EEA provides you with up-to-date information on drought issues in the Commonwealth. You can view maps and charts that label which regions are experiencing drought conditions. You can also view data used to determine drought conditions.

The Massachusetts Drought Management Plan (DMP, 2023) uses data from select lake and impoundment systems as an index for drought in six of seven regions in the state. The contents of these lakes and impoundments are reported to Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation (DCR) and classified as one of five levels for drought severity ranging from level 0 (Normal; percentile greater than 30) to level 4 (Emergency; percentile less than 2). Lake and impoundment system data are provided at the end of each month to DCR through multiple agencies as lake levels, volumes, or percent-full (reservoir capacity). USGS reviewed data from 14 of the lake or impoundment systems including 28 waterbodies. Diagrams for each system show the capacity of each waterbody and how water is transported through the systems. This data release provides historical monthly data in volume for each system and historical monthly data in feet for systems that consist of only one waterbody when recorded values were available . From these historical monthly data, the 50th-, 30th-, 20th-, 10th-, and 2nd- percentiles were computed. Stage volume rating data for each waterbody at each system are provided in two formats to convert gage height (feet) to volume (million gallons). The stage volume rating data files are formatted as a text (.txt) table for easy manual reading and the other is a comma-separated value (.csv) column format that is easily loaded into a spreadsheet. Stage volume rating data were provided by the municipalities and agencies that manage the systems or were developed for this study. At one system (Hudson, Gates Pond), no stage volume rating data or bathymetry data were available. A stage volume rating was developed using a python script using maximum depth and a shape file of the pond shoreline. The Python script used to develop the stage volume rating data and the R script used to compute the quantiles are published as a part of this data release. Files for each system include supplied historical volume, computed volume percentiles, stage volume rating(s), and a system diagram. Historical elevation data and computed elevation percentiles are included when applicable.

This map contains the following data:USA Current WildfiresUSA Wildfire Hazard Potential w/DemographicsUSA Drought Intensity - Current Conditions

This data release contains extended estimates of daily groundwater levels and monthly percentiles at 27 short-term monitoring wells in Massachusetts. The Maintenance of Variance Extension Type 1 (MOVE.1) regression method was used to extend short-term groundwater levels at wells with less than 10 years of continuous data. This method uses groundwater level data from a correlated long-term monitoring well (index well) to estimate the groundwater level record for the short-term monitoring well. MOVE.1 regressions are used widely throughout the hydrologic community to extend flow records from streamgaging stations but are less commonly used to extend groundwater records at wells. The data in this data release document the results of the MOVE.1 regressions to estimate groundwater levels and compute updated monthly percentiles for select wells used in the groundwater index in the Massachusetts Drought Management Plan (2019). The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) groundwater identification site numbers and groundwater level data are available via the USGS National Water Information System (NWIS) database (available at https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis). Groundwater levels provided are in depth to water level, in feet below land surface datum. This data release accompanies a USGS scientific investigations report that describes the methods and results in detail (Ahearn and Crozier, 2024). Reference: Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs and Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency, 2019, Massachusetts drought management plan: Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs, 115 p., accessed September 2022, at https://www.mass.gov/doc/massachusetts-drought-management-plan The following are included in the data release: (1) R input file that lists the final site pairings (R_Input_MOVE1_Site_List.csv) (2) R script that performs the MOVE.1 and produces outputs for evaluation purposes (MOVE1_R_code.R) (3) MOVE.1 model outputs (MOVE1_Models.zip) (4) Estimates of daily groundwater levels using the MOVE.1 regression technique (MOVE1_Estimated_Record_Tables.zip) (5) Plots showing time series of estimated daily groundwater levels from the MOVE.1 technique (MOVE1_Estimated_Record_Plots.zip) (6) Plots showing time series of estimated daily groundwater levels from the MOVE.1 technique zoomed into the period of observed daily groundwater levels for the short-term site (Zoomed_MOVE1_Estimated_Record_Plots.zip) (7) Plots showing residuals (Residuals_WL_Plots.zip) (8) Monthly percentile table for 27 study wells (GWL_Percentiles_All_Study_Wells.csv)

Our research on nitrate leaching during drought and extreme precipitation involved a multi-faceted methodology, combining field-level mass balance, deep vadose-zone monitoring, and shallow groundwater observation. The study was conducted in a 34-ha field in Yolo County, California, with a focus on a processing tomato-cucumber rotation. Groundwater monitoring wells and a deep vadose-zone monitoring system were used to assess nitrate leaching throughout the growing and rainy seasons. Field-level water and nitrogen mass balances were calculated using irrigation data, crop evapotranspiration (measured via eddy covariance and remote sensing), and soil water storage changes. Nitrogen inputs and outputs were meticulously recorded, considering fertigation practices, mineralization, and plant uptake. The study adhered to ethical and legal standards, with all data collection approved by relevant authorities, ensuring compliance with environmental monitoring regulations. Our results highlight the variability and uncertainty in nitrate leaching estimates, underscoring the importance of continuous monitoring to accurately assess agricultural impacts on groundwater quality. This methodology can be reproduced by following the detailed steps outlined in our data description and published paper. The necessary context, methodology, and techniques, along with information on legal and ethical adherence, are detailed in the attached files 'Data description' and 'Manuscript'.

The EcoTrends project was established in 2004 by Dr. Debra Peters (Jornada Basin LTER, USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range) and Dr. Ariel Lugo (Luquillo LTER, USDA-FS Luquillo Experimental Forest) to support the collection and analysis of long-term ecological datasets. The project is a large synthesis effort focused on improving the accessibility and use of long-term data. At present, there are ~50 state and federally funded research sites that are participating and contributing to the EcoTrends project, including all 26 Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites and sites funded by the USDA Agriculture Research Service (ARS), USDA Forest Service, US Department of Energy, US Geological Survey (USGS) and numerous universities. Data from the EcoTrends project are available through an exploratory web portal (http://www.ecotrends.info). This web portal enables the continuation of data compilation and accessibility by users through an interactive web application. Ongoing data compilation is updated through both manual and automatic processing as part of the LTER Provenance Aware Synthesis Tracking Architecture (PASTA). The web portal is a collaboration between the Jornada LTER and the LTER Network Office. The following dataset from Harvard Forest (HFR) contains Palmer Drought Severity Index measurements in dimensionless units and were aggregated to a monthly timescale.

The EcoTrends project was established in 2004 by Dr. Debra Peters (Jornada Basin LTER, USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range) and Dr. Ariel Lugo (Luquillo LTER, USDA-FS Luquillo Experimental Forest) to support the collection and analysis of long-term ecological datasets. The project is a large synthesis effort focused on improving the accessibility and use of long-term data. At present, there are ~50 state and federally funded research sites that are participating and contributing to the EcoTrends project, including all 26 Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites and sites funded by the USDA Agriculture Research Service (ARS), USDA Forest Service, US Department of Energy, US Geological Survey (USGS) and numerous universities. Data from the EcoTrends project are available through an exploratory web portal (http://www.ecotrends.info). This web portal enables the continuation of data compilation and accessibility by users through an interactive web application. Ongoing data compilation is updated through both manual and automatic processing as part of the LTER Provenance Aware Synthesis Tracking Architecture (PASTA). The web portal is a collaboration between the Jornada LTER and the LTER Network Office. The following dataset from Plum Island Ecosystems (PIE) contains Palmer Drought Severity Index measurements in dimensionless units and were aggregated to a yearly timescale.

Evaluating how decomposition rates and litter nutrient release of different litter types respond to changes in water conditions is crucial for understanding global carbon and nutrient cycling. However, it is unclear how decreasing water affects litter mixture interactions for the maize–poplar system in arid regions. Here, the responses of the litter decomposition process and litter mixture interactions in the agroforestry system to changes in water conditions (control, light drought, and moderate drought) were tested. Moderate drought significantly decreased the decomposition rate for poplar leaf and mixed litters, and decomposition rate was significantly reduced for maize straw litter in light and moderate drought stress. The mass loss rates of maize straw and mixed litters were significantly higher than that of the poplar leaf litter under drought conditions, but there was no significant difference among the three litter types in the control. There was no interaction between mass loss of the mixed litter in the control and light drought conditions, and the litter mixture interaction showed non-additive synergistic interactions under moderate drought. In terms of nutrient release, there was also no interaction between litter mixture with nitrogen and carbon, but there was antagonistic interaction with potassium release under the light drought condition. Our results demonstrate that drought conditions can lead to decreasing decomposition rate and strong changes in the litter mixture interactions from additive effects to non-additive synergistic effects in moderate drought. Moreover, light drought changed the mixture interaction from an additive effect to an antagonistic interaction for potassium release.

Global climate change is expected to cause more frequent extreme droughts in many parts of the world. Despite the crucial role of roots in water acquisition and plant survival, our understanding of ecosystem vulnerability to drought is primarily based on aboveground impacts. As return intervals between droughts decrease, root responses to one drought might alter responses to subsequent droughts, but this remains unresolved. We conducted a 7-year experiment that imposed extreme drought (growing season precipitation reduced 66%) in a mesic grassland. Plots were droughted during years 1-2 (“Drought 1”), or years 5-6 (“Drought 2”), or both. We quantified root production during year 6 (final year of Drought 2) and year 7 (first year after Drought 2), when all plots received ambient precipitation. We found that repeated drought decreased root mass production more than twice as much as a single drought (-63% vs. -27%, respectively, relative to ambient precipitation). Root mass production of the dominant C4 grass Andropogon gerardii did not decrease significantly with either one or two droughts. A. gerardii root traits differed from subdominant species on average across all treatments, but drought did not alter root traits of either A. gerardii or the subdominant species (collectively). In year 6, root production in plots droughted 4 years ago had not recovered (-21% vs. control), but root production recovered in all formerly droughted plots in year 7, when precipitation was above average. Our results highlight the complexity of root responses to drought. Drought-induced reductions in root production can persist for years after drought and repeated drought can reduce production even further, but this does not preclude rapid recovery of root production in a wet year.

Future climate scenarios indicate increasing drought intensity that threatens ecosystem functioning. However, the behavior of ecosystems during intense drought, such as the 2018 drought in Northern Europe, and their respective response following rewetting is not fully understood. We investigated the effect of drought on four different vegetation types in a temperate climate by analyzing dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentration and composition present in soil leachate, and compared it to two accompanying years. DOM is known to play an important role in ecosystem recovery and holds information on matter flows between plants, soil microorganisms and soil organic matter. Knowledge about DOM opens the possibility to better disentangle the role of plants and microorganisms in ecosystem recovery. We found that the average annual DOM concentration significantly decreased during the 2018 drought year compared to the normal year. This suggests a stimulation of DOM release under normal conditions, which include a summer drought followed by a rewetting period. The rewetting period, which holds high DOM concentrations, was suppressed under more intense drought. Our detailed molecular analysis of DOM using ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry showed that DOM present at the beginning of the rewetting period resembles plant matter, whereas in later phases the DOM molecular composition was modified by microorganisms. We observed this pattern in all four vegetation types analyzed, although vegetation types differed in DOM concentration and composition. Our results suggest that plant matter drives ecosystem recovery and that increasing drought intensity may lower the potential for ecosystem recovery.

The wood frog (Rana sylvatica = Lithobates sylvaticus) is a common, early-spring breeding anuran species in the United States and Canada. Females typically lay their egg masses in concentrated areas of a few meters over several days. Most female wood frogs mature after two years. Each female lays one egg mass in a given year, and most show high (~100%) site fidelity after first breeding, although a small portion of juveniles disperse up to 2000 m away from their natal site before their first breeding season. The lifespan of wood frogs depends on latitude, but they rarely live longer than five years. From 2000 to 2020 we conducted wood frog egg mass counts in 64 freshwater nonpermanent wetlands in the 3212 hectare Yale-Myers Forest in northeastern Connecticut, USA. The wetlands varied in surface area (average = 2642 m2, range = 24–41361 m2, CV = 252), canopy closure (i.e., global site factor; average = 52%, range = 0–98%, CV = 68), depth (average = 52 cm, range = 22–118, CV = 46), and egg mass counts (average = 71, range = 0–1113, CV = 130). As each female only lays one egg mass per year (i.e., only produces one clutch) and site fidelity is high, egg mass counts offer an accurate proxy for the number of breeding females within a pond in a given year. Previous work indicates egg mass counts are an accurate and precise technique for monitoring wood frog populations. Methods Pond-level variables Attributes of ponds in our models included maximum pond depth and canopy closure. Depth was recorded at the time of egg mass surveys. Most ponds have a permanent depth gauge so measurements are standardized across years, otherwise depth was recorded as the deepest point in the pond. Pond canopy closure was measured as in Arietta et al. (2020) by using five hemispherical photographs taken along the shore at each cardinal point and at the center of each pond during leaf-off and leaf-on seasons. We estimated average leaf-on and leaf-off global site factor (GSF; the ratio of above-canopy radiation to under-canopy radiation) (Anderson 1964) and used a weighted GSF value integrated over the duration of wood frog embryonic and larval life cycle (Halverson et al. 2003). GSF is scaled between 0–1, and we report it here as a percentage. Regional-level variables We included air temperature and Palmer Drought Severity Index as regional-scale variables. Here we define regional factors as those affecting multiple breeding populations simultaneously. We downloaded daily temperature records from the National Climatic Data Center of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) observing station at the Windham Airport in Willimantic, Connecticut, approximately 19 km south of the study area. We estimated winter thaw as the number of days between 1 October and 30 March above freezing in the winter prior to breeding (i.e., winter thaw(t-1)). This date range gives an estimate of the fall and winter conditions for juveniles and adults and aligns winter temperature with the hydrologic water year that begins 1 October each year. The Palmer Drought Severity Index (hereafter drought severity) uses temperature, precipitation, and soil information to estimate the departure of moisture supply from the norm. We downloaded historical monthly drought severity data for Connecticut from the National Centers for Environmental Information division of NOAA (available at https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/temp-and-precip/drought/historical-palmers/psi/200011-202010). Drought severity typically ranges between -4 and 4, although more extreme values are possible. A drought severity value around zero indicates normal conditions, whereas a value ≤ -4 indicates extreme drought and a value ≥ 4 extremely wet conditions. We used an average monthly drought severity value from 1 March to 30 September to represent the moisture conditions that breeding adults, tadpoles, and new metamorphs would experience from the highest pond levels (early spring) to lowest levels in late summer and early fall. To test if larval and juvenile conditions affected females during their first breeding year, we also tested a two-year lag in drought severity (i.e., drought severity(t-2)) corresponding to the first year of maturity. Estimating density dependence measures Females typically take two years to reach sexual maturity, so the effect of larval intraspecific competition within a focal pond on a breeding female was defined as the density of egg masses (i.e., egg masses / pond area) two years prior. The effect of neighboring ponds (a proxy for terrestrial density dependence) was estimated using a summed function of egg mass data from neighboring ponds (i.e., within 500 m) weighted by inverse distance. Closer ponds are given greater weight in generating the estimate. Population growth rate We defined population growth rate (hereafter growth rate) as the number of breeding females over a generation time of two years: ln((egg massest + 1)/egg masses(t-2) +1))/2 Where t is the number of egg masses in the survey year, t-2 is the number egg masses two years prior, and the entire function is divided by the number of years between measurements. This approach normalizes high and low values for better comparison across ponds.

Background: Mitigating the effects of climate stress on crops is important for global food security. The microbiome associated with plant roots, henceforth, the rhizobiome, can harbor beneficial microbes that alleviate stress impacts. However, the factors influencing the recruitment of the rhizobiome during stress are unclear. We conducted an experiment to understand bacterial rhizobiome responses to short-term drought for two crop species: switchgrass and common bean. We used 16S rRNA and 16S rRNA gene sequencing to investigate the impact of drought severity on the recruitment of active bacterial rhizobiome members. We included planted and unplanted conditions to distinguish the environment- versus plant mediated drivers of the active rhizobiome. Results: Though each crop had a distinct rhizobiome, there were differences in the active microbiome structure between drought and watered and between planted and unplanted treatments. Despite their different community structures, the drought ..., , , ## General information

1. Title for the dataset: Disentangling plant- and environment-mediated drivers of active rhizosphere 1 bacterial community dynamics during short-term drought

2. Name/institution/address/email information for Person responsible for collecting the data:Xingxing Li/Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center at the Michigan State University/lixingxi@msu.edu Contact person for questions:same as above

3. Date of data collection: 9/11/2020

4. Information about geographic location of data collection: Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) data: Mass Spectrometry and Metabolomics Core at the Michigan State University

5. Keywords used to describe the data topic: Mass spectrometry, LC-MS, untargeted metabolomics, switchgrass, drought, saponins, terpenoids, specialized metabolites, rhizosphere soil

6. Language information: English

7. Information about funding sources that supported the collection of the data: This work was supported by the G...

Drought is one of the major abiotic stresses negatively influencing crop yield and is a serious issue in modern agriculture. To achieve further substantial crop improvements in terms of drought resistance it is necessary to incorporate scientific results into breeding strategies. However, most of the data on plant drought responses arises mostly from small-scale studies and, therefore, its use in breeding programs is very limited. Here, we present the results of the large-scale proteomic analysis performed on barley recombinant inbred lines (RILs) and their parental genotypes subjected to drought, applied shortly before tillering. The conducted proteomic analyses enabled us to monitor drought-induced proteome changes in leaf and root tissue, and to identify proteins that responded to drought in a genotype-specific manner, for instance Rubisco activase, luminal binding protein, phosphoglycerate mutase, glutathione S-transferase, heat shock proteins as well as enzymes involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. We also demonstrated feasibility of incorporating proteomic data resulting from large-scale study into genetic linkage analysis, which constitutes a fundament in biotechnology-driven breeding strategies.

Climate Change, including rising temperatures, sea level rise, stronger storms, more intense freeze-thaw cycles, and increased frequency of drought are creating immeasurable challenges for communities throughout Massachusetts.These impacts are exacerbated by conventional, unsustainable land use patterns. Development in Massachusetts has disrupted natural water cycles. Continued unchecked growth will further exacerbate this issue. Expansion of impervious surfaces (i.e. pavement) combined with stormwater runoff and warming water temperatures is increasing water pollution.At the local level, municipalities have significant power to avoid these impacts by implementing land use policies and development designs. Municipalities can be proactive by adopting rules that support nature-based solutions to combat climate change. However, it can be difficult to know where to start. A Regulatory review using existing tools, such as Mass Audubon's Bylaw Review tool, is a necessary early step.

Large grazers are visible and valuable indicators of the effects of projected changes in temperature and drought on grasslands. The grasslands of the Great Plains has supported the greatest number of bison (Bison bison; Linnaeus, 1758) since prehistoric times. We tested the hypothesis that body mass (BM; kg) and asymptotic body mass (ABM; kg) of Bison decline with rising temperature and increasing drought over both temporal and spatial scales along the Great Plains. Temporally, we modeled the relationship of annual measures of BM and height (H; m) of 5781 Bison at Wind Cave National Park (WICA) from 1966 to 2015. We used Gompertz equations of BM against age to estimate ABM in decadal cohorts; both females and males decreased from 1960s to 2010s. Male ABM was variable but consistently larger (699 vs. 441 kg) than female ABM. We used local mean decadal temperature (MDT) and local mean decadal Palmer Drought Severity Index (dPDSI) to model the effects of climate on ABM. Drought decreased ABM temporally (˗16 kg/local dPDSI) at WICA. Spatially, we used photogrammetry to measure body height (H) of 773 Bison to estimate BM in 19 herds from Saskatchewan to Texas, including WICA. Drought also decreased ABM spatially (˗16 kg/local dPDSI) along the Great Plains. Temperature decreased ABM both temporally at WICA (˗115 kg/°C local MDT) and spatially (˗1 kg/°C local MDT) along the Great Plains. Our data indicate that temperature and drought drive Bison ABM presumably by affecting seasonal mass gain. Bison body size is likely to decline over the next five decades throughout the Great Plains due to projected increases in temperatures and both the frequency and intensity of drought.

Methods Excerpt from the methods section of the article, "The spatial dataset included 1,995 photogrammetric images collected from 19 localities over the summer of 2017 and the following winter of 2017-2018 along the Great Plains. Ultimately, we used 773 photographs from 579 female and 194 male Bison to estimate height (HE; m; Fig. 5) and body mass (BME; kg; Fig. 3) across 19 herds ranging from Saskatchewan (52.2 °N) to Texas (30.7 °N) during the summer of 2017 and following winter of 2017-2018. As an aside, this spatial dataset included WICA (43.6 °N; Fig. 2, site 8) as a site to establish a control for comparison between the spatial and temporal datasets. Bison BME was predicted from known H and estimated HE (using results from Equation 1, which are reported as Equations 3 and 4) for both males and females."

Data usage: This data represents the collection of physiological and biometric data of above- and below-ground plant traits in four species of Solanum melongena of Philippine origin (PHL 4841, PHL 2778, PHL 2789, and Mara). Half of the plants were subjected to significant water deficit, and half again of those deficit plants were allowed to recover after subsequent watering. This data is suitable to serve as a benchmark for trait values in S. melongena, as well as in studies of trait responses to terminal drought and episodic drought in agricultural settings. Traits in this dataset include Leaf Water Potential, total leaf area (cm2), Leaf Canopy temp, Fv/Fm, Photosynthesis, Stomatal Conductance, Transpiration Rate, Water Use Efficiency, Green Leaf Dry Weight, Senesced Leaf Dry Weight, Stem Dry Weight, Total Shoot Dry Weight, Leaf Area Ratio, Specific Leaf Area, Specific Leaf Weight, Basal Fine Root Mass, Total Fine Root Mass, Coarse Roots Mass, Total Root Mass, Root:Shoot Ratio, Total Fine Root length (cm), Total Fine Root Surface Area (m2), Total Fine Root Volume (m3), Specific fine root length (m/g), Root tissue density (g/m3), Fine root length:Leaf area Ratio (cm/çm2), and root mass fraction. Methods and materials: A greenhouse experiment was set up to identify physiological traits associated with drought tolerance in eggplant. Solanum melongena genotypes PHL 4841, PHL 2778 and PHL 2789 were chosen based on drought performance in previous field and greenhouse trials (58) of 100 germplasm accessions from the National Plant Genetic Resources Laboratory in the Institute of Plant Breeding, University of the Philippines at Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines. S. melongena ‘Mara’, a released variety from the Institute of Plant Breeding, UP Los Baños was included as a reference variety. Seeds were sown into seedling trays containing fritted clay (Turface Greens Grade, Profile Products, Buffalo Grove, IL, USA) at the end of February in a greenhouse in Fort Collins, CO. After 17-21 days seedlings were transplanted into 7.57 L plastic pots containing 10 kg fritted clay and watered to holding capacity via a drip irrigation before treatments were established. Pots were positioned on two greenhouse benches in a randomized complete block design of two factors: water availability (drought vs. well-watered control) and genotype (four genotypes). There were 5 replicates of each block (40 plants). This basic block design was doubled, and plants were harvested at 2 time points (post-drought and post-recovery) for a total of 80 plants. Plants were maintained under a combination of natural sunlight and supplemental LED illumination on a 14:10 hour day:night cycle, corresponding to average temperatures of 22 and 29˚C. Plants were fertigated using Grow More water soluble fertilizer (Grow More, Inc., Gardena, CA) amended with additional N in the form of urea and additional K in the form of KH2PO4 to achieve 79.5-22.5-5 ppm N:P:K daily for the first month after transplantation and transitioned to 60-30-120 ppm N:P:K for the remainder of the experiment. Drought treatments began at 5 weeks after transplanting and lasted for 2 weeks for all blocks (80 plants). “Drought” plants received 30% of evapotranspiration (ET) of “control” plants daily for the first week, and 10% daily in the second week. “Control” plants were given 100% of ET daily. ET was calculated by weighing control pots daily at 1400 hr to measure evaporative and transpiration water loss relative to 100% holding capacity. After the conclusion of the drought treatment, all remaining plants were re-watered to pot holding capacity. Physiological measurements Randomized measurements of drought and control plants were carried out from the 11th through the 15th and final day of the drought treatment on 50% of the experimental plant population. On each day, the third fully expanded leaf of each plant was measured for chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) from 07:30 until 08:30 using a portable OS5P fluorometer (Opti-Sciences Inc., NH, USA). Each leaf was dark acclimated with leaf clips for 20 minutes prior to measurement. From 09:00 to 12:00 hrs, the same leaves were measured for photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration using the Li-COR 6400XT infrared gas analyzer with attached leaf measurement chamber (LiCOR Inc., Lincoln, Nebraska). Conditions in the leaf measurement chamber were the following: PAR (photosynthetically active radiation) of 1800 µmol m-2s-1, leaf temperature of 25˚C, and CO2 concentration of 400 µmol mol-1. Instantaneous water use efficiency (WUEi) was calculated as the ratio of photosynthesis (An) to stomatal conductance (gs). Leaf water potential (ΨL) was determined with use of a Scholander pressure chamber (Soil Moisture Equipment Corp., Santa Barbara, CA, USA). The same leaf used for gas exchange measurements was cut from each plant and immediately placed in a plastic bag in a cooler until ΨL could be measured (up to 1 hour). After one week under full watering, “recovered” and control plants were again measured as above for chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf water potential. Plant growth measurements Following physiological measurements, the aboveground portions of drought and control plants were cut and partitioned into leaves and stem. Total leaf area was measured for each plant using a Li-3100C leaf area meter (LiCOR Inc., USA). Partitioned shoot tissue was then oven dried at 60˚C for 48 hours and weighed. The belowground biomass of each plant was washed free of fritted clay and partitioned into fine and coarse roots. A representative sample of fine roots was obtained for each sample and stored in 30% ethyl alcohol for root scanning. Preserved fine roots were scanned in water in 2-D transparency mode with a desktop scanner (EpsonV750, Epson America Inc., USA) and analyzed using WinRHIZOTM software (Regent Instruments Inc., Canada). Remaining fine and coarse roots were dried and weighed as above. Leaf area ratio (total leaf area per total plant dry mass, m2 g-1; LAR) and specific leaf area (leaf area per leaf dry mass, m2 g-1; SLA), and leaf mass area (leaf dry mass per leaf area, g m-2; LMA) were calculated using the leaf data for each plant. Specific root length of fine roots (root length per dry mass, m g-1; SRLFineRts) and total root mass fraction (RMF, total root mass per total plant weight) were calculated using the fine root length and root biomass data from each plant (31,59) At the end of the recovery phase, all plants were also destructively sampled for measurement of leaf area and above- and below-ground biomass partitioning as above. Resources in this dataset:Resource Title: Data from: "Plant strategies for maximizing growth during drought and drought recovery in Solanum melongena L. (eggplant)". File Name: full_dataset.csv

Morocco MA: Droughts, Floods, Extreme Temperatures: Average 1990-2009: % of Population data was reported at 0.076 % in 2009. Morocco MA: Droughts, Floods, Extreme Temperatures: Average 1990-2009: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 0.076 % from Dec 2009 (Median) to 2009, with 1 observations. Morocco MA: Droughts, Floods, Extreme Temperatures: Average 1990-2009: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Morocco – Table MA.World Bank: Land Use, Protected Areas and National Wealth. Droughts, floods and extreme temperatures is the annual average percentage of the population that is affected by natural disasters classified as either droughts, floods, or extreme temperature events. A drought is an extended period of time characterized by a deficiency in a region's water supply that is the result of constantly below average precipitation. A drought can lead to losses to agriculture, affect inland navigation and hydropower plants, and cause a lack of drinking water and famine. A flood is a significant rise of water level in a stream, lake, reservoir or coastal region. Extreme temperature events are either cold waves or heat waves. A cold wave can be both a prolonged period of excessively cold weather and the sudden invasion of very cold air over a large area. Along with frost it can cause damage to agriculture, infrastructure, and property. A heat wave is a prolonged period of excessively hot and sometimes also humid weather relative to normal climate patterns of a certain region. Population affected is the number of people injured, left homeless or requiring immediate assistance during a period of emergency resulting from a natural disaster; it can also include displaced or evacuated people. Average percentage of population affected is calculated by dividing the sum of total affected for the period stated by the sum of the annual population figures for the period stated.; ; EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database: www.emdat.be, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels (Belgium), World Bank.; ;

There is growing concern that an increase in the frequency and severity of drought under climate change could drive major changes in Australian ecosystems. This collection provides data that supports recent research reported in Godfree et al. 2019 (PNAS, in press). The database contains information on the impact of the Federation Drought Period (1891-1903) on Australian biota extracted from newspaper articles and other historical literature. Lineage: The database was constructed by extracting information on the impacts of drought on Australian biota during the period 1891-1903. The main information source consisted of newspaper articles and a small number of supplementary historical documents. Full details are provided in the main text of Godfree et al. (2019) and the SI Appendix referenced therein.

Larval mass and survival data for Meadow Brown butterflies (Maniola jurtina) originating from nine different source populations in the UK and reared under one of two host plant treatment groups (either control or drought stress) in an outdoor insectary at UKCEH under natural environmental conditions. Each individual larva was monitored at three growth check points throughout development: 49 days after hatching (pre-overwintering), 162 days after hatching (post overwintering during larval growth) and 309 days after hatching (late larval growth and pupation phase). Larval masses (mg) were recorded for all individuals that survived up to the second growth monitoring point and the number of larvae that survived until the third growth monitoring point were recorded.

This excel contains data for Chapter 2 “Precipitation” of the 2017 State of Narragansett Bay & Its Watershed Technical Report (nbep.org). It includes the raw data behind Figure 1, “Annual precipitation at Providence, RI,” (page 64); Figure 2, “Annual precipitation at Worcester, MA,” (page 64); Figure 3, “Annual Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) for Rhode Island,” (page 65); Figure 4, "Annual Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) for Massachusetts," (page 65); Figure 5, "Climate model projection of winter total precipitation in RI or MA to 2100," (page 67); and Figure 6, "Climate model projection of winter annual snowfall in RI or MA to 2100," (page 67). For more information, please reference the Technical Report or contact info@nbep.org. Original figures are available at http://nbep.org/the-state-of-our-watershed/figures/.