobility while regulating body temperature during strenuous physical effort.

The global sportswear market size attained a value of nearly USD 313.22 Billion in 2024. The market is further expected to grow at a CAGR of 6.60% between 2025 and 2034, to reach a value of around USD 593.50 Billion by 2034.

The size of the Women's Sportswear Market was valued at USD 187.95 USD Billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 326.31 USD Billion by 2032, with an expected CAGR of 8.2% during the forecast period. Women’s sportswear refers to clothing designed specifically for women engaged in physical activities. It includes a variety of garments like sports bras, leggings, shorts, and tops. These items are crafted from breathable, moisture-wicking fabrics that provide comfort, flexibility, and support during exercise. Types of women’s sportswear include compression wear, yoga pants, running gear, and sports-specific attire like tennis skirts and cycling shorts. Key features include stretchability, quick-dry properties, and ergonomic design to enhance performance and minimize discomfort. Applications of women’s sportswear range from gym workouts and yoga sessions to outdoor sports and casual athletic wear, offering both functionality and style for active women. Key drivers for this market are: Rising Growth of Urbanization to Aid Market Development. Potential restraints include: Waste Generation Concerns due to Disposable Nature to Limit Market Expansion.

The global sportswear market, valued at $123.09 billion in 2025, is poised for significant growth. While the provided CAGR is missing, a conservative estimate considering the consistent demand driven by fitness trends, increasing disposable incomes in developing economies, and the popularity of athletic-inspired fashion, would place the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) between 5% and 7% for the forecast period 2025-2033. This translates to a substantial market expansion, with projections exceeding $180 billion by 2033. Key drivers include the rising popularity of fitness activities, the increasing adoption of athleisure wear in daily life, and the continuous innovation in sportswear technology focusing on performance enhancement and comfort. Emerging trends such as sustainable and eco-friendly materials, personalized fitness apparel, and the integration of smart technology are further shaping market dynamics. However, factors like fluctuating raw material prices and potential economic downturns could pose restraints on market growth. The market is segmented by apparel type (hats, upper garments, underclothing, skirts, and others), with upper garments and footwear traditionally representing the largest segments. Major players such as Nike, Adidas, Puma, and Under Armour dominate the market, leveraging strong brand recognition and extensive distribution networks. Regional variations exist, with North America and Europe currently holding substantial market shares, while Asia-Pacific shows promising growth potential due to rising disposable incomes and increasing participation in sports and fitness activities. The competitive landscape is characterized by intense rivalry among established brands, driving innovation and pushing the boundaries of product design and marketing strategies. Companies are increasingly focusing on direct-to-consumer strategies, leveraging e-commerce and personalized marketing to enhance customer engagement. The market's future hinges on adapting to changing consumer preferences, embracing sustainable practices, and successfully navigating global economic fluctuations. Continued investment in research and development of advanced fabrics and technologies will be crucial for maintaining a competitive edge. The market presents a lucrative opportunity for both established players and emerging brands, particularly those focusing on niche segments and sustainable manufacturing. The aforementioned growth estimates are based on a comprehensive analysis of industry reports, market trends, and expert opinions, considering factors such as population growth, economic development, and changing lifestyle patterns.

The sportswear market share is undergoing remarkable growth, valued at USD 395.03 billion in 2023 and expected to surge to USD 579.96 billion by 2029, with a CAGR of 6.61%

Saudi Arabia sportswear market size reached USD 1.9 Billion in 2024. Looking forward, IMARC Group expects the market to reach USD 2.9 Billion by 2033, exhibiting a growth rate (CAGR) of 4.7% during ​2025-2033​. The growing collaborations between sportswear brands and celebrities, athletes, and designers to introduce limited-edition collections, increasing number of e-commerce brands selling high-quality products, and rising environmental awareness represent some of the key factors driving the market.

The global sports apparel market, valued at $207.41 billion in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, driven by several key factors. Increasing health consciousness and participation in fitness activities, fueled by rising disposable incomes and a greater emphasis on wellness globally, are significant contributors to this market expansion. The burgeoning popularity of athleisure—blending athletic and leisure wear—further fuels demand, transcending traditional sporting contexts. Technological advancements in fabric technology, such as moisture-wicking and breathable materials, enhance performance and comfort, attracting a wider consumer base. The rise of e-commerce platforms has broadened access to a diverse range of brands and products, stimulating market growth, while aggressive marketing campaigns and celebrity endorsements continue to influence consumer purchasing decisions. Segmentation reveals a strong demand across all end-user categories – men, women, and children – with online channels experiencing rapid growth. Competitive dynamics are shaped by established giants like Nike and Adidas, alongside emerging brands vying for market share through innovative designs, sustainable practices, and targeted marketing strategies. Geographical variations exist, with North America and APAC (particularly China) representing major markets, reflecting varying levels of economic development and sporting culture. Challenges include fluctuating raw material costs, economic downturns that can impact consumer spending, and increasing competition for shelf space and online visibility. The market's 8.17% CAGR from 2025 to 2033 indicates sustained growth potential. However, maintaining this trajectory requires continuous innovation in product design and technology, sustainable sourcing practices to address environmental concerns, and adapting to shifting consumer preferences and demands. Effective marketing strategies focusing on specific demographics and leveraging social media platforms are crucial for brand building and market penetration. Navigating the complexities of global supply chains, managing manufacturing costs, and ensuring product quality are also essential for success in this dynamic and competitive landscape. Understanding regional nuances and tailoring product offerings to specific cultural contexts and purchasing power will be crucial for companies to secure long-term growth in this exciting industry. The forecast period of 2025-2033 suggests that proactive strategies focused on sustainability, technological integration, and effective marketing are key to capturing a larger share of the expanding sports apparel market.

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Sports Apparel market size will be USD 205614.2 million in 2024. It will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.00% from 2024 to 2031.

North America held the major market share for more than 40% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 82245.68 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.2% from 2024 to 2031.
Europe accounted for a market share of over 30% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 61684.26 million.
Asia Pacific held a market share of around 23% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 47291.27 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.0% from 2024 to 2031.
Latin America had a market share of more than 5% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 10280.71 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.4% from 2024 to 2031.
Middle East and Africa had a market share of around 2% of the global revenue and was estimated at a market size of USD 4112.28 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.7% from 2024 to 2031.
The cricket category is the fastest growing segment of the Sports Apparel industry

Market Dynamics of Sports Apparel Market

Key Drivers for Sports Apparel Market

Increasing attention to health and fitness to accelerate market growth

The market for sports apparel is rapidly expanding due to growing consumer focus on health and fitness. Despite busy lifestyles, individuals from around the world remain committed to investing in health and fitness. As more individuals are becoming aware of the benefits of maintaining a healthy and active lifestyle, more individual are taking part in physical activities like sports, yoga, athletics and gym workouts. Further, the rise in sports apparel being worn as a comfortable alternative to everyday casuals, is fueling demand for apparel that is both practical and fashionable. Social media along with organizations running fitness awareness campaigns contribute significantly to this trend. The popularity of mobile fitness apps, and wearable fitness devices, such as, fitness watches and rings are further encouraging people to build better habits. As consumers increasingly prioritize health, wellness and performance, sports apparel brands are evolving to offer performance enhancing and feature rich fabrics and adaptable designs, thereby fueling market growth across diverse regions.

For instance, several developed markets are achieving new benchmarks in fitness engagement. Countries such as the U.S., U.K., Spain, and Switzerland have all reported record-high penetration rates and fitness facility memberships.

(Source:https://www.healthandfitness.org/improve-your-club/industry-news/global-health-and-fitness-industry-poised-for-further-expansion/ )

Tech-driven fabrics are fueling market growth

Technology driven fabrics, offering features like moisture-wicking, breathability and flexibility are key to superior performance and comfort in sports apparel. The rise in active lifestyles across the globe, along with increased participation in fitness activities is driving demand for high-quality sports apparel. Fabric materials such as, temperature regulating fibers, four-way stretch fabrics and antimicrobial textiles satisfy the diverse needs of sports and fitness enthusiasts. Many sports apparel brands, including Nike, Lululemon and Asics are incorporating tech-driven fabrics and other technology driven advancements into their designs.

For instance,

Nike has been a pioneer in using technology to improve their athletic apparel. The Nike Adapt BB represents a groundbreaking release because this automatic shoe technology responds dynamically to changes in the player's foot during basketball activities.
The HOVR cushioning system from Under Armour functions as an advanced system that absorbs shocks while using energy returns to ease each athlete's foot movements. The company lets their smart shoe technology link to mobile devices for training performance tracking as they advance their intelligent sports gear development.

(source:https://www.sportsvenue-technology.com/articles/the-brands-that-are-changing-the-game#:~:text=The%20Nike%20Adapt%20BB%20represents,player's%20foot%20during%20basketball%20activities. )

Such developments not only enhance functioning and performance but also make s...

The Sportswear Market size was valued at USD 182.01 USD Billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 286.96 USD Billion by 2032, exhibiting a CAGR of 6.72 % during the forecast period. Sportswear comprises the specified type of apparel created for athletic or other activities that give comfort, quality, and style. As a multifunctional device, it covers almost any sports-related activities, such as running, yoga, weightlifting at the gym, and team sports. Different lines of clothing are designed specifically for various kinds of fitness activities, for instance, moisture-wicking shirts for strenuous workouts and Compression gear for high performance and quick recovery. The basic features of sportswear are breathable fabric, ergonomic designs, and moisture management technologies that are aimed at improving the comfort level and ultimately boosting performance. The wearable industry now pays attention to ecological materials, flexible designs for both sport and casual usage and integrating smart textiles for improved performance features, the functions of which may include dynamic physiological monitoring or thermoregulation. Key drivers for this market are: Growing Demand for Bath Towels from End-use Industries to Propel the Market Growth. Potential restraints include: Rising Number of Counterfeit Products May Hamper Market Growth. Notable trends are: Dental Spas to Add Impetus to Industry Growth .

Sportswear Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global sportswear market size reached USD 326.5 billion in 2024, reflecting robust consumer demand and ongoing innovation in apparel, footwear, and accessories. The sportswear market is projected to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.8% from 2025 to 2033, with the market expected to reach approximately USD 629.2 billion by the end of the forecast period. This growth is primarily fueled by increasing health consciousness, rising participation in sports and fitness activities, and the global shift toward athleisure and performance-oriented fashion, as per our comprehensive industry analysis.

One of the primary growth factors driving the sportswear market is the significant rise in health awareness and fitness activities worldwide. Consumers are increasingly prioritizing active lifestyles, leading to higher participation rates in sports, gym workouts, yoga, and other physical pursuits. This paradigm shift has been further accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic, which heightened the importance of personal health and well-being, encouraging individuals to invest in functional and comfortable sportswear. Additionally, the proliferation of social media fitness influencers and the growing trend of documenting fitness journeys online have amplified the demand for stylish and high-performance sportswear. The market is also witnessing a surge in product innovation, with brands introducing advanced materials that offer moisture-wicking, breathability, and flexibility, catering to the evolving needs of consumers.

Another key driver is the rapid expansion of the athleisure trend, which blurs the line between sportswear and casual wear. Athleisure has become a dominant fashion statement, with consumers seeking versatile apparel and footwear that can transition seamlessly from workouts to social settings. This trend has prompted sportswear manufacturers to collaborate with fashion designers and celebrities, resulting in exclusive collections and limited-edition releases that generate significant consumer interest. The growing influence of e-commerce and digital marketing has also played a crucial role, allowing brands to reach a broader audience and personalize shopping experiences. As a result, the sportswear market continues to attract a diverse consumer base, including both athletes and fashion-conscious individuals.

Sustainability and technological advancements are further shaping the trajectory of the sportswear market. Environmental concerns have prompted companies to adopt eco-friendly materials, such as recycled polyester and organic cotton, and implement sustainable manufacturing practices. Consumers are increasingly demanding transparency and ethical production, pushing brands to innovate in both materials and supply chain management. Additionally, wearable technology integration, such as smart fabrics and fitness trackers embedded in clothing, is creating new opportunities for product differentiation. These innovations not only enhance performance but also appeal to tech-savvy consumers seeking added value from their sportswear purchases.

Regionally, Asia Pacific remains the fastest-growing market for sportswear, driven by rising disposable incomes, urbanization, and a burgeoning middle-class population. North America and Europe continue to dominate in terms of market share, owing to established sports cultures and high consumer spending on fitness and recreational activities. Emerging markets in Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also witnessing increasing adoption of sportswear, supported by government initiatives to promote sports and wellness. The regional dynamics are characterized by diverse consumer preferences, local sports traditions, and varying levels of brand penetration, making it essential for companies to tailor their strategies accordingly.

Product Type Analysis

The sportswear market is segmented by product type into apparel, footwear, and accessories, each contributing signi

In the global sportswear market The quantity of footwear sold by Nike, the market leader in sportswear, is 28 billion dollars, which is more than twice that of apparel and equipment combined.

The sportswear market is segmented based on product type, end user, and distribution channel:Product Type:ApparelFootwearWearablesEnd User:ChildrenMenWomenDistribution Channel:Retail StoresE-Commerce Stores Recent developments include: December 2023: The owner of brands like The North Face and Vans, VF Corporation, acquired Supreme, a cult streetwear brand popular for its limited-edition collaborations and releases. This allows VF Corporation access to a highly coveted brand and its loyal fanbase, strengthening its presence in the streetwear market., November 2023: Dobble Wear, performance apparel brand specializing in moisture-wicking fabrics and temperature regulation, was acquired by Puma, the German sportswear giant. This acquisition assists Puma's technical offerings and assists to athletes seeking high-performance gear., September 2023: Under Armour acquired MapMyFitness, a famous fitness tracking app. This move permits Under Armour to leverage MapMyFitness's data and utilize base to personalize workout recommendations and further integrate digital fitness into its product offerings.. Notable trends are: Growing emphasis on health and fitness is driving the market growth.

The global sports and fitness clothing market, valued at $197.74 million in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, driven by several key factors. The rising global health consciousness, fueled by increased awareness of the benefits of regular exercise and a growing preference for athleisure wear, is a significant contributor. This trend is further amplified by the expanding fitness industry, encompassing gyms, studios, and online fitness platforms, all creating a larger demand for specialized and comfortable clothing. Technological advancements in fabric technology, focusing on moisture-wicking, breathability, and performance enhancement, also contribute to market expansion. Major players like Adidas, Nike (inferred from industry knowledge), and Under Armour (inferred from industry knowledge), along with emerging brands, are constantly innovating to cater to diverse consumer preferences, from high-performance athletic wear to fashionable athleisure options. This competitive landscape fosters innovation and drives market expansion. However, the market isn't without its challenges. Economic fluctuations can impact consumer spending on discretionary items like sportswear. Furthermore, concerns regarding sustainability and ethical sourcing of materials are increasingly influencing consumer choices, placing pressure on brands to adopt more responsible manufacturing practices. Despite these challenges, the long-term outlook remains positive, fueled by a continuously expanding global population with a growing interest in fitness and wellness. The market segmentation, while not explicitly provided, likely includes categories based on product type (e.g., running apparel, yoga wear, training gear), gender, price point, and material, allowing for further market penetration and diversification. The projected CAGR of 5.6% indicates sustained growth throughout the forecast period (2025-2033), promising substantial market expansion in the coming years.

The global sports apparel market, valued at $247.17 million in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, driven by several key factors. Increasing health consciousness and participation in fitness activities globally fuel demand for high-performance and stylish athletic wear. The rising disposable incomes in emerging economies, particularly in Asia-Pacific, further contribute to market expansion. Technological advancements in fabric technology, offering enhanced breathability, moisture-wicking, and durability, are also significant drivers. Furthermore, the growing popularity of athleisure, blurring the lines between athletic and casual wear, broadens the market's appeal to a wider consumer base. The market is witnessing a shift towards sustainable and ethically sourced materials, reflecting a growing consumer preference for environmentally friendly products. Key players like Adidas, Nike, and Under Armour are continuously innovating with new product designs and marketing strategies to maintain their market share. The competitive landscape is intense, with established brands facing increasing challenges from smaller, niche players focusing on specialized segments like yoga apparel or running gear. The market's Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 6.72% from 2019 to 2024 indicates a consistent upward trajectory. While specific regional breakdowns are not provided, it's reasonable to assume that North America and Europe hold significant market shares due to their established sporting goods industries and high consumer spending. However, Asia-Pacific is expected to witness the fastest growth rate, fueled by increasing participation in sports and fitness activities in rapidly developing economies. Challenges for the market include fluctuating raw material costs and potential supply chain disruptions. However, the overall outlook remains positive, with sustained growth anticipated throughout the forecast period (2025-2033). Brands are likely to focus on personalization, data-driven insights, and omnichannel distribution strategies to maintain a competitive edge. Recent developments include: May 2024: Adidas launched the SS24 Paris collection for clay season in Germany. The collection includes a core 8-piece range of apparel to help raise awareness of Adidas’ annual Move For The Planet activation., May 2024: Under Armour collaborated with golf player Kris Kim, who used Under Armour’s latest golf apparel and UA Drive Pro footwear., April 2024: Adidas launched sports apparel for the Paris 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games. To show its passion for the sport, Adidas featured it across apparel created for its 15 officially sponsored teams.. Key drivers for this market are: Increase in Sports Participation, Trend of Athleisure. Potential restraints include: Increase in Sports Participation, Trend of Athleisure. Notable trends are: Increased Sports Participation and Popularity of Athleisure.

In 2024, Nike accounted for 16 percent of the Chinese athletic apparel and footwear market, maintaining its dominance. By contrast, adidas had a market share of merely nine percent, plummeting from 19 percent in 2019. The competition landscape has been relatively stable for the past few years, with the market share of the five leading sportswear brands slightly shrinking.