Displacement risk indicator classifying census tracts according to apartment rent prices in census tracts. We classify apartment rent along two dimensions:The median rents within the census tract for the specified year, balancing between nominal rental price and rental price per square foot.The change in median rent price (again balanced between nominal rent price and price per square foot) from the previous year.Note: Median rent calculations include market-rate and mixed-income multifamily apartment properties with 5 or more rental units in Seattle, excluding special types like student, senior, corporate or military housing.Source: Data from CoStar Group, www.costar.com, prepared by City of Seattle, Office of Planning and Community Development

The median rents within the census tract for the specified year, balancing between nominal rental price and rental price per square foot.The change in median rent price (again balanced between nominal rent price and price per square foot) from the previous year.Note: Median rent calculations include market-rate and mixed-income multifamily apartment properties with 5 or more rental units in Seattle, excluding special types like student, senior, corporate or military housing.

Geneva stands out as Europe's most expensive city for apartment purchases in early 2025, with prices reaching a staggering 15,720 euros per square meter. This Swiss city's real estate market dwarfs even high-cost locations like Zurich and London, highlighting the extreme disparities in housing affordability across the continent. The stark contrast between Geneva and more affordable cities like Nantes, France, where the price was 3,700 euros per square meter, underscores the complex factors influencing urban property markets in Europe. Rental market dynamics and affordability challenges While purchase prices vary widely, rental markets across Europe also show significant differences. London maintained its position as the continent's priciest city for apartment rentals in 2023, with the average monthly costs for a rental apartment amounting to 36.1 euros per square meter. This figure is double the rent in Lisbon, Portugal or Madrid, Spain, and substantially higher than in other major capitals like Paris and Berlin. The disparity in rental costs reflects broader economic trends, housing policies, and the intricate balance of supply and demand in urban centers. Economic factors influencing housing costs The European housing market is influenced by various economic factors, including inflation and energy costs. As of April 2025, the European Union's inflation rate stood at 2.4 percent, with significant variations among member states. Romania experienced the highest inflation at 4.9 percent, while France and Cyprus maintained lower rates. These economic pressures, coupled with rising energy costs, contribute to the overall cost of living and housing affordability across Europe. The volatility in electricity prices, particularly in countries like Italy where rates are projected to reach 153.83 euros per megawatt hour by February 2025, further impacts housing-related expenses for both homeowners and renters.

Revenue for apartment lessors has expanded through the end of 2025. Apartment lessors collect rental income from rental properties, where market forces largely determine their rates. The supply of apartment rentals has grown slower than demand, which has elevated rental rates for lessors' benefit. As the Federal Reserve hiked interest rates 11 times between March 2022 and January 2024, homeownership was pushed beyond the reach of many, resulting in a tighter supply and increased demand for rental properties. Despite three interest rate cuts in 2024, mortgage rates have remained high, further encouraging consumers to rent. Revenue has climbed at a CAGR of 2.9% over the past five years and is expected to reach $299.7 billion by the end of 2025. This includes an anticipated 3.0% gain in 2025 alone. The increasing unaffordability of housing is caused by the steady climb of mortgage rates and high prices maintained by a low supply. Supply has been held down as buyers who locked in low rates stay put, and investment groups hold a strategic number of their properties empty as investments. Industry profit has remained elevated because of solid demand for apartment rentals. Through the end of 2030, the apartment rental industry's future performance is likely to be shaped by varying factors. The apartment supply in the US, which hit a record in 2024, is expected to taper off, which will, in turn, push rental prices and occupancy rates up to the lessors' benefit. Other factors, such as further interest rate cuts, decreasing financial barriers to homeownership, and a high rate of urbanization, will also significantly impact the industry. Wth approximately 80.7% of the US population living in urban areas, demand for apartment rentals will strengthen, although rising rental prices could force potential renters to cheaper suburbs. Demand will continue to outpace supply growth, prompting a climb in revenue. Revenue is expected to swell at a CAGR of 2.8% over the next five years, reaching an estimated $344.3 billion in 2030.

This dataset contains multifamily affordable and market-rate housing sites (typically 5+ units) in the City of Detroit that have been built or rehabbed since 2015, or are currently under construction. Most sites are rental housing, though some are for sale. The data are collected from developers, other government departments and agencies, and proprietary data sources in order to track new multifamily and affordable housing construction and rehabilitation occurring in throughout the city, in service of the City's multifamily affordable housing goals. Data are compiled by various teams within the Housing and Revitalization Department (HRD), led by the Preservation Team. This dataset reflects HRD's current knowledge of multifamily units under construction in the city and will be updated as the department's knowledge changes. For more information about the City's multifamily affordable housing policies and goals, visit here.Affordability level for affordable units are measured by the percentage of the Area Median Income (AMI) that a household could earn for that unit to be considered affordable for them. For example, a unit that rents at a 60% AMI threshold would be affordable to a household earning 60% or less of the median income for the area. Rent affordability is typically defined as housing costs consuming 30% or less of monthly income. Regulated housing programs are designed to serve households based on certain income benchmarks relative to AMI, and these income benchmarks vary based on household size. Detroit city's AMI levels are set by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) for the Detroit-Warren-Livonia, MI Metro Fair Market Rent (FMR) area. For more information on AMI in Detroit, visit here.

In late 2016, the URA, in conjunction with Reinvestment Fund, completed the 2016 Market Value Analysis (MVA) for the City of Pittsburgh. The Market Value Analysis (MVA) offers an approach for community revitalization; it recommends applying interventions not only to where there is a need for development but also in places where public investment can stimulate private market activity and capitalize on larger public investment activities. The MVA is a unique tool for characterizing markets because it creates an internally referenced index of a municipality’s residential real estate market. It identifies areas that are the highest demand markets as well as areas of greatest distress, and the various markets types between. The MVA offers insight into the variation in market strength and weakness within and between traditional neighborhood boundaries because it uses Census block groups as the unit of analysis. Where market types abut each other on the map becomes instructive about the potential direction of market change, and ultimately, the appropriateness of types of investment or intervention strategies.

Pittsburgh’s 2016 MVA utilized data that helps to define the local real estate market between July, 2013 and June, 2016:

• Median Sales Price

• Variance of Sales Price

• Percent Households Owner Occupied

• Density of Residential Housing Units

• Percent Rental with Subsidy

• Foreclosures as a Percent of Sales

• Permits as a Percent of Housing Units

• Percent of Housing Units Built Before 1940

• Percent of Properties with Assessed Condition “Poor” or worse

• Vacant Housing Units as a Percentage of Habitable Units

The MVA uses a statistical technique known as cluster analysis, forming groups of areas (i.e., block groups) that are similar along the MVA descriptors, noted above. The goal is to form groups within which there is a similarity of characteristics within each group, but each group itself different from the others. Using this technique, the MVA condenses vast amounts of data for the universe of all properties to a manageable, meaningful typology of market types that can inform area-appropriate programs and decisions regarding the allocation of resources.

During the research process, staff from the URA and Reinvestment Fund spent an extensive amount of effort ensuring the data and analysis was accurate. In addition to testing the data, staff physically examined different areas to verify the data sets being used were appropriate indicators and the resulting MVA categories accurately reflect the market.

In 2017, the County Department of Economic Development, in conjunction with Reinvestment Fund, completed the 2016 Market Value Analysis (MVA) for Allegheny County. A similar MVA was completed with the Pittsburgh Urban Redevelopment Authority in 2016. The Market Value Analysis (MVA) offers an approach for community revitalization; it recommends applying interventions not only to where there is a need for development but also in places where public investment can stimulate private market activity and capitalize on larger public investment activities. The MVA is a unique tool for characterizing markets because it creates an internally referenced index of a municipality’s residential real estate market. It identifies areas that are the highest demand markets as well as areas of greatest distress, and the various markets types between. The MVA offers insight into the variation in market strength and weakness within and between traditional community boundaries because it uses Census block groups as the unit of analysis. Where market types abut each other on the map becomes instructive about the potential direction of market change, and ultimately, the appropriateness of types of investment or intervention strategies.

The 2016 Allegheny County MVA does not include the City of Pittsburgh, which was characterized at the same time in the fourth update of the City of Pittsburgh’s MVA. All calculations herein therefore do not include the City of Pittsburgh. While the methodology between the City and County MVA's are very similar, the classification of communities will differ, and so the data between the two should not be used interchangeably.

Allegheny County's MVA utilized data that helps to define the local real estate market. Most data used covers the 2013-2016 period, and data used in the analysis includes:

•Residential Real Estate Sales; • Mortgage Foreclosures; • Residential Vacancy; • Parcel Year Built; • Parcel Condition; • Owner Occupancy; and • Subsidized Housing Units.

The MVA uses a statistical technique known as cluster analysis, forming groups of areas (i.e., block groups) that are similar along the MVA descriptors, noted above. The goal is to form groups within which there is a similarity of characteristics within each group, but each group itself different from the others. Using this technique, the MVA condenses vast amounts of data for the universe of all properties to a manageable, meaningful typology of market types that can inform area-appropriate programs and decisions regarding the allocation of resources.

During the research process, staff from the County and Reinvestment Fund spent an extensive amount of effort ensuring the data and analysis was accurate. In addition to testing the data, staff physically examined different areas to verify the data sets being used were appropriate indicators and the resulting MVA categories accurately reflect the market.

Please refer to the report (included here as a pdf) for more information about the data, methodology, and findings.

The average monthly rent for all apartment types in the U.S. soared in 2021 and 2022, followed by a slight decline in the next two years. In April 2025, the monthly rent for a two-bedroom apartment amounting to ***** U.S. dollars. That was an increase from ***** U.S. dollars in January 2021, but a decline from the peak value of ***** U.S. dollars in August 2022. Where are the most expensive apartments in the U.S.? Apartment rents vary widely from state to state. To afford a two-bedroom apartment in California, for example, a renter needed to earn an average hourly wage of nearly ** U.S. dollars, which was approximately double the average wage in North Carolina and three times as much as the average wage in Arkansas. In fact, rental costs were considerably higher than the hourly minimum wage in all U.S. states. How did rents change in different states in the U.S.? In 2024, some of the most expensive states to rent an apartment only saw a moderate increase in rental prices. Nevertheless, rents increased in most states as of April 2025. In West Virginia, the annual rental growth was the highest, at ***** percent.

Displacement risk indicator classifying community reporting areas according to apartment vacancy rates. Vacancy rates are calculated at the Community Reporting Area level, which are a combination of one or more census tracts. We visualize them as census tracts here, but columns should not be summed to make a total. We include both vacancy rates and change in year over year vacancy rates.Note: Vacancy rate calculations include market-rate and mixed-income multifamily apartment properties with 5 or more rental units in Seattle, excluding special types like student, senior, corporate or military housing.Source: Data from CoStar Group, www.costar.com, prepared by City of Seattle, Office of Planning and Community Development

The US residential real estate market, a cornerstone of the American economy, is projected to experience steady growth over the next decade. While the provided CAGR of 2.04% is a modest figure, it reflects a market maturing after a period of significant expansion. This sustained growth is driven by several key factors. Firstly, population growth and urbanization continue to fuel demand for housing, particularly in densely populated areas and emerging suburban markets. Secondly, low interest rates (historically, though this can fluctuate) have made mortgages more accessible, stimulating buyer activity. Thirdly, a robust construction sector, though facing challenges in material costs and labor shortages, is gradually increasing the housing supply, mitigating some of the upward pressure on prices. However, challenges remain. Rising inflation and potential interest rate hikes pose a risk to affordability, potentially dampening demand. Furthermore, the ongoing evolution of remote work is reshaping residential preferences, with a shift toward larger homes in suburban or exurban locations. This trend impacts the relative demand for various property types, potentially increasing the appeal of landed houses and villas compared to apartments and condominiums in certain regions. The segmentation of the market into apartments/condominiums and landed houses/villas provides crucial insights into consumer preferences and investment strategies. High-density urban areas will continue to see strong demand for apartments and condos, while suburban and rural areas are likely to experience a greater increase in landed property sales. Major players like Simon Property Group, Mill Creek Residential, and others are strategically adapting to these trends, focusing on both development and management across various property types and geographic locations. Analyzing regional data within the US (e.g., comparing growth in the Northeast versus the Southwest) will highlight market nuances and potential investment opportunities. While the global data provided is valuable for understanding broader market forces, focusing the analysis on the US market allows for a more granular understanding of the specific drivers, trends, and challenges within this significant segment of the real estate sector. The forecast period (2025-2033) suggests continued, albeit measured, expansion. Recent developments include: May 2022: Resource REIT Inc. completed the sale of all of its outstanding shares of common stock to Blackstone Real Estate Income Trust Inc. for USD 14.75 per share in an all-cash deal valued at USD 3.7 billion, including the assumption of the REIT's debt., February 2022: The largest owner of commercial real estate in the world and private equity company Blackstone is growing its portfolio of residential rentals and commercial properties in the United States. The company revealed that it would shell out about USD 6 billion to buy Preferred Apartment Communities, an Atlanta-based real estate investment trust that owns 44 multifamily communities and roughly 12,000 homes in the Southeast, mostly in Atlanta, Nashville, Charlotte, North Carolina, and the Florida cities of Jacksonville, Orlando, and Tampa.. Key drivers for this market are: Investment Plan Towards Urban Rail Development. Potential restraints include: Italy’s Fragmented Approach to Tenders. Notable trends are: Existing Home Sales Witnessing Strong Growth.

The number of affordable housing units added in San Francisco declined for the second year in a row in 2023. In that year, the number of affordable housing units added to the housing stock was ***, while the number of new market rate housing units stood at *****.

Affordable Housing Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the affordable housing market size reached USD 69.2 billion globally in 2024, driven by rapid urbanization, supportive government policies, and rising demand for cost-effective housing solutions. The market is projected to expand at a robust CAGR of 6.1% from 2025 to 2033, reaching an estimated USD 117.4 billion by the end of the forecast period. The growth is primarily attributed to increasing urban migration, widening income disparities, and a surge in public and private investments aimed at addressing the global housing deficit. As per our latest research, the affordable housing sector is undergoing significant transformation as stakeholders focus on innovative construction methods, sustainable materials, and digital technologies to streamline project delivery and reduce costs.

One of the primary growth drivers for the affordable housing market is the escalating rate of urbanization, particularly in emerging economies. Urban populations are swelling at an unprecedented pace, with millions migrating to cities in search of better employment opportunities and improved living standards. This mass migration has led to a surge in demand for affordable, quality housing, placing immense pressure on urban infrastructure and local governments. Consequently, both public and private sector players are ramping up investments in affordable housing projects, leveraging innovative financing models and partnerships to bridge the housing gap. Furthermore, the emergence of smart city initiatives and sustainable urban planning is fostering the development of integrated, affordable housing solutions that cater to the diverse needs of low- and middle-income populations.

Another significant factor propelling the affordable housing market is the increasing involvement of governments and international organizations in addressing the global housing crisis. Numerous policy interventions, such as subsidies, tax incentives, and relaxed regulatory frameworks, are being introduced to stimulate the supply of affordable homes. Governments are also collaborating with private developers through public-private partnerships (PPPs) to expedite project execution and ensure long-term sustainability. Additionally, multilateral agencies and non-governmental organizations are providing technical and financial assistance to support large-scale affordable housing initiatives, particularly in regions with acute housing shortages. These concerted efforts are not only enhancing access to affordable housing but also fostering socio-economic development and reducing urban poverty.

Technological advancements in construction methods and materials are further accelerating the growth of the affordable housing market. The adoption of modular and prefabricated construction techniques is enabling developers to deliver high-quality housing units at lower costs and within shorter timeframes. These innovative approaches are also contributing to improved energy efficiency, reduced environmental impact, and enhanced structural durability. Moreover, the integration of digital technologies, such as Building Information Modeling (BIM) and project management software, is streamlining the design, planning, and execution of affordable housing projects. As a result, stakeholders are increasingly embracing technology-driven solutions to optimize resource utilization, minimize risks, and ensure compliance with stringent regulatory standards.

From a regional perspective, Asia Pacific continues to dominate the affordable housing market, accounting for the largest share in 2024, followed by North America and Europe. The region's rapid urbanization, burgeoning population, and proactive government policies are driving significant investments in affordable housing infrastructure. Countries such as China, India, and Indonesia are at the forefront, implementing ambitious housing schemes and leveraging innovative construction technologies to address the growing demand. Meanwhile, developed regions like North America and Europe are witnessing renewed interest in affordable housing, fueled by rising property prices, income inequality, and shifting demographic trends. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also emerging as promising markets, supported by favorable regulatory environments and increased foreign direct investments.

In California, the estimated fair market rent for a two-bedroom accommodation amounted to ***** U.S. dollars in 2024. It was one of the least affordable states in terms of housing that year, as someone would need to earn at least twice the minimum wage to afford a two-bedroom rental unit there.

Amsterdam is set to maintain its position as Europe's most expensive city for apartment rentals in 2025, with median costs reaching 2,500 euros per month for a furnished unit. This figure is double the rent in Prague and significantly higher than other major European capitals like Paris, Berlin, and Madrid. The stark difference in rental costs across European cities reflects broader economic trends, housing policies, and the complex interplay between supply and demand in urban centers. Factors driving rental costs across Europe The disparity in rental prices across European cities can be attributed to various factors. In countries like Switzerland, Germany, and Austria, a higher proportion of the population lives in rental housing. This trend contributes to increased demand and potentially higher living costs in these nations. Conversely, many Eastern and Southern European countries have homeownership rates exceeding 90 percent, which may help keep rental prices lower in those regions. Housing affordability and market dynamics The relationship between housing prices and rental rates varies significantly across Europe. As of 2024, countries like Turkey, Iceland, Portugal, and Hungary had the highest house price to rent ratio indices. This indicates a widening gap between property values and rental costs since 2015. The affordability of homeownership versus renting differs greatly among European nations, with some countries experiencing rapid increases in property values that outpace rental growth. These market dynamics influence rental costs and contribute to the diverse rental landscape observed across European cities.

The global housing rental service platform market is experiencing robust growth, driven by several key factors. The increasing urbanization and migration patterns worldwide are leading to a surge in demand for rental properties. Technological advancements, such as user-friendly mobile applications and improved online property listings, have significantly streamlined the rental process, making it more convenient and efficient for both landlords and tenants. Furthermore, the rise of the sharing economy and the increasing preference for flexible living arrangements are contributing to the market's expansion. This trend is further amplified by the growing adoption of smart home technologies, which enhance property management and tenant experience. We estimate the market size in 2025 to be approximately $15 billion, based on reasonable projections considering the rapid growth in similar online services and the expanding rental market globally. A Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 15% is projected through 2033, indicating a substantial increase in market value over the forecast period. However, the market faces certain restraints. Competition among established players and new entrants is fierce, necessitating continuous innovation and strategic adaptation. Data security and privacy concerns regarding tenant and landlord information represent a significant challenge, requiring robust security measures. Regulatory changes and varying local laws across different regions add complexity to operations, potentially impacting profitability and expansion plans. Nevertheless, the market's overall growth trajectory remains positive, fueled by technological progress, changing lifestyle preferences, and the enduring need for efficient and transparent rental solutions. Key segments within the market, such as those focused on luxury rentals, short-term stays, or specialized niche markets (e.g., student housing) present lucrative opportunities for focused growth. Companies like Zillow, Trulia, and Apartment List, among many others, are actively shaping the market landscape with their diverse offerings and innovative features.

Slovakia - Housing cost overburden rate: Tenant, rent at market price was 29.10% in December of 2024, according to the EUROSTAT. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Slovakia - Housing cost overburden rate: Tenant, rent at market price - last updated from the EUROSTAT on July of 2025. Historically, Slovakia - Housing cost overburden rate: Tenant, rent at market price reached a record high of 33.40% in December of 2021 and a record low of 8.40% in December of 2015.

In the fourth quarter of 2024, housing prices were over ** percent higher year over year. Apartments on the primary market cost ** percent more, while those on the secondary market were up nearly ** percent.

The global housing rental service platform market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing urbanization, the rising popularity of short-term rentals, and the expanding adoption of technology in property management. The market size in 2025 is estimated at $50 billion, demonstrating significant expansion from its historical period. This growth is projected to continue at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 15% from 2025 to 2033, reaching an estimated market value of $150 billion by 2033. Key drivers include the convenience and efficiency offered by online platforms, enabling property owners to manage their listings and tenants to search and book properties easily. Furthermore, the integration of advanced features such as virtual tours, online payment processing, and sophisticated search filters enhances user experience and drives market expansion. Emerging trends, such as the integration of AI for property pricing and tenant screening, along with the rise of subscription-based rental models, are further fueling market growth. However, regulatory challenges related to data privacy and fair housing practices, as well as competition from traditional real estate agencies, pose some restraints on market growth. The competitive landscape is highly dynamic, with a mix of established players like Zillow, Trulia, and RealPage, and innovative startups such as Rentberry and Spotahome vying for market share. Geographic expansion into emerging markets, particularly in Asia and Latin America, presents significant opportunities for growth. Companies are increasingly focusing on enhancing their platforms’ functionalities by integrating advanced technologies like AI and machine learning to improve tenant screening, property valuation, and risk management. Differentiation strategies, such as offering specialized services catering to specific demographics or property types, are also becoming increasingly crucial for success in this competitive market. The overall outlook remains positive, with substantial growth potential driven by technological advancements and evolving consumer preferences.

European Union - Housing cost overburden rate: Tenant, rent at market price was 19.20% in December of 2024, according to the EUROSTAT. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for European Union - Housing cost overburden rate: Tenant, rent at market price - last updated from the EUROSTAT on July of 2025. Historically, European Union - Housing cost overburden rate: Tenant, rent at market price reached a record high of 27.10% in December of 2014 and a record low of 19.20% in December of 2024.

Note: Vacancy rate calculations include market-rate and mixed-income multifamily apartment properties with 5 or more rental units in Seattle, excluding special types like student, senior, corporate or military housing.