This section provides information about Acute Hospital Payments and Rates, and Hospital Remittance Advices and Claims Denials.

Morocco MA: Coverage: Social Safety Net Programs: Poorest Quintile: % of Population data was reported at 50.107 % in 2009. Morocco MA: Coverage: Social Safety Net Programs: Poorest Quintile: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 50.107 % from Dec 2009 (Median) to 2009, with 1 observations. Morocco MA: Coverage: Social Safety Net Programs: Poorest Quintile: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Morocco – Table MA.World Bank.WDI: Social Protection. Coverage of social safety net programs shows the percentage of population participating in cash transfers and last resort programs, noncontributory social pensions, other cash transfers programs (child, family and orphan allowances, birth and death grants, disability benefits, and other allowances), conditional cash transfers, in-kind food transfers (food stamps and vouchers, food rations, supplementary feeding, and emergency food distribution), school feeding, other social assistance programs (housing allowances, scholarships, fee waivers, health subsidies, and other social assistance) and public works programs (cash for work and food for work). Estimates include both direct and indirect beneficiaries.; ; ASPIRE: The Atlas of Social Protection - Indicators of Resilience and Equity, The World Bank. Data are based on national representative household surveys. (datatopics.worldbank.org/aspire/); Simple average;

Baseline sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 presenting to a large safety-net hospital in Massachusetts between March 4, 2020 and April 30, 2020.

Morocco MA: Coverage: Social Safety Net Programs: 4th Quintile: % of Population data was reported at 32.544 % in 2009. Morocco MA: Coverage: Social Safety Net Programs: 4th Quintile: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 32.544 % from Dec 2009 (Median) to 2009, with 1 observations. Morocco MA: Coverage: Social Safety Net Programs: 4th Quintile: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Morocco – Table MA.World Bank.WDI: Social Protection. Coverage of social safety net programs shows the percentage of population participating in cash transfers and last resort programs, noncontributory social pensions, other cash transfers programs (child, family and orphan allowances, birth and death grants, disability benefits, and other allowances), conditional cash transfers, in-kind food transfers (food stamps and vouchers, food rations, supplementary feeding, and emergency food distribution), school feeding, other social assistance programs (housing allowances, scholarships, fee waivers, health subsidies, and other social assistance) and public works programs (cash for work and food for work). Estimates include both direct and indirect beneficiaries.; ; ASPIRE: The Atlas of Social Protection - Indicators of Resilience and Equity, The World Bank. Data are based on national representative household surveys. (datatopics.worldbank.org/aspire/); Simple average;

Characteristics and clinical presentation of ESKD patients who died compared to ESKD patients who survived with COVID-19 in a large safety-net hospital in Massachusetts between March 4, 2020 and April 30, 2020.

aDifferences in age, gravidity and parity are significant between underweight BMI females and each BMI category; and differences in age, gravidity and parity are significant between normal BMI females and all other BMI categories by one-way ANOVA.bThe proportion of white and black women significantly decreases as the BMI category increases from normal, p for trend

Physical function is the physical ability to fulfill one’s daily roles and responsibilities. Poor physical function is detrimental to health and income-generating activities. Unfortunately, there is a lack of validated methods to measure physical function in adult women in low- and middle-income countries, including Ethiopia, the locus of this study. This study evaluated the feasibility, reliability, and validity of physical tests, including the sit-to-stand (STS) and usual gait speed (UGS) and a context-appropriate instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) survey. The results of the STS were used to calculate a muscle quality index (MQI, STS accounting for body mass and leg length). Feasibility was ascertained qualitatively based on reports from the enumerators on their ability to administer the tests. Reliability was assessed by comparing the results of the tests and questions between each visit using either Cohen’s κ or Pearson’s ρ. The validity of MQI was assessed using relevant participant characteristics such as age and self-reported disability. The validity of the IADL was assessed using MQI. Study participants comprised 316 women between the ages of 18 and 45 years, living in rural Tigray, Ethiopia, who had previously participated in an impact evaluation of a safety net program. Over a one-week period, participants completed the STS and UGS tests and responded to the IADL survey questions three times. MQI was determined to be a feasible, reliable, and valid physical function test for women in rural, highland Ethiopia. UGS lacked feasibility and reliability; validity was not ascertained. The IADL questions were feasible and reliable, but validity was inconclusive. In rural Ethiopia, the MQI will be a valuable tool to develop interventions for improving physical function, which will have positive impacts on health and quality of life.

ObjectiveAging population and rising unemployment risks have emerged as dual challenges for governments worldwide. Using China’s 1990s state-owned enterprise layoffs as a natural experiment, we examine causal evidence on how adult children’s unemployment affects older parents’ health. We particularly analyze how urban–rural social security moderates these effects.MethodsUsing data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey 1991–2006, we construct three health outcome dimensions for older parents: disease status, daily functional abilities (physical function and instrumental activities of daily living), and body mass index. Econometric analysis uses a two-way fixed effects model and a causal forest model.ResultsThe layoffs of adult children significantly increased older parents’ morbidity risk. Due to disparities in the social security system between urban and rural household registration (hukou), this effect primarily increased health risks—including higher probability of disease, increased risk of hypertension, limitations in daily activities, and underweight conditions—among rural-hukou older parents living in urban areas. In contrast, layoffs of adult children showed no measurable impact on urban-hukou older parents. Mechanistically, layoffs did not reduce daily care provided by children to their parents, but rather diminished household income. Moreover, layoffs of adult children reduced older parents’ healthcare utilization and lowered their nutritional intake. Rural-hukou older parents living in urban areas were most affected, with reduced protein and fat consumption.ConclusionThe reduction in family resources caused by adult children’s unemployment is detrimental to older parents’ health. The social security system serves as a vital safety net for protecting the health of older populations. Strengthening social security is an essential policy complement to mitigate welfare losses in families affected by unemployment.

Morocco MA: Coverage: Social Safety Net Programs: % of Population data was reported at 36.589 % in 2009. Morocco MA: Coverage: Social Safety Net Programs: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 36.589 % from Dec 2009 (Median) to 2009, with 1 observations. Morocco MA: Coverage: Social Safety Net Programs: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Morocco – Table MA.World Bank.WDI: Social Protection. Coverage of social safety net programs shows the percentage of population participating in cash transfers and last resort programs, noncontributory social pensions, other cash transfers programs (child, family and orphan allowances, birth and death grants, disability benefits, and other allowances), conditional cash transfers, in-kind food transfers (food stamps and vouchers, food rations, supplementary feeding, and emergency food distribution), school feeding, other social assistance programs (housing allowances, scholarships, fee waivers, health subsidies, and other social assistance) and public works programs (cash for work and food for work). Estimates include both direct and indirect beneficiaries.; ; ASPIRE: The Atlas of Social Protection - Indicators of Resilience and Equity, The World Bank. Data are based on national representative household surveys. (datatopics.worldbank.org/aspire/); Simple average;

Morocco MA: Coverage: Social Safety Net Programs: 2nd Quintile: % of Population data was reported at 43.028 % in 2009. Morocco MA: Coverage: Social Safety Net Programs: 2nd Quintile: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 43.028 % from Dec 2009 (Median) to 2009, with 1 observations. Morocco MA: Coverage: Social Safety Net Programs: 2nd Quintile: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Morocco – Table MA.World Bank.WDI: Social Protection. Coverage of social safety net programs shows the percentage of population participating in cash transfers and last resort programs, noncontributory social pensions, other cash transfers programs (child, family and orphan allowances, birth and death grants, disability benefits, and other allowances), conditional cash transfers, in-kind food transfers (food stamps and vouchers, food rations, supplementary feeding, and emergency food distribution), school feeding, other social assistance programs (housing allowances, scholarships, fee waivers, health subsidies, and other social assistance) and public works programs (cash for work and food for work). Estimates include both direct and indirect beneficiaries.; ; ASPIRE: The Atlas of Social Protection - Indicators of Resilience and Equity, The World Bank. Data are based on national representative household surveys. (datatopics.worldbank.org/aspire/); Simple average;

Safety Net Study Population by Body Mass Index category for those adolescents 18 years and younger. BMI for the younger population studied in the safety net population. (DOCX)

Morocco MA: Coverage: Social Safety Net Programs: Richest Quintile: % of Population data was reported at 18.164 % in 2009. Morocco MA: Coverage: Social Safety Net Programs: Richest Quintile: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 18.164 % from Dec 2009 (Median) to 2009, with 1 observations. Morocco MA: Coverage: Social Safety Net Programs: Richest Quintile: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Morocco – Table MA.World Bank.WDI: Social Protection. Coverage of social safety net programs shows the percentage of population participating in cash transfers and last resort programs, noncontributory social pensions, other cash transfers programs (child, family and orphan allowances, birth and death grants, disability benefits, and other allowances), conditional cash transfers, in-kind food transfers (food stamps and vouchers, food rations, supplementary feeding, and emergency food distribution), school feeding, other social assistance programs (housing allowances, scholarships, fee waivers, health subsidies, and other social assistance) and public works programs (cash for work and food for work). Estimates include both direct and indirect beneficiaries.; ; ASPIRE: The Atlas of Social Protection - Indicators of Resilience and Equity, The World Bank. Data are based on national representative household surveys. (datatopics.worldbank.org/aspire/); Simple average;

Sustainability of the forest at a regional scale in landscapes dominated by non-industrial private forest (NIPF) ownership depends on the often-independent actions and behaviors of thousands of private families and individuals. These NIPF lands comprise the dominant forest ownership in many parts of the United States, and represent an important part of the greater forest landscape matrix even in parts of the region where industrial and/or public lands dominate. In northeastern states, NIPF lands can represent 75% or more of total forest area. While forest landowner attitudinal survey work in the past several decades has explored reasons for ownership, motivations, and perspectives on traditional management (e.g., do you intend to harvest in the next 10 years?), little if any study has focused on attitudes and, importantly, documented behaviors related to sustainability on their lands. Some landowner attitudes pertaining to the notion of sustainability can be inferred from earlier work (e.g., documented interest in wildlife habitat and nature, aesthetics, and privacy), but these do not directly link to sustainability or timber productivity on their own lands. As the urban-rural interface expands from metropolitan centers, though this wooded landscape may appear to be forested from the air, it no longer sustains a number of benefits upon which society has grown to depend. In particular, timber harvesting declines as a viable and sustainable land use activity. We seek to: 1. Study the decision-making process, priorities, and behaviors of different types of NIPF owners, in terms of sustainable harvesting, and sale/ development; 2. Use landscape-scale spatial data and associated demographic data to assess the extent to which such landscapes can remain sustainable producers of wood products in the face of expanding urban/ suburban influence; and 3. study sites that have sustained harvests and document the successional trajectory, in an effort to estimate the future composition of the forest landscape based on this form of human-induced disturbance. In so doing, we will identify characteristics of a NIPF landscape in which harvesting or the production of timber is no longer sustainable. Sustainable timber production from local forested landscapes plays a role in global environmental quality. In the Illusion of Preservation, Berlik et al argue for decreases in wood consumption, coupled with increases in local wood production, to avoid "exporting" the need to harvest wood from countries that have a negligible environmental safety net. The result of this is that forest that does not sustainably produce wood "at home" in effect shifts the demand to other places, thereby making local preservation an illusion.

Morocco MA: Coverage: Social Protection & Labour Programs: % of Population data was reported at 41.013 % in 2009. Morocco MA: Coverage: Social Protection & Labour Programs: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 41.013 % from Dec 2009 (Median) to 2009, with 1 observations. Morocco MA: Coverage: Social Protection & Labour Programs: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Morocco – Table MA.World Bank.WDI: Social Protection. Coverage of social protection and labor programs (SPL) shows the percentage of population participating in social insurance, social safety net, and unemployment benefits and active labor market programs. Estimates include both direct and indirect beneficiaries.; ; ASPIRE: The Atlas of Social Protection - Indicators of Resilience and Equity, The World Bank. Data are based on national representative household surveys. (datatopics.worldbank.org/aspire/); Simple average;