The Manifesto Project Dataset provides the scientific community with parties' policy positions derived from a content analysis of parties' electoral manifestos. It covers over 1.000 parties from 1945 until today in over 50 countries on five continents.
The content analysis aims to discover party and presidential stances by quantifying their statements and messages to their electorate. A unified classification scheme with an accompanying set of rules was developed to make such statements comparable. Analysing manifestos allows for measurement of party and presidents' policy positions across countries and elections within a common framework. Manifestos are understood to be parties' only and presidential candidates' main authoritative policy statements and, therefore, as indicators of the parties' policy preferences at a given point in time.
The Manifesto Project Data Collection was originally created by the Manifesto Research Group (MRG) in the late 1970s and the 1980s. The work was continued under the name Comparative Manifestos Project (CMP) at the WZB Berlin Social Science Center in the 1990s and 2000s. Since 2009 the Manifesto Research on Political Representation (MARPOR) project updates and extends the dataset. It is funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) and is still located at the WZB Berlin Social Science Center.

The Euromanifesto Project (EM Project) is one of five components of the European Election Studies (EES). The aim of the project is to collect all party manifestos issued by political parties and the European political groups in the run-up to the European Parliament (EP) elections in all EU member states. The present dataset contains a content analysis of 221 party programs for the 2019 EP elections from 28 countries and the European political groups. Party manifestos were coded by 27 coders from all European Union member states using a hierarchical classification scheme with nine domains divided into different categories and subcategories.
Domain 1: External relations Foreign Special Relationships: FSR general, FSR to Eastern European countries of the EU; FSR to Eastern European countries not in the EU (except Ukraine); FSR to Russia, to USA, to Ukraine, to Syria; anti-imperialism; military: military general, military Ukraine, military Syria; peace: peace general, peace Ukraine, peace Syria; internationalism; Europe, European Community/Union: Europe, European Community/Union: general; financing the EC/EU; EU Exit, Brexit.

Domain 2: Freedom and democracy Freedom and human rights: freedom, human rights general, human rights refugees, freedom of press; democracy; constitutionalism; populism: anti-elitism, glorification of common people.

Domain 3: Political system (in general) Decentralization: decentralization general, power to the EC/EU; transfer of power to the EC/EU; Executive and Administrative Efficiency, political corruption, and political authority.

Domain 4: Political system of the European Union Competences of the European Parliament; competences of the European Commission; competences of the European Council: competences of the European Council general, voting procedures in the (European) Council; competences of the European Court of Justice; competences of other EC/EU institutions: competences of other EC/EU institutions general, European Central Bank; EC/EU enlargement: EC/EU enlargement general, Eastern Europe, Balkans, membership of Turkey in the EU; complexity of the EC/EU political system; Spitzenkandidaten: Spitzenkandidaten general and specific.

Domain 5: Economic Structure Free enterprise: free enterprise general; property restitution; controlled Economy: controlled economy general, social ownership, mixed economy, publicly-owned industry, socialist property; economic planning: economic planning general, EC/EU structural fund; nationalization: nationalization general; privatization; market regulation; corporatism; Marxist analysis.

Domain 6: Economic Policies and Goals Incentives; Keynesian demand management; productivity; technology and infrastructure: technology and infrastructure general, green technology; protectionism; anti-growth economy; economic orthodoxy; economic goals: economic goals general, creating jobs, labour immigration: EU citizens, single market, European Monetary Union/ European currency, European Monetary Union/ European currency-transnational solidarity; labour immigration non-EU citizens, labour immigration unspecified, labour emigration; energy policies.

Domain 7: Welfare and Quality of Life Environmental protection: environmental protection general, global warming, animal rights, food and alimentation; culture; social justice: social justice general, gender, race/ethnicity; welfare state: welfare state general, pensions, health care and nursing service, social housing, child care, job programs; education.

Domain 8: Fabric of Society Multiculturalism; traditional morality; law and order: law and order general, fight against terrorism; social harmony; national way of life: national way of life general, immigration (EU citizens), EU integration, Cyprus issue (for Cyprus only), immigration (beyond EU), immigration (unspecified).

Domain 9: Social Groups Labour groups; agriculture and farmers; middle class and professional groups; underprivileged minority groups (UMG): UMG general, handicapped, homosexuals, EU immigrants, ethnic minorities/diaspora, non-EU immigrants, immigrants unspecified; non-economic demographic groups (NEDG): general, women, old people, young people, linguistic groups.

Additionally coded were: country; region (variable distinguishes parties from Belgium and Great Britain with respect to their respective regional backgrounds); country code plus election year; EMCS party code, MARPOR party code, Chapel Hill party code; year of country´s first elections to the European Parliament; year of country´s first admittance to the European Parliament; election year; initials of the party; name of the party; information on changes in party names; party family; party family according to MARPOR; party family at origin (Euromanifesto Project); percentage of EEP votes at national level; number of seats in the European Parliament; overall number of seats in the European Parliament by country; affiliation to a political group at European level (European...

The ideological evolution of Western European social democratic parties has received considerable scholarly attention over the decades. The most widespread view concerns the alleged programmatic moderation and convergence with the mainstream right of this party family. However, recent empirical investigations based on electoral manifestos come to different conclusions, highlighting an increase over time in Western European social democratic parties' emphasis on traditional economic left goals, especially in recent years. Hence, this article analyses the evolution of the social democratic programmatic outlook with regard to traditional economic left issues. It does so by relying on Manifesto Project (MARPOR) data about such formations in 369 general elections across 20 Western European countries between 1944 and 2021, employing different indicators of economic left emphasis and time to ensure the robustness of the findings. The analysis shows how, at the aggregate level, social democracy increases its emphasis on traditional economic left issues over time, with the effect driven entirely by the recent post-Great Recession years. However, once disaggregating the results, a more differentiated picture emerges, pointing towards potential causes of concern in terms of measurement validity within the MARPOR data. The article discusses the substantive and, especially, methodological implications of its findings in detail.

Marcon is a male politician. He was born in 1964 and is originally from Brazil. He is part of the PT (Brazil) political party.

Coded version of election programs. Manifestos issued ahead of the European elections 2014.

Euromanifestos coded by 30 coders from all member states of the European Union using a hierarchical classification scheme containing nine domains subdivided into different categories and subcategories:

Domain 1: External relations Foreign Special Relationships: FSR general, FSR to Eastern European countries of the EU; FSR to Eastern European countries not in the EU (except Ukraine); FSR to Russia, to USA, to Ukraine, to Syria; anti-imperialism; military: military general, Ukraine, Syria; peace: peace general, peace Ukraine, Syria; internationalism; Europe, European Community/Union: Europe, European Community/Union: general; financing the EC/EU; EU Exit.

Domain 2: Freedom and democracy Freedom and human rights: freedom, human rights, human rights: refugees; democracy; constitutionalism.

Domain 3: Political system (in general) Decentralization: cecentralization: general; transfer of power to the EC/EU; Executive and Administrative Efficiency: political corruption and political authority.

Domain 4: Political system of the European Union Competences of the European Parliament; competences of the European Commission; competences of the European Council/Council of Ministers: competences of the European Council/Council of Ministers: general; voting procedures in the (European) Council; competences of the European Court of Justice; competences of other EC/EU institutions: competences of other EC/EU institutions: general; mentions of the European Central Bank; EC/EU enlargement: EC/EU enlargement: general; membership in the EU of East European countries currently not in the EU; membership in the EU of Balkan countries currently not in the EU; membership of Turkey in the EU; complexity of the EC/EU political system; Spitzenkandidaten: Spitzenkandidaten: Ggeneral and specific.

Domain 5: Economic Structure Free enterprise: free enterprise: general; property restitution; controlled Economy: controlled economy: general; social ownership; mixed economy; publicly-owned industry; socialist property; economic planning: economic planning: general; EC/EU structural fund; nationalization: nationalization: general; privatisation; corporatism; market regulation; Marxist analysis.

Domain 6: Economic Policies and Goals Incentives; Keynesian demand management; productivity; technology and infrastructure; protectionism; anti-growth economy; economic orthodoxy; economic goals: economic goals: general; creating jobs; labour immigration: EU citizens; single market; European Monetary Union/ European currency; European Monetary Union/ European currency-transnational solidarity; labour immigration: non-EU citizens; labour immigration: unspecified; labour emigration; energy policies.

Domain 7: Welfare and Quality of Life Environmental protection: environmental protection: general; environmental protection: global warming; environmental protection: animal rights; culture; social justice; welfare state (WS); welfare state: general, pensions, health care and nursing service, social housing, child care, job programs; education.

Domain 8: Fabric of Society Multiculturalism; traditional morality; law and order: law and order: general; fight against terrorism; social harmony; national way of life: national way of life: general; immigration (EU citizens); EU integration; Cyprus issue (for Cyprus only); immigration (beyond EU); immigration (unspecified).

Domain 9: Social Groups Labour groups; agriculture and farmers; middle class and professional groups; underprivileged minority groups (UMG): UMG: general, handicapped, homosexuals, immigrants and foreigners (EU citizens) in the Manifesto Country, ethnic minorities/people of the Manifesto country living abroad, immigrants and foreigners (beyond EU) in the Manifesto country, immigrants and foreigners (unspecified) in the Manifesto country; non-economic demographic groups (NEDG): general, women, old people, young people, linguistic groups.

Additionally coded was: country; region (variable distinguishes parties from Belgium and Great Britain with respect to their respective regional backgrounds); country code plus election year; EES party code, MARPOR party code, Chapel Hill party code; year of country´s first elections to the European Parliament; year of country´s first admitance to the European Parliament; election year; party initials; party name; information on changes in party names; party family; party familiy according to MARPOR; party family at origin (Euromanifesto Projekt); percentage of EEP votes at national level; number of seats in the European Parliament; overall number of seats in the European Parliament by country; affiliation to a political group at European level (European party); type of manifesto coded; percentage of votes in the last national parliamentary elections; number of seats in the national parliament; member party of the national government at time of the...