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While mass vaccination campaigns against COVID-19 have inoculated almost 200 million Americans and billions more worldwide, significant pockets of vaccine hesitancy remain. Research has firmly established that vaccine efficacy is an important driver of public vaccine acceptance and choice. However, current vaccines offer widely varying levels of protection against different adverse health outcomes of COVID-19. This study employs an experiment embedded on a survey of 1,194 US adults in June 2021 to examine how communications about vaccine efficacy affect vaccine choice. The experiment manipulated how vaccine efficacy was defined across four treatments: (1) protection against symptomatic infection; (2) protection against severe illness; (3) protection against hospitalization/death; (4) efficacy data on all three metrics. The control group received no efficacy information. Subjects were asked to choose between a pair of vaccines—a one-dose viral vector vaccine or two-dose mRNA vaccine—whose efficacy data varied across the four experimental treatment groups. Efficacy data for each vaccine on each dimension were adapted from clinical trial data on the Johnson & Johnson/Janssen and Pfizer/BioNTech vaccines. Among all respondents, only modest preference gaps between the two vaccines emerged in the control group and when the two vaccines’ roughly equivalent efficacy data against hospitalization and death were reported. Strong preferences for a two-dose mRNA vaccine emerged in treatments where its higher efficacy against symptomatic or severe illness was reported, as well as in the treatment where data on all three efficacy criteria were reported. Unvaccinated respondents preferred a one-dose viral vector vaccine when only efficacy data against hospitalization or death was presented. Black and Latino respondents were significantly more likely to choose the one-shot viral vector vaccine in the combined efficacy treatment than were whites. Results speak to the importance of understanding how communications about vaccine efficacy affect public preferences in an era of increasing uncertainty about efficacy against variants.

State’s vaccine eligibility and administration plans, gathered from [6, 7, 30–34].

BackgroundThe World Health Organization (WHO) recommends oral cholera vaccines (OCVs) as a supplementary tool to conventional prevention of cholera. Dukoral, a killed whole-cell two-dose OCV, was used in a mass vaccination campaign in 2009 in Zanzibar. Public and private costs of illness (COI) due to endemic cholera and costs of the mass vaccination campaign were estimated to assess the cost-effectiveness of OCV for this particular campaign from both the health care provider and the societal perspective. Methodology/Principal FindingsPublic and private COI were obtained from interviews with local experts, with patients from three outbreaks and from reports and record review. Cost data for the vaccination campaign were collected based on actual expenditure and planned budget data. A static cohort of 50,000 individuals was examined, including herd protection. Primary outcome measures were incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) per death, per case and per disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) averted. One-way sensitivity and threshold analyses were conducted. The ICER was evaluated with regard to WHO criteria for cost-effectiveness. Base-case ICERs were USD 750,000 per death averted, USD 6,000 per case averted and USD 30,000 per DALY averted, without differences between the health care provider and the societal perspective. Threshold analyses using Shanchol and assuming high incidence and case-fatality rate indicated that the purchase price per course would have to be as low as USD 1.2 to render the mass vaccination campaign cost-effective from a health care provider perspective (societal perspective: USD 1.3). Conclusions/SignificanceBased on empirical and site-specific cost and effectiveness data from Zanzibar, the 2009 mass vaccination campaign was cost-ineffective mainly due to the relatively high OCV purchase price and a relatively low incidence. However, mass vaccination campaigns in Zanzibar to control endemic cholera may meet criteria for cost-effectiveness under certain circumstances, especially in high-incidence areas and at OCV prices below USD 1.3.

The hesitancy rate of each state, defined as the percentage of residents aged 12+ still unvaccinated by July 2021, as reported by the CDC [37].

The global market for butyl rubber stoppers used in COVID-19 vaccines experienced significant growth during the pandemic's peak. While precise figures for market size are unavailable, considering the massive vaccine rollout and the crucial role of butyl rubber stoppers in maintaining vaccine efficacy, a reasonable estimate for the 2020-2024 market size could be in the range of $500-$750 million, considering the high demand and production levels. A Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 15-20% during this period aligns with the rapid expansion of the vaccine market. Key drivers included the urgent need for mass vaccination, stringent quality control requirements for vaccine vial sealing, and the superior sealing properties of butyl rubber. Market trends indicate a gradual decline post-peak pandemic demand, yet a sustained, albeit lower, growth trajectory is anticipated due to the ongoing need for booster shots, influenza vaccines, and other injectable medications utilizing similar stopper technology. Constraints include supply chain disruptions, raw material price volatility, and increasing competition among manufacturers. Segmentation includes various stopper sizes and specialized formulations adapted to different vaccine types and storage conditions. Leading companies like West Pharmaceutical Services and Datwyler are key players, benefiting from their established manufacturing capabilities and distribution networks. Looking forward to 2025-2033, the market is expected to consolidate. While the explosive growth seen during the pandemic's peak is unlikely to persist, a CAGR of 5-8% is a plausible forecast. This moderate growth will be driven by the increasing use of injectable drugs and vaccines beyond COVID-19, along with ongoing innovation in materials science leading to improved stopper performance and longevity. Regional variations will likely reflect vaccination rates and pharmaceutical industry strength in each area. The market will continue to witness strategic alliances and mergers, especially amongst manufacturers looking to enhance their production capacity and global reach. Price competition will remain a significant factor, pushing manufacturers towards improving efficiency and exploring cost-effective sourcing strategies for raw materials.

Auto Disable Syringe for Vaccine Market Outlook

The global market size for Auto Disable Syringes for Vaccines was valued at USD 1.2 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 2.4 billion by 2032, growing at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 7.5% during the forecast period. This impressive growth is driven by increasing vaccination campaigns, rising awareness about the importance of safe injection practices, and governmental regulations mandating the use of auto-disable syringes to prevent needle reuse.

The growth of the auto-disable syringe market is underpinned by several key factors. Firstly, the global increase in vaccination programs, particularly in developing regions, is a significant driver. Governments and international health organizations are investing heavily in immunization initiatives to combat various infectious diseases, thereby boosting the demand for auto-disable syringes. These syringes are designed to prevent reuse, thus ensuring the safety and efficacy of vaccination campaigns. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of efficient and safe vaccine administration, further propelling market growth.

Secondly, increasing awareness regarding the dangers of needle reuse and the subsequent risk of blood-borne pathogen transmission is another critical growth factor. Healthcare professionals and patients are becoming increasingly educated about the importance of using auto-disable syringes to prevent infections such as HIV and hepatitis. This heightened awareness is driving demand in both developed and developing countries. Furthermore, stringent regulations and guidelines imposed by health authorities globally are making it mandatory to use auto-disable syringes for vaccinations, thus promoting market expansion.

Furthermore, advancements in syringe technology are contributing to market growth. Manufacturers are continuously innovating to develop syringes that are not only auto-disable but also user-friendly and cost-effective. These innovations include syringes with fixed and variable doses, making them versatile for different vaccination requirements. The introduction of eco-friendly materials in syringe manufacturing is also gaining traction, aligning with global sustainability goals and further driving market growth.

Regionally, the market outlook varies. North America and Europe are expected to witness substantial growth due to their well-established healthcare infrastructures and high vaccination rates. In contrast, the Asia Pacific region is poised for the highest growth, driven by large population bases, increasing healthcare expenditure, and robust government initiatives for immunization. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa also present significant opportunities, fueled by improving healthcare systems and increased focus on disease prevention.

Product Type Analysis

The auto-disable syringe market is segmented by product type into fixed dose and variable dose syringes. Fixed dose syringes are designed to deliver a specific amount of medication, making them ideal for mass vaccination programs where uniform doses are administered. These syringes are gaining popularity due to their simplicity and ease of use, which minimizes the risk of dosage errors. The fixed dose segment is expected to witness steady growth, driven by ongoing immunization campaigns worldwide.

On the other hand, variable dose syringes offer greater flexibility, allowing healthcare providers to adjust the dosage based on individual patient needs. This versatility makes them suitable for a broader range of applications beyond routine vaccinations, including therapeutic injections. The demand for variable dose syringes is anticipated to grow significantly, particularly in regions with advanced healthcare systems that cater to diverse medical requirements. Technological advancements in syringe design are also enhancing the functionality and appeal of variable dose syringes.

Furthermore, both fixed and variable dose syringes are benefiting from increased investments in research and development. Manufacturers are focusing on improving the safety features, user-friendliness, and cost-effectiveness of these syringes. Innovations such as integrated needle safety mechanisms and easier-to-read dosage markings are enhancing the adoption of these products in various healthcare settings. The development of eco-friendly materials is another trend gaining momentum in the syringe manufacturing industry, aligning with global sustainability initiatives.

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Rabies Vaccine For Pets Market Outlook

The global rabies vaccine for pets market size was valued at approximately USD 2.8 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach around USD 4.5 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.5% during the forecast period. The growth of the rabies vaccine market for pets can be attributed to the increasing awareness among pet owners regarding the importance of vaccinating their pets, coupled with stringent government regulations mandating rabies vaccinations.

One of the primary growth factors driving this market is the rising pet ownership worldwide. With an increasing number of households adopting pets, particularly dogs and cats, the demand for preventive healthcare, including vaccinations, has surged. This trend is particularly prominent in urban areas where pet companionship is seen as a way to enhance life quality. Additionally, the increasing incidences of rabies in various regions have prompted pet owners to ensure their animals are vaccinated, thereby propelling market growth.

Another significant growth factor is the continuous advancements in veterinary medicine. Innovations in vaccine technology, such as the development of more effective and safer vaccine formulations, have broadened the options available for pet vaccinations. These advancements not only enhance the efficacy of rabies vaccines but also reduce the side effects associated with traditional vaccines, encouraging more pet owners to comply with vaccination schedules.

Government initiatives and regulations also play a substantial role in the market's expansion. Many countries have implemented stringent laws requiring mandatory rabies vaccinations for pets, particularly for dogs and cats. These regulations are often enforced through licensing and registration requirements, ensuring that pets are up-to-date with their vaccinations. Such policies not only protect public health but also stimulate the demand for rabies vaccines.

Regionally, North America and Europe are major markets for rabies vaccines for pets, driven by high pet ownership rates and strict regulatory requirements. However, the Asia Pacific region is expected to exhibit the highest growth rate during the forecast period. This growth is attributed to the rising disposable incomes, increasing awareness about pet health, and expanding pet populations in countries like China and India. Additionally, initiatives by non-profit organizations to combat rabies through mass vaccination campaigns in developing regions contribute to the market's growth.

The pet drug and vaccine industry plays a crucial role in ensuring the health and well-being of pets worldwide. This sector encompasses a wide range of products, including preventive vaccines, therapeutic drugs, and nutritional supplements designed specifically for animals. As pet ownership continues to rise, so does the demand for innovative and effective treatments that address various health concerns in pets. Companies in this industry are constantly researching and developing new formulations to meet the evolving needs of pet owners, ensuring that their furry companions lead healthy and happy lives. The integration of advanced technologies in drug and vaccine development has further enhanced the efficacy and safety of these products, making them indispensable in modern veterinary care.

Product Type Analysis

The rabies vaccine for pets market is segmented by product type into inactivated vaccines, live attenuated vaccines, and recombinant vaccines. Inactivated vaccines are one of the most prevalent types and have historically dominated the market. These vaccines contain killed rabies viruses that stimulate an immune response without causing the disease, making them a preferred choice for many veterinarians and pet owners. Their long-standing track record of safety and efficacy contributes significantly to their market share.

Live attenuated vaccines, on the other hand, contain live viruses that have been weakened so that they do not cause disease in healthy animals. These vaccines tend to elicit a strong and long-lasting immune response, often with a single dose. However, their use is sometimes limited due to concerns about safety, particularly in immunocompromised animals or pregnant pets. Despite these concerns, live attenuated vaccines hold a considerable portion of the market due to their effectiveness.

Recombinant

Glass Vaccine Vial Market Outlook

The global glass vaccine vial market size was valued at approximately USD 1.2 billion in 2023 and is expected to reach USD 2.5 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.5%. The growth of the glass vaccine vial market is primarily driven by the increasing global demand for vaccines, advancements in pharmaceutical packaging, and rising healthcare expenditures.

One major growth factor fueling the glass vaccine vial market is the unprecedented global demand for vaccines, particularly in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. The need for robust immunization programs has increased the production of vaccines, thereby augmenting the demand for high-quality glass vials that ensure stability and sterility of the vaccine formulations. Additionally, the rise in infectious diseases and a growing aging population requiring regular vaccinations further bolster market growth.

Technological advancements in pharmaceutical packaging have also played a crucial role in the expansion of the glass vaccine vial market. The introduction of advanced manufacturing techniques such as lyophilization and increased focus on ensuring the integrity of vaccines during storage and transportation have necessitated the use of superior quality glass vials. These vials are designed to withstand extreme temperatures and prevent contamination, thereby enhancing the efficacy and safety of the vaccines.

Moreover, increasing healthcare expenditures across the globe have positively impacted the market. Governments and private sectors are significantly investing in healthcare infrastructure, including vaccine storage and distribution. Such investments are aimed at improving the overall healthcare system and ensuring better accessibility and availability of vaccines, thus driving the demand for glass vaccine vials.

Regionally, North America holds a substantial share in the glass vaccine vial market owing to its advanced healthcare infrastructure and significant investments in research and development. Europe also presents a strong market owing to its stringent regulations on pharmaceutical packaging and increasing vaccine production. Meanwhile, the Asia Pacific region is poised for notable growth due to rising healthcare awareness, increasing government initiatives, and expanding pharmaceutical industries in countries like China and India.

Product Type Analysis

The glass vaccine vial market is segmented into three types – Type I, Type II, and Type III glass. Type I glass vials, also known as borosilicate glass, dominate the market due to their superior chemical resistance and low coefficient of expansion. These characteristics make Type I glass the preferred choice for storing sensitive vaccine formulations that require high stability and purity. The demand for Type I glass vials is particularly high in developed countries with stringent regulations regarding pharmaceutical packaging.

Type II glass vials, which are made from treated soda-lime glass, are also widely used in the market. These vials offer moderate chemical resistance and are suitable for less sensitive formulations. Type II glass vials are often employed in the production of vaccines that do not require the extremely high stability provided by Type I glass. The cost-effectiveness of Type II glass also makes it an attractive option for many manufacturers, particularly in emerging markets where cost constraints are a significant consideration.

Type III glass, made from untreated soda-lime glass, holds a smaller market share compared to Type I and Type II. However, it still finds applications in scenarios where the chemical durability is not a critical factor. Type III glass vials are generally used for vaccines that are less susceptible to chemical interactions and degradation. The affordability of Type III glass makes it a viable option for mass vaccination programs, especially in low-income regions.

In summary, each product type has its unique advantages and is selected based on the specific requirements of the vaccine formulations. The growing demand for vaccines, coupled with the need for high-quality packaging solutions, ensures that all three types of glass vials will continue to play significant roles in the market. Advances in glass manufacturing technologies are likely to further enhance the performance and applicability of these vials.

Report Scope

Fish Vaccine Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global fish vaccine market size reached USD 325.4 million in 2024, reflecting robust adoption across aquaculture operations worldwide. The market is projected to expand at a CAGR of 7.8% from 2025 to 2033, reaching an estimated USD 648.2 million by 2033. This growth is primarily driven by the rising prevalence of infectious diseases in aquaculture, increasing demand for sustainable fish farming, and the expanding global seafood trade. As per our latest research, the fish vaccine market is experiencing a dynamic shift due to advancements in biotechnology and the growing emphasis on disease prevention strategies.

A significant growth factor for the fish vaccine market is the intensification of aquaculture production worldwide. As global fish consumption continues to rise, aquaculture has become a critical source of protein, prompting farmers to adopt innovative solutions to mitigate disease outbreaks that can devastate fish stocks. The increased stocking densities and rapid expansion of fish farms have heightened the risk of infectious diseases, compelling industry stakeholders to prioritize vaccination as a primary biosecurity measure. Regulatory bodies in major aquaculture-producing countries, such as Norway, Chile, and China, are also advocating for reduced antibiotic use, further propelling the adoption of fish vaccines as a sustainable disease management tool.

Technological advancements in vaccine development have played a pivotal role in market growth. The emergence of next-generation vaccines, including DNA vaccines and recombinant subunit vaccines, has significantly improved the efficacy and safety profiles of fish vaccines. These innovations offer targeted immune responses, longer-lasting protection, and reduced side effects compared to traditional vaccine formulations. Furthermore, the integration of advanced delivery methods, such as oral and immersion vaccines, has made mass vaccination more feasible and less labor-intensive, especially for small and juvenile fish. Biotechnology companies and research institutes are increasingly investing in R&D to develop novel vaccines tailored to specific fish species and regional disease profiles, further expanding the market’s potential.

The global push towards sustainable aquaculture practices is another critical driver for the fish vaccine market. Governments and international organizations are promoting responsible aquaculture to ensure food security, environmental protection, and economic growth. Vaccination is recognized as an environmentally friendly alternative to antibiotics and chemicals, helping to reduce the risk of antimicrobial resistance and residue accumulation in aquatic environments. This shift aligns with consumer preferences for safe and sustainably farmed seafood, encouraging producers to invest in comprehensive vaccination programs. Additionally, the growing export of farmed fish has led to stricter biosecurity and certification requirements, further reinforcing the importance of effective vaccination strategies in the global supply chain.

From a regional perspective, Asia Pacific dominates the fish vaccine market, driven by the region’s vast aquaculture production and increasing investments in fish health management. Countries like China, India, Vietnam, and Indonesia are at the forefront, accounting for a significant share of global fish farming activities. Europe and North America follow closely, benefiting from advanced veterinary infrastructure, strong regulatory frameworks, and high-value aquaculture industries. Latin America, particularly Chile, is rapidly emerging as a key market due to its thriving salmon farming sector. The Middle East & Africa, while currently representing a smaller share, is expected to witness accelerated growth as aquaculture gains traction and disease management becomes a priority. Regional disparities in vaccine adoption are influenced by factors such as species diversity, disease prevalence, regulatory policies, and technological capabilities.

The global vaccine glass bottle market is experiencing steady growth, driven by the increasing demand for vaccines globally. The market, valued at approximately $2.5 billion in 2025, is projected to exhibit a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5% from 2025 to 2033. This growth is fueled by several factors, including rising vaccination rates worldwide, the ongoing development of new vaccines for emerging infectious diseases, and a growing preference for single-dose vials to minimize wastage and enhance safety. The increasing prevalence of chronic diseases requiring therapeutic vaccines further contributes to market expansion. Market segmentation reveals that the multi-dose segment currently holds a larger market share than the single-dose segment due to cost-effectiveness for mass vaccination programs. However, the single-dose segment is expected to witness faster growth driven by its advantages in preventing contamination and ensuring individual dosage accuracy. Within applications, preventive vaccines dominate the market share, mirroring the global focus on preventing infectious diseases. However, the therapeutic vaccine segment is expected to grow at a faster rate due to increased investment in the development of vaccines for treating chronic diseases like cancer. Key players such as Schott, Thermo Fisher Scientific, and Gerresheimer are leveraging their technological expertise to cater to the growing demands of the pharmaceutical industry, further fueling market expansion. Geographical analysis indicates that North America and Europe currently hold significant market shares, driven by robust healthcare infrastructure and high per capita vaccine consumption. However, Asia Pacific is projected to emerge as a high-growth region in the coming years due to rising disposable incomes, increasing healthcare expenditure, and expanding vaccination programs, particularly in countries like India and China. The market faces challenges such as stringent regulatory requirements for pharmaceutical packaging, intense competition among manufacturers, and potential fluctuations in raw material prices. Despite these challenges, the long-term outlook for the vaccine glass bottle market remains positive, driven by continuous innovation in vaccine technology and the global commitment to improving public health.

The global market for vials used in COVID-19 vaccine distribution experienced significant growth during the pandemic and continues to evolve. While precise figures for market size and CAGR are unavailable in the provided data, a reasonable estimation can be made based on industry reports and market dynamics. Considering the massive scale of the global vaccination campaigns, the market size for vials in 2025 is conservatively estimated at $5 billion USD. This reflects the ongoing need for vial packaging in both the continued administration of COVID-19 vaccines and the broader pharmaceutical industry's reliance on vial packaging for other injectable medications. A CAGR of 7% is a reasonable estimation given the sustained demand for vaccines and other injectables, though this will likely moderate in the coming years as the initial surge subsides. Several factors propelled this growth, including the urgent need for efficient vaccine delivery and storage, the massive increase in vaccine production, and the stringent quality control requirements associated with pharmaceutical packaging. The market is expected to maintain a steady growth trajectory driven by several factors, including the ongoing need for booster shots and the potential for future pandemics requiring mass vaccination campaigns. Moreover, the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases necessitating injectable therapies contributes to sustained demand. However, factors such as increased competition, technological advancements leading to alternative packaging solutions, and price pressures may somewhat restrain market growth in the forecast period. Key players in this market include Corning, Schott AG, SiO2 Materials Science, SGD Pharma, Stevanato Group, DWK Life Sciences, and Gerresheimer, each vying for market share through innovation and production capacity. The regional distribution of this market is diverse, with North America and Europe likely holding significant shares due to their established pharmaceutical industries and advanced healthcare infrastructure.

All references, data, formulas, etc. are shown for each individual graph in a separate sheet. (XLSX)

BackgroundKilled, oral cholera vaccines have proven safe and effective, and several large-scale mass cholera vaccination efforts have demonstrated the feasibility of widespread deployment. This study uses a mathematical model of cholera transmission in Bangladesh to examine the effectiveness of potential vaccination strategies.Methods & FindingsWe developed an age-structured mathematical model of cholera transmission and calibrated it to reproduce the dynamics of cholera in Matlab, Bangladesh. We used the model to predict the effectiveness of different cholera vaccination strategies over a period of 20 years. We explored vaccination programs that targeted one of three increasingly focused age groups (the entire vaccine-eligible population of age one year and older, children of ages 1 to 14 years, or preschoolers of ages 1 to 4 years) and that could occur either as campaigns recurring every five years or as continuous ongoing vaccination efforts. Our modeling results suggest that vaccinating 70% of the population would avert 90% of cholera cases in the first year but that campaign and continuous vaccination strategies differ in effectiveness over 20 years. Maintaining 70% coverage of the population would be sufficient to prevent sustained transmission of endemic cholera in Matlab, while vaccinating periodically every five years is less effective. Selectively vaccinating children 1–14 years old would prevent the most cholera cases per vaccine administered in both campaign and continuous strategies.ConclusionsWe conclude that continuous mass vaccination would be more effective against endemic cholera than periodic campaigns. Vaccinating children averts more cases per dose than vaccinating all age groups, although vaccinating only children is unlikely to control endemic cholera in Bangladesh. Careful consideration must be made before generalizing these results to other regions.

Aerosolized Measles Vaccine Market Outlook

As per our latest research, the global aerosolized measles vaccine market size reached USD 325 million in 2024, with a robust compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.1% observed over recent years. The market is being propelled by increasing measles outbreaks and the urgent need for mass immunization strategies, particularly in resource-limited settings. With these growth dynamics, the aerosolized measles vaccine market is forecasted to reach USD 646 million by 2033, reflecting strong adoption rates and expanding applications. This surge is attributed to advancements in vaccine delivery technologies and heightened focus on global immunization initiatives, particularly in developing economies.

The primary growth driver for the aerosolized measles vaccine market is the rising incidence of measles outbreaks worldwide, especially in regions with low vaccination coverage. Traditional injectable vaccines face logistical challenges such as cold chain requirements, needle phobia, and the need for trained healthcare personnel. Aerosolized vaccines, delivered via inhalation, offer a needle-free, scalable alternative that can be administered rapidly during mass immunization campaigns. This approach significantly reduces the risk of needle-stick injuries and cross-contamination, making it particularly valuable in outbreak response situations. Furthermore, the World Health Organization and various governmental bodies are increasingly endorsing aerosolized delivery methods as part of their strategic immunization plans, which is accelerating market penetration.

Technological advancements in vaccine formulation and delivery devices are also playing a pivotal role in market expansion. Modern aerosolized vaccines are being developed with improved thermostability, eliminating the need for stringent cold chain logistics and enabling distribution to remote and resource-limited areas. Innovations in nebulizers and inhalers have enhanced the efficiency and consistency of vaccine delivery, ensuring optimal immunogenicity across diverse population groups. These innovations not only improve patient compliance but also facilitate the integration of aerosolized vaccines into routine immunization schedules and emergency outbreak responses. Additionally, ongoing research into recombinant vaccine technologies promises to further enhance the efficacy and safety profile of aerosolized measles vaccines, opening new avenues for market growth.

Another significant factor driving the aerosolized measles vaccine market is the increasing emphasis on universal health coverage and the expansion of public health initiatives. Governments and international organizations are prioritizing the eradication of measles as part of their broader public health agendas, resulting in increased funding for immunization programs and vaccine procurement. Partnerships between vaccine manufacturers, non-governmental organizations, and health agencies are facilitating the development and deployment of aerosolized vaccines in high-burden regions. Moreover, the rising awareness of the benefits of needle-free vaccination among healthcare providers and the general public is fostering higher acceptance and uptake rates, further propelling market growth.

From a regional perspective, the Asia Pacific region dominates the aerosolized measles vaccine market, accounting for the largest share in 2024. This is primarily due to the high population density, frequent measles outbreaks, and robust government-led immunization initiatives in countries such as India and China. North America and Europe follow, driven by advanced healthcare infrastructure and ongoing research into novel vaccine delivery systems. Meanwhile, Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are witnessing steady growth, supported by international aid programs and increasing investments in healthcare infrastructure. The diverse regional landscape highlights the global importance of aerosolized measles vaccines in achieving measles elimination goals.

The following dashboards provide data on contagious respiratory viruses, including acute respiratory diseases, COVID-19, influenza (flu), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in Massachusetts. The data presented here can help track trends in respiratory disease and vaccination activity across Massachusetts.

Oral Cholera Vaccine Market Outlook

The global oral cholera vaccine market size was valued at approximately USD 220 million in 2023 and is projected to reach nearly USD 450 million by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.3% during the forecast period. The accelerating market growth can be attributed to several factors including increasing incidences of cholera outbreaks, growing awareness about preventive healthcare, and robust governmental and non-governmental initiatives aimed at disease control and prevention.

A major growth factor for the oral cholera vaccine market is the rising incidence of cholera in various low-income and developing countries. Cholera, an acute diarrheal disease caused by the ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, remains a significant public health threat in many parts of the world, especially in regions with inadequate access to clean water and sanitation facilities. The high prevalence rate of the disease necessitates the widespread use of vaccines as a preemptive measure, driving the market demand for oral cholera vaccines.

Another key growth driver is the increasing awareness and education efforts regarding the benefits of vaccination among at-risk populations. Educational campaigns spearheaded by organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and various non-governmental organizations (NGOs) emphasize the importance of vaccination in preventing cholera outbreaks. These campaigns have been instrumental in improving vaccine uptake rates in vulnerable communities, thereby propelling market growth. Additionally, the continued focus on healthcare infrastructure improvement in developing countries is expected to further bolster the market.

Governmental and non-governmental initiatives aimed at improving global health security also play a crucial role in market expansion. Various international health organizations are working in collaboration with national health bodies to stockpile cholera vaccines and ensure their availability during outbreaks. Programs like the Global Task Force on Cholera Control (GTFCC) and initiatives supported by GAVI, the Vaccine Alliance, have significantly increased the production and distribution of oral cholera vaccines. These concerted efforts not only improve access to vaccines but also ensure sustained market growth over the forecast period.

Regionally, the Asia Pacific is anticipated to hold the largest market share, followed by regions such as Africa and Latin America. The prevalence of cholera in countries such as India, Bangladesh, and various African nations continues to be a major public health concern, necessitating extensive vaccination programs. Additionally, increasing government funding and international aid aimed at combating cholera in these regions further accentuate the market growth. North America and Europe are also witnessing a steady demand for oral cholera vaccines, driven by travel immunization requirements and heightened awareness about travel-related health risks.

Vaccine Type Analysis

The oral cholera vaccine market is segmented by vaccine type, which includes Dukoral, Shanchol, Vaxchora, and Others. Dukoral, manufactured by Valneva, is widely recognized for its effectiveness in preventing cholera and has a significant market share. The vaccine is administered in two doses and is suitable for both adults and children over 2 years of age. Its widespread acceptance in travel medicine and preventive programs in endemic countries underscores its dominance in the market. The safety profile and ease of administration make Dukoral a preferred choice, contributing to its substantial market share.

Shanchol, another major vaccine type, is manufactured by Shantha Biotechnics and is prequalified by the World Health Organization (WHO). It is predominantly used in mass vaccination campaigns in cholera-endemic areas. Shanchol’s cost-effectiveness and longer-lasting immunity, requiring only two doses, make it a critical component in large-scale vaccination drives, particularly in resource-limited settings. This vaccine's ability to provide herd immunity further enhances its market demand, especially in regions grappling with recurrent cholera outbreaks.

Vaxchora, produced by PaxVax (now part of Emergent BioSolutions), is the only single-dose oral cholera vaccine approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for travelers. Its one-dose regimen offers a significant advantage for travelers needing quick and effective immunization. Vaxchora's approval for use in various age

Survey sample demographics.

Transdermal Microneedle Vaccine Patches Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Transdermal Microneedle Vaccine Patches market size reached USD 1.22 billion in 2024, demonstrating robust momentum driven by technological advancements and increasing demand for painless, efficient vaccination methods. The market is projected to expand at a CAGR of 13.7% from 2025 to 2033, reaching a forecasted value of USD 4.01 billion by 2033. This growth is propelled by rising prevalence of infectious diseases, escalating immunization programs, and heightened interest in self-administered healthcare solutions worldwide.

One of the primary growth drivers for the Transdermal Microneedle Vaccine Patches market is the increasing adoption of minimally invasive drug delivery platforms. Traditional vaccination methods, while effective, often encounter resistance due to needle phobia, risk of needle-stick injuries, and logistical challenges in mass immunization settings. Microneedle patches offer a painless, user-friendly alternative that can be self-administered, reducing the reliance on trained healthcare professionals and minimizing the risk of cross-contamination. This innovation is particularly valuable in resource-limited settings and during pandemics, where rapid, large-scale deployment of vaccines is critical. The ease of storage and transportation of these patches, often at room temperature, further enhances their appeal, especially in regions with inadequate cold chain infrastructure.

Another significant factor fueling market expansion is the continuous advancement in microneedle patch technology. Manufacturers are investing heavily in research and development to improve the efficacy, stability, and versatility of these patches. The emergence of dissolvable and coated microneedle patches enables the delivery of a broader range of vaccines, including those for emerging infectious diseases and complex therapeutic targets such as cancer and allergies. Partnerships between biotechnology firms, academic institutions, and governmental organizations are accelerating the pace of innovation, resulting in more effective and safer products. Moreover, regulatory bodies are increasingly providing clear guidelines and fast-track approvals for novel vaccine delivery systems, facilitating smoother market entry and adoption.

The rising global burden of infectious diseases and the ongoing need for mass immunization campaigns are also pivotal in shaping the Transdermal Microneedle Vaccine Patches market. The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the necessity for scalable, accessible, and safe vaccination strategies. Microneedle patches, with their potential for self-administration and reduced medical waste, align perfectly with these requirements. Additionally, the growing elderly population, who often experience difficulties with conventional injections, are likely to benefit significantly from microneedle vaccine patches. Public health initiatives and non-governmental organizations are increasingly advocating for the adoption of these patches to improve immunization coverage, particularly in remote and underserved communities.

From a regional perspective, North America currently dominates the Transdermal Microneedle Vaccine Patches market, owing to high healthcare expenditure, advanced R&D infrastructure, and proactive government support for innovative vaccine delivery technologies. However, the Asia Pacific region is anticipated to register the fastest CAGR during the forecast period, driven by large population bases, increasing awareness about vaccination, and expanding healthcare access. Europe remains a significant contributor, with strong regulatory frameworks and rising investments in biotechnology. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are gradually embracing microneedle technology, spurred by international collaborations and efforts to improve immunization rates.

Product Type Analysis

The Product Type segment of the Trans

Abstract

Nigeria as a signatory of the Global and Regional Public Health goals, has embarked on implementing the eliminate Yellow Fever Epidemics (EYE) Strategy that was launched in 2017. With more than 50 partners involved, the EYE partnership supports 40 at-risk countries in Africa and the Americas to prevent, detect, and respond to yellow fever suspected cases and outbreaks. The partnership aims at protecting at-risk populations, preventing international spread, and containing outbreaks rapidly. By 2026, it is expected that more than 1 billion people will be protected against the disease. The country has initiated a 10-year plan in line with the EYE strategic objectives. Reactive campaigns started in some States, namely Kogi, Kwara, Zamfara and Kebbi in 2018. This phase 1 States is followed by the end of November 2018, to cover the second preventive mass vaccination campaign in six high risk States (Borno, Plateau, FCT, Niger, Kebbi and Sokoto). For each phase, as approved by Gavi, a post campaign coverage survey is conducted to validate the performance.

The Post Yellow Fever Campaign Coverage Survey was conducted in January and February 2019 in five of the six implementing states - Sokoto, Niger, Kebbi, Plateau and the FCT. The main objectives were to assess the level of yellow fever coverage in five (5) of the six (6) implementing states (FCT, Plateau, Kebbi, Sokoto and Niger) as well as to analyze coverage by age group (9-11 months, 12 - 23 months, 2 -5 years, 6-15 years and 16-44 years). The survey was also to determine reasons for non-vaccination of eligible population during the campaign and to determine the prevalence of children receiving the first dose of yellow fever vaccine during the campaign (i.e., previously unvaccinated) and finally to identify strengths and weaknesses of program management.

The study was a three-stage stratified sampling design involving the use of computer assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) administered on respondents for yellow fever vaccination status. Survey methodology was adopted from the 2018 WHO Guidelines for National Immunization Coverage Surveys. The sample size for the PYCCS 2019 was designed to estimate state level vaccination coverage in each of the five implementing states.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual

Universe

This questionnaire was administered to the selected individual if the individual is aged 15 years and above and to mothers or caregivers of the selected child if the selected child is aged 9 months - 14 years.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample design for any household-based survey requires availability of a good sampling frame. The frame of enumeration areas (EAs) developed by the National Population Commission (NPopC) for the purpose of the Housing and Population Census conducted in 2006 was the sampling frame to be used. For this survey.

The sampling frame was developed under the second National Integrated Survey of Households (NISH2) master frame programme. There were no inaccessible LGAs in any of the sampled states due to security or any external factors, except hard to reach areas. Also, there was no exclusion to Interpretation of results from any area.

From the list of 662,529 EAs for the country, NBS drew a Master Sample of 30 Enumeration Areas with equal probability from each LGA in the 36 states and 40 EAs in each of the 6 LGAs in the FCT, Abuja. This brings the total number of master sample EAs selected by NBS for its household-based surveys to 23,280. The National Integrated Survey of Households (NISH) is a two-stage replicated and rotatable cluster sample design. The State-base NISH Master Sample Frame is constructed by pooling together LGA master samples of 30 EAs for all the LGAs in the state and selecting sample of 200 EAs using a systematic selection procedure. These 200 EAs that form the NISH master sample were selected into 20 replicates, with each replicate containing 10 sample EAs.

The stages of selection are stated below: 1. The first stage selection is the selection of EAs in each of the five (5) strata namely Kebbi, Sokoto, Niger, Plateau and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja. Forty (40) enumeration areas (4 replicates) were selected for coverage in each of the strata. A total of 200 EAs were selected in all the five strata.

1. The second stage involved the selection of households within each cluster by using systematic random sampling. A sample of seven (7) households was randomly selected per EA for the interview providing a total of 1,400 households in the five (5) states.

2. The third stage selection involved all household members who were aged between 9 months and 44 years were eligible for inclusion into the survey. This eligible age range was divided into three non-overlapping age cohorts of 9 - 23 months, 24 - 59 months, and 6 - 44 years and one eligible person was randomly selected for interview from each of these age cohorts in a household. When there was only one eligible person in an age group, that person automatically qualified to be interviewed and was selected for interviewing. Using this three-stage sampling design, a maximum of three persons were interviewed in the selected households regardless of the number of persons aged between 9 months and 44 years there were in a household. Household members outside the age range of 9 months and 44 years were not included in the survey.

The use of Kish grid at the household for selection of individuals to be interviewed was programmed into the Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI) that were used for data collection. Individuals to be interviewed were selected automatically on completion of the household roster.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The questionnaire is a structured questionnaire developed as a joint effort of the National Bureau of Statistics, National Primary Health Care Development Agency (NPHCDA) and World Health Organization (WHO).

The information collected are stated below in each module of the questionnaire: 1. The household questionnaire collected information on: - Household Identification - Household Member Roster

1. The individual questionnaire are administered to selected member of the household who are 15 years and above and to mothers and caregivers. Information collected are:
2. Individual Identification
3. Demographic Information
4. Immunization

Cleaning operations

Data collection was conducted using CSPro (Census and Survey) software running on android tablet computers. Range checks and skip patterns were coded into the data entry program to ensure that only all valid responses were collected and that there were responses to all applicable questions. On completion of the household roster, only age-eligible respondents were presented to the interviewer for interviewing and information had to be collected on all selected respondents before a household completion status was generated by the CAPI software. Once an interview was completed, data from an enumerators tablet was synchronized with the supervisors' tablet for primary data editing. The supervisor then transmitted the data to a centralized database once all eligible within an enumeration area had been interviewed.

Response rate

The response rate was very high with 98.9 percent.