Overview Deployment off the coast of Morro Bay, California Data Details Buoy Data Files name like: buoy.z06.00.20200929.000000.currents.csv buoy.z06.00.20200929.000000.gill.csv buoy.z06.00.20200929.000000.gps.csv buoy.z06.00.20200929.000000.pressure.csv buoy.z06.00.20200929.000000.rh.csv buoy.z06.00.20200929.000000.temperature.csv buoy.z06.00.20200929.000000.waves.csv GX5 data: buoy.z06.00.20200930.194800.gnss.bin buoy.z06.00.20200930.194800.imu.bin Data Quality More information to follow.

West Virginia and Kansas had the lowest cost of living across all U.S. states, with composite costs being half of those found in Hawaii. This was according to a composite index that compares prices for various goods and services on a state-by-state basis. In West Virginia, the cost of living index amounted to **** — well below the national benchmark of 100. Virginia— which had an index value of ***** — was only slightly above that benchmark. Expensive places to live included Hawaii, Massachusetts, and California. Housing costs in the U.S. Housing is usually the highest expense in a household’s budget. In 2023, the average house sold for approximately ******* U.S. dollars, but house prices in the Northeast and West regions were significantly higher. Conversely, the South had some of the least expensive housing. In West Virginia, Mississippi, and Louisiana, the median price of the typical single-family home was less than ******* U.S. dollars. That makes living expenses in these states significantly lower than in states such as Hawaii and California, where housing is much pricier. What other expenses affect the cost of living? Utility costs such as electricity, natural gas, water, and internet also influence the cost of living. In Alaska, Hawaii, and Connecticut, the average monthly utility cost exceeded *** U.S. dollars. That was because of the significantly higher prices for electricity and natural gas in these states.

Overview This is the data collected during the validation period. The buoy is scheduled to be deployed near Martha's Vinyard in mid-January 2020. Data collected from buoy instruments are contained in two files labeled “primary” and secondary.” Header information for these files can be found in the respective tabs in the Excel spreadsheet under Attachments. Data Details Add some documentation about buoy data files here.

As of August 2025, California had the most mass shootings in the United States, with 26 total shootings since 1982. The source defines a mass shooting as a shooting where three or more people were killed. Recently, a mass shooting occurred in the state of Maine on October 26, 2023, during which one of the highest number of fatalities from a mass shooting was recorded after Robert Card opened fire in a bowling alley and a bar, killing 18 and injuring 13 others. Firearms in the U.S. Mass shootings in the United States are disturbingly common. In comparison with other Western countries, there are significantly more shootings in the U.S., which some theorize is due to the relatively lax gun control laws. Gun control laws in the U.S. are dependent on the state, and the right to own a firearm is enshrined in the United States Constitution. Mass shootings The worst mass shooting in the U.S. was the Las Vegas Strip massacre in 2017, which resulted in 58 deaths and 546 injuries. 13 of the worst mass shootings in the United States have occurred since 2015 and the vast majority of these incidents in the U.S. have been carried out by shooters who are White and male.

Collection of these data was undertaken in order to develop offender classification criteria that could be used to identify career criminals for priority prosecution. In addition to the crime records obtained from official sources and defendants' self- reports, information about prosecutors' discretionary judgments on sampled cases was obtained from interviews of prosecutors and case review forms completed by attorneys. Respondent and nonrespondent files, taken from official court records, contain information on current and past records of offenses committed, arrests, dispositions, sentences, parole and probation histories, substance abuse records, juvenile court appearances, criminal justice practitioners' assessments, and demographic characteristics. The prosecutor interview files contain variables relating to prosecutors' opinions on the seriousness of the defendant's case, subjective criteria used to decide suitability for prosecution, and case status at intake stage. Information obtained from prosecutors' case review forms include defendants' prior records and situational variables related to the charged offenses. The self-report files contain data on the defendants' employment histories, substance abuse and criminal records, sentence and confinement histories, and basic socioeconomic characteristics.

In the academic year 2023/24, California was the most popular state for international students, with 140,858 international students studying there. New York, Texas, Massachusetts, and Illinois rounded out the top five leading states for international students in the United States.

Overview This dataset compiles results from different model-based hindcasts and instruments that measure environmental variables at the _location of the associated lidar buoys. This dataset complements the lidar buoy measurements by providing longer time histories of selected environmental parameters. The data were extracted from the closest grid point to the average lidar buoy position. The data were obtained from the public _domain and references to the originators/owners are provided under each instrument.

This dataverse contains the data and supporting documents for the CES 2020 Team Module of UMass Amherst and UC Merced. This project was supported by the National Science Foundation, Grant Number SES-1948863.

In 2023, there were almost 237.7 million licensed drivers in the United States. At around 27.7 million, California issued the highest number of licenses in the country that year. Not only is California the U.S. state with the highest number of licensed drivers, but it is also the most populous state in the U.S. overall, representing close to 12 percent of the country’s total population. Young people are most likely to be involved in car accidents When it comes to accidents, people aged 21 to 24 are most at risk. While there are more female license holders in the U.S., men are more likely to drive at least occasionally. Across all age groups, the male population has substantially higher death rates than the female population. About licenses in the U.S. The driver’s license became mandatory in the United States in the early 20th century, with Missouri and Massachusetts being the first states to require an official license for operating certain types of motor vehicles. Such vehicles include motorcycles, passenger vehicles, trucks, trailers, or buses. New Jersey became the first state to require all drivers to pass a mandatory test before being granted an official driver’s license.

In the first quarter of 2020, 77 venture capital backed digital health deals were made in California, compared to 28 in Massachusetts and 32 in New York State. Within the given period, the second quarter of 2018 was the most yielding quarter regarding the number of digital health deals in California.

Overview This is the data collected during the validation period. The buoy is scheduled to be deployed near Martha's Vinyard in mid-January 2020. The Leosphere Windcube 866 lidar systems output 5 different compressed data files. Compression is explained below. Data Details The Windcube data is compressed via 7-zip: WLS866-24_2020_01_15_00_00_00.gyro.7z WLS866-24_2020_01_15_00_00_00.rtd.7z WLS866-24_2020_01_15_00_00_00.sta.7z WLS866-24_2020_01_15_00_00_00.stdrtd.7z WLS866-24_2020_01_15_00_00_00.stdsta.7z "sta" files are 10 minute averaged data. "rtd" files are ~1 second data. "gyro" files are buoy movement data. 7z is the new archive format, providing high compression ratio. The main features of 7z format: Open architecture High compression ratio Strong AES-256 encryption Ability of using any compression, conversion or encryption method Supporting files with sizes up to 16000000000 GB Unicode file names Solid compressing Archive headers compressing 7z has open architecture, so it can support any new compression methods. https://www.7-zip.org/7z.html

Contains the Supreme Court cases for the following states from the years 2000-2020: California, Hawaii, Idaho, Maryland, Massachusetts, Oklahoma, Utah, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wyoming. The data is contained in an RData file, all of the PDF opinions have been converted to character vectors.

In 2023, the state that had the highest value of venture capital (VC) investment in the United States was California. The value of VC investments made in California amounted to over ** billion U.S. dollars, followed by New York with nearly ***** billion U.S. dollars. Massachusetts secured the third position with around ** billion U.S. dollars worth of investment. In terms of deal volume, California also led the U.S. market as the state with the highest number of venture capital deals closed. How has venture capital investment in the U.S. changed over time? Over the course of the last five years, the value of venture capital investment in the United States has generally increased, albeit with some fluctuation. Despite the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic that have impacted economies worldwide, VC investments amounted to a value of around *** billion U.S. dollars in 2020 – a significant increase from the value obtained in the previous year. Which industries received the most VC funding? In the United States, the value of venture capital investment was highest in the software industry in 2023, with deal value of over ** billion U.S. dollars. This was followed by the commercial products and service industry, and then the pharma and biotech sector.

Overview

Deployment off the coast of Morro Bay, California.

Data Details

Windcube Data Files:
lidar.z06.00.20200929.000000.gyro.7z
lidar.z06.00.20200929.000000.rtd.7z
lidar.z06.00.20200929.000000.sta.7z
lidar.z06.00.20200929.000000.stdrtd.7z
lidar.z06.00.20200929.000000.stdsta.7z

The Windcube data is compressed via 7-zip:

"sta" files are 10 minute averaged data.
"rtd" files are ~1 second data.
"gyro" files are buoy movement data.

7z is the new archive format, providing high compression ratio.

The main features of 7z format:
Open architecture
High compression ratio
Strong AES-256 encryption
Ability of using any compression, conversion or encryption method
Supporting files with sizes up to 16000000000 GB
Unicode file names
Solid compressing
Archive headers compressing

7z has open architecture, so it can support any new compression methods.

https://www.7-zip.org/7z.html

Data Quality

Additional meta data to follow.

PNNL recommends adding 180 degrees to the lidar wind directions at Morro Bay, as there is a directional issue associated with GPS cables being swapped on the buoy during buoy commissioning. The 180 degrees offset is going to be very close to our final post-processed data, that will be uploaded at the end of the campaign in September or November 2021.

Please email Alicia Gorton with any questions by clicking on her name under Contacts. (alicia.gorton@pnnl.gov)

As of August 2024, the longest highway in the United States was U.S. Route 20, covering ***** miles from Boston, Massachusetts, to Newport, Oregon. Following in the ranking was U.S. Route 6 spanning ***** miles from Provincetown, Massachusetts to Bishop, California.

This resource uses an app hosted on QUBES to visualize similarities and differences in Quercus phenology at three NEON sites in California, Florida, and Massachusetts.

This data was created as part of a study that examined the accessibility to jobs by auto in the 50 largest (by population) metropolitan areas in the United States. It is the most detailed evaluation to date of access to jobs by auto, and it allows for a direct comparison of the auto accessibility performance of America's largest metropolitan areas. This data is part of a longitudinal study. The data available describe access to jobs by auto in the states of Arkansas, California, District of Columbia, Florida, Illinois, Iowa, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, North Carolina, Tennessee, Washington, and Virginia, and the metropolitan areas within these states. Downloads are available for individual metropolitan regions, as well as states, in Geopackage format. A combined ZIP file containing the data for all metropolitan regions is available, and is labeled as "All Metropolitan Regions."

The U.S. housing market continues to evolve, with the median price for existing homes forecast to fall to ******* U.S. dollars by 2027. This projection comes after a period of significant growth and recent fluctuations, reflecting the complex interplay of economic factors affecting the real estate sector. The rising costs have not only impacted home prices but also down payments, with the median down payment more than doubling since 2012. Regional variations in housing costs Home prices and down payments vary dramatically across the United States. While the national median down payment stood at approximately ****** U.S. dollars in early 2024, homebuyers in states like California, Massachusetts, and Hawaii faced down payments exceeding ****** U.S. dollars. This disparity highlights the challenges of homeownership in high-cost markets and underscores the importance of location in determining housing affordability. Market dynamics and future outlook The housing market has shown signs of cooling after years of rapid growth, with a modest price increase of *** percent in 2024. This slowdown can be attributed in part to rising mortgage rates, which have tempered demand. Despite these challenges, most states continued to see year-over-year price growth in 2025, with Rhode Island and West Virginia leading the packby home appreciation. As the market adjusts to new economic realities, potential homebuyers and investors alike will be watching closely for signs of stabilization or renewed growth in the coming years.

This shapefile contains landscape factors representing human disturbances summarized to local and network catchments of river reaches for the state of California. This dataset is the result of clipping the feature class 'NFHAP 2010 HCI Scores and Human Disturbance Data for the Conterminous United States linked to NHDPLUSV1.gdb' to the state boundary of California. Landscape factors include land uses, population density, roads, dams, mines, and point-source pollution sites. The source datasets that were compiled and attributed to catchments were identified as being: (1) meaningful for assessing fish habitat; (2) consistent across the entire study area in the way that they were assembled; (3) representative of conditions in the past 10 years, and (4) of sufficient spatial resolution that they could be used to make valid comparisons among local catchment units. In this data set, these variables are linked to the catchments of the National Hydrography Dataset Plus Version 1 (NHDPlusV1) using the COMID identifier. They can also be linked to the reaches of the NHDPlusV1 using the COMID identifier. Catchment attributes are available for both local catchments (defined as the land area draining directly to a reach; attributes begin with "L_" prefix) and network catchments (defined by all upstream contributing catchments to the reach's outlet, including the reach's own local catchment; attributes begin with "N_" prefix). This shapefile also includes habitat condition scores created based on responsiveness of biological metrics to anthropogenic landscape disturbances throughout ecoregions. Separate scores were created by considering disturbances within local catchments, network catchments, and a cumulative score that accounted for the most limiting disturbance operating on a given biological metric in either local or network catchments. This assessment only scored reaches representing streams and rivers (see the process section for more details). Please use the following citation: Esselman, P., D.M. Infante, L. Wang, W. Taylor, W. Daniel, R. Tingley, J. Fenner, A. Cooper, D. Wieferich, D. Thornbrugh and J. Ross. (April 2011) National Fish Habitat Action Plan (NFHAP) 2010 HCI Scores and Human Disturbance Data (linked to NHDPLUSV1) for California. National Fish Habitat Partnership Data System. http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.5066/F7JD4TSG

Debris flows, debris avalanches, mud flows and lahars are fast-moving landslides that occur in a wide variety of environments throughout the world. They are particularly dangerous to life and property because they move quickly, destroy objects in their paths, and can strike with little warning. The purpose of this map is to show where debris flows have occurred in the conterminous United States and where these slope movements might be expected in the future.