In 2023, there were around 259 maternal deaths among non-Hispanic white women in the United States. This statistic presents the number of maternal deaths in the United States from 2018 to 2023, by race and ethnicity.

The number of maternal deaths and maternal mortality rates for selected causes, 2000 to most recent year.

Data by medical encounter for the following conditions by age, race/ethnicity, and sex (gender): Congenital Anomalies Maternal Complications

Visit https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/content/sdc/hhsa/programs/phs/maternal_child_family_health_services/MCFHSstatistics.html to view MCFHS perinatal health indicators, including: Live Births Teen Births Early Prenatal Care Preterm Birth Low Birth Weight Fetal Mortality Infant Mortality Maternal Deaths

Rates per 100,000 population. Age-adjusted rates per 100,000 2000 US standard population. Blank Cells: Events less than 11 are suppressed. Starting with data year 2022, geographies with less than 20,000 population contain no age-adjusted rates and all rates based on events <20 are suppressed due to statistical instability. Rates not calculated in cases where zip code is unknown. SES: Is the median household income by Subregional Area (SRA) community. Data for SRA only.

Data sources: California Department of Public Health, Center for Health Statistics, Office of Health Information and Research, Vital Records Business Intelligence System (VRBIS), 2022. California Department of Health Care Access and Information (HCAI), Emergency Department Discharge Database and Patient Discharge Database, 2022. SANDAG Population Estimates, 2022 (v11/23). 2022 population estimates were derived from the 2020 decennial census. Comparison of rates to prior years may not be appropriate. Prepared by: County of San Diego, Health and Human Services Agency, Public Health Services, Community Health Statistics Unit, May 2024.

2022 Community Profile Data Guide and Data Dictionary Dashboard: https://public.tableau.com/app/profile/chsu/viz/2022COREDataGuideandDataDictionary/Home

In 2022, the infant mortality rate in the United States was 5.4 out of every 1,000 live births. This is a significant decrease from 1960, when infant mortality was at around 26 deaths out of every 1,000 live births. What is infant mortality? The infant mortality rate is the number of deaths of babies under the age of one per 1,000 live births. There are many causes for infant mortality, which include birth defects, low birth weight, pregnancy complications, and sudden infant death syndrome. In order to decrease the high rates of infant mortality, there needs to be an increase in education and medicine so babies and mothers can receive the proper treatment needed. Maternal mortality is also related to infant mortality. If mothers can attend more prenatal visits and have more access to healthcare facilities, maternal mortality can decrease, and babies have a better chance of surviving in their first year. Worldwide infant mortality rates Infant mortality rates vary worldwide; however, some areas are more affected than others. Afghanistan suffered from the highest infant mortality rate in 2024, and the following 19 countries all came from Africa, with the exception of Pakistan. On the other hand, Slovenia had the lowest infant mortality rate that year. High infant mortality rates can be attributed to lack of sanitation, technological advancements, and proper natal care. In the United States, Massachusetts had the lowest infant mortality rate, while Mississippi had the highest in 2022. Overall, the number of neonatal and post neonatal deaths in the United States has been steadily decreasing since 1995.

Cause of death, by communicable diseases and maternal, prenatal and nutrition conditions (% of total) in United States was reported at 5.3021 % in 2019, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. United States - Cause of death, by communicable diseases and maternal, prenatal and nutrition conditions (% of total) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on November of 2025.

The maternal mortality rate in Taiwan has experienced some fluctuations in the past decade. In 2021, the maternal mortality rate amounted to ** deaths per 100,000 live births, whereas in the next three years the absolute numbers fell below ** annually.

This dataset presents the number of neonatal deaths per 1,000 live births, using data from the UNICEF Data Warehouse. Neonatal mortality refers to the death of a baby within the first 28 days of life and is a critical indicator of newborn health and health system performance. Monitoring this rate supports efforts to improve the quality of care around birth and during the early postnatal period, and to reduce preventable newborn deaths through timely, skilled interventions.Data Source:UNICEF Data Warehouse: https://data.unicef.org/resources/data_explorer/unicef_f/?ag=UNICEF&df=GLOBAL_DATAFLOW&ver=1.0&dq=.CME_MRM0.&startPeriod=1990&endPeriod=2024Data Dictionary: The data is collated with the following columns:Column headingContent of this columnPossible valuesRefNumerical counter for each row of data, for ease of identification1+CountryShort name for the country195 countries in total – all 194 WHO member states plus PalestineISO3Three-digit alphabetical codes International Standard ISO 3166-1 assigned by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). e.g. AFG (Afghanistan)ISO22 letter identifier code for the countrye.g. AF (Afghanistan)ICM_regionICM Region for countryAFR (Africa), AMR (Americas), EMR (Eastern Mediterranean), EUR (Europe), SEAR (South east Asia) or WPR (Western Pacific)CodeUnique project code for each indicator:GGTXXnnnGG=data group e.g. OU for outcomeT = N for novice or E for ExpertXX = identifier number 00 to 30nnn = identifier name eg mmre.g. OUN01sbafor Outcome Novice Indicator 01 skilled birth attendance Short_nameIndicator namee.g. maternal mortality ratioDescriptionText description of the indicator to be used on websitee.g. Maternal mortality ratio (maternal deaths per 100,000 live births)Value_typeDescribes the indicator typeNumeric: decimal numberPercentage: value between 0 & 100Text: value from list of text optionsY/N: yes or noValue_categoryExpect this to be ‘total’ for all indicators for Phase 1, but this could allow future disaggregation, e.g. male/female; urban/ruraltotalYearThe year that the indicator value was reported. For most indicators, we will only report if 2014 or more recente.g. 2020Latest_Value‘LATEST’ if this is the most recent reported value for the indicator since 2014, otherwise ‘No’. Useful for indicators with time trend data.LATEST or NOValueIndicator valuee.g. 99.8. NB Some indicators are calculated to several decimal places. We present the value to the number of decimal places that should be displayed on the Hub.SourceFor Caesarean birth rate [OUN13cbr] ONLY, this column indicates the source of the data, either OECD when reported, or UNICEF otherwise.OECD or UNICEFTargetHow does the latest value compare with Global guidelines / targets?meets targetdoes not meet targetmeets global standarddoes not meet global standardRankGlobal rank for indicator, i.e. the country with the best global score for this indicator will have rank = 1, next = 2, etc. This ranking is only appropriate for a few indicators, others will show ‘na’1-195Rank out ofThe total number of countries who have reported a value for this indicator. Ranking scores will only go as high as this number.Up to 195TrendIf historic data is available, an indication of the change over time. If there is a global target, then the trend is either getting better, static or getting worse. For mmr [OUN04mmr] and nmr [OUN05nmr] the average annual rate of reduction (arr) between 2016 and latest value is used to determine the trend:arr <-1.0 = getting worsearr >=-1.0 AND <=1.0 = staticarr >1.0 = getting betterFor other indicators, the trend is estimated by comparing the average of the last three years with the average ten years ago:decreasing if now < 95% 10 yrs agoincreasing if now > 105% 10 yrs agostatic otherwiseincreasingdecreasing Or, if there is a global target: getting better,static,getting worseNotesClarification comments, when necessary LongitudeFor use with mapping LatitudeFor use with mapping DateDate data uploaded to the Hubthe following codes are also possible values:not reported does not apply don’t knowThis is one of many datasets featured on the Midwives’ Data Hub, a digital platform designed to strengthen midwifery and advocate for better maternal and newborn health services.

Number of infant deaths and infant mortality rates, by age group (neonatal and post-neonatal), 1991 to most recent year.

Actual value and historical data chart for North America Cause Of Death By Communicable Diseases And Maternal Prenatal And Nutrition Conditions Percent Of Total

Maternal Remote Monitoring Platforms Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the Global Maternal Remote Monitoring Platforms market size was valued at $1.2 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach $4.8 billion by 2033, expanding at a robust CAGR of 16.7% during the forecast period of 2025–2033. The primary driver fueling this impressive growth is the increasing adoption of digital health technologies, particularly as healthcare systems worldwide prioritize maternal and fetal health outcomes amid rising awareness of the benefits of remote monitoring. The surge in high-risk pregnancies, coupled with the need for continuous, real-time maternal and fetal health monitoring outside traditional clinical settings, is pushing healthcare providers and expectant mothers to embrace advanced maternal remote monitoring platforms. This trend is further supported by advancements in wearable medical devices, mobile health applications, and telemedicine services, all of which are reshaping the maternal care landscape globally.

Regional Outlook

North America currently dominates the Maternal Remote Monitoring Platforms market, accounting for approximately 40% of the global market share in 2024. This region’s leadership stems from its mature healthcare infrastructure, widespread adoption of cutting-edge medical technologies, and supportive regulatory frameworks. The presence of leading market players, extensive reimbursement policies, and a high level of digital literacy among both healthcare professionals and patients have contributed to strong market penetration in the United States and Canada. Additionally, the proliferation of telehealth initiatives and government-backed maternal health programs has accelerated the integration of remote monitoring solutions, making North America a benchmark for innovation and quality in maternal healthcare delivery.

Asia Pacific is anticipated to be the fastest-growing region in the Maternal Remote Monitoring Platforms market, with a projected CAGR exceeding 20% from 2025 to 2033. The regional growth is primarily driven by rapid urbanization, increasing healthcare expenditure, and the growing prevalence of high-risk pregnancies across emerging economies such as China, India, and Southeast Asian countries. Governments and private healthcare providers are investing heavily in digital health infrastructure and telemedicine solutions to bridge the gap in maternal care, especially in rural and underserved areas. Strategic collaborations between global technology firms and local healthcare providers are further catalyzing market expansion, as they introduce affordable and culturally tailored remote monitoring solutions to a broader population base.

In contrast, regions such as Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa are witnessing steady but comparatively slower adoption of Maternal Remote Monitoring Platforms. These markets face unique challenges, including limited healthcare infrastructure, lower digital penetration, and regulatory hurdles that impede large-scale deployment. However, localized demand is rising due to increasing awareness of maternal health risks and the gradual introduction of government initiatives aimed at reducing maternal mortality rates. Non-governmental organizations and international aid programs are playing a pivotal role in promoting access to remote monitoring technologies, although widespread adoption is contingent on overcoming infrastructural and policy-related barriers in these emerging economies.

Report Scope

Obstetric Devices Market Outlook

As per our latest research, the global obstetric devices market size in 2024 stands at USD 2.73 billion, reflecting a robust industry underpinned by rising birth rates, increasing maternal health awareness, and technological advancements in obstetric care. The market is projected to expand at a CAGR of 6.2% from 2025 to 2033, reaching an estimated value of USD 4.70 billion by 2033. This growth trajectory is primarily driven by the surging demand for advanced fetal monitoring, the adoption of minimally invasive delivery procedures, and the global emphasis on reducing maternal and neonatal mortality rates.

The obstetric devices market is experiencing significant momentum due to the increasing prevalence of high-risk pregnancies and the growing emphasis on maternal and child health. Technological innovations, such as wireless fetal monitoring, portable delivery beds, and advanced vacuum extractors, have revolutionized the way healthcare providers manage labor and delivery. These advancements not only enhance patient safety but also improve clinical outcomes, leading to increased adoption of obstetric devices across both developed and developing regions. Furthermore, government initiatives promoting institutional deliveries and enhanced healthcare infrastructure are propelling the demand for obstetric devices, particularly in emerging economies.

Another major growth factor for the obstetric devices market is the expanding healthcare expenditure and the rising number of maternity hospitals and clinics worldwide. As more women seek professional medical assistance during childbirth, the demand for high-quality obstetric equipment continues to surge. Additionally, the growing awareness about the importance of prenatal and postnatal care has led to a higher uptake of fetal monitoring devices and cervical dilators. This trend is further supported by the increasing penetration of health insurance and favorable reimbursement policies, which make advanced obstetric care more accessible to a broader population.

The integration of digital health technologies and telemedicine into obstetric care is also contributing to the market’s expansion. Remote fetal monitoring, data-driven decision-making, and real-time patient tracking have become increasingly prevalent, enabling healthcare providers to deliver personalized care and timely interventions. This digital transformation is particularly beneficial in rural and underserved areas, where access to specialized obstetric care is limited. The ongoing research and development activities aimed at enhancing the safety and efficacy of obstetric devices are expected to further fuel market growth in the coming years.

Regionally, North America continues to dominate the obstetric devices market, accounting for the largest share in 2024, followed by Europe and Asia Pacific. The United States, in particular, benefits from advanced healthcare infrastructure, high healthcare spending, and a strong focus on maternal and child health. Meanwhile, Asia Pacific is emerging as the fastest-growing region, driven by rising birth rates, improving healthcare facilities, and increasing government investments in maternal health programs. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also witnessing steady growth, supported by efforts to reduce maternal mortality and expand access to quality obstetric care.

Product Type Analysis

The product type segment of the obstetric devices market encompasses a wide range of equipment, including fetal monitoring devices, delivery beds, obstetric forceps, vacuum extractors, cervical dilators, and other ancillary devices. Among these, fetal monitoring devices hold the largest market share, driven by the growing emphasis on fetal health and the need for continuous monitoring during labor. These devices have evolved significantly, incorporating wireless technology, real-time data analytics, and enhanced safety features. The integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms into fetal monitors is further improving the accuracy of fetal heart rate assessments and enabling earlier detection of distress, which is critical for timely intervention and improved neonatal outcomes.

Delivery beds represent another significant segment within the obstetric devices market. Modern delivery beds are designed to offer maximum comfort and flexibility for both the mother and the healthcare provider. F

Uterine Balloon Tamponade Devices Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the Global Uterine Balloon Tamponade Devices market size was valued at $165 million in 2024 and is projected to reach $362 million by 2033, expanding at a CAGR of 9.1% during the forecast period of 2025–2033. The primary driver behind this robust growth is the escalating incidence of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) worldwide, which remains a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. Rising awareness about the effectiveness and life-saving potential of uterine balloon tamponade (UBT) devices, coupled with advancements in minimally invasive gynecological procedures, is further propelling the adoption of these devices across both developed and emerging healthcare markets. The market is also benefitting from ongoing product innovation and the increasing integration of these devices into standard obstetric care protocols, particularly in hospital and specialty clinic settings.

Regional Outlook

North America currently commands the largest share of the global uterine balloon tamponade devices market, accounting for over 38% of the total market value in 2024. This dominance can be attributed to the region’s mature healthcare infrastructure, high awareness levels among healthcare professionals, and strong regulatory frameworks supporting the adoption of advanced medical devices. The United States, in particular, has seen widespread integration of uterine balloon tamponade devices in both urban and rural hospital settings, driven by the emphasis on reducing maternal mortality rates and improving obstetric outcomes. Additionally, North America benefits from the presence of leading market players, robust reimbursement policies, and ongoing clinical research, all of which contribute to sustained demand and innovation in the sector.

The Asia Pacific region is projected to be the fastest-growing market, with a forecasted CAGR of 12.5% from 2025 to 2033. This remarkable growth is underpinned by increasing investments in healthcare infrastructure, a rising number of childbirths, and heightened government initiatives targeting maternal health. Countries such as India and China are witnessing significant improvements in healthcare access and resource allocation, which are crucial for the adoption of uterine balloon tamponade devices. Furthermore, the region is experiencing a surge in training programs for obstetricians and midwives, ensuring better preparedness to tackle postpartum hemorrhage. The influx of international and local manufacturers introducing cost-effective and innovative UBT devices is also accelerating market penetration across Asia Pacific.

In emerging economies across Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa, the market for uterine balloon tamponade devices is gradually expanding, albeit at a slower pace due to infrastructural and economic challenges. These regions face unique barriers such as limited access to quality healthcare, insufficient awareness regarding postpartum hemorrhage interventions, and resource constraints. However, international collaborations, donor-funded maternal health programs, and policy reforms aimed at reducing maternal deaths are gradually improving the adoption landscape. Localized demand is also being shaped by cultural factors and government-led awareness campaigns, which are encouraging the adoption of life-saving interventions like UBT devices in both urban and remote healthcare settings.

Report Scope

Overview

The Global Women’s Health Market is expected to reach US$ 66 Billion by 2033, rising from US$ 41.3 Billion in 2023, according to industry estimates. The market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 4.8% from 2024 to 2033. Growth is driven by shifts in population demographics and the rising focus on preventive care. According to United Nations projections, the population aged 65 years and older is likely to reach 2.2 billion by the late 2070s. This leads to a higher need for bone health, cardiometabolic services, cancer screening, and menopause care.

Noncommunicable diseases are placing a major burden on health systems. WHO reports confirm that NCDs caused 43 million deaths in 2021, which accounted for three quarters of all non-pandemic deaths. Notably, 18 million deaths occurred before age 70. The dominance of heart disease, diabetes, respiratory illnesses, and cancer strengthens demand for integrated primary and specialized care designed specifically for women. These conditions emphasize prevention, early diagnosis, and long-term disease management solutions.

Maternal and reproductive health needs are also significant. Study by UN agencies shows 287,000 maternal deaths in 2020, with limited progress since 2016. This situation supports investment in trained workforce, emergency obstetric care, and improved supply chains. Moreover, WHO indicates that among 1.9 billion women of reproductive age in 2021, 1.1 billion required family planning. 874 million used modern contraception, while 164 million still had unmet needs. For instance, UN DESA notes the rise in unmet need from 147 million in 1990 to current levels, signaling strong demand for accessible services.

Infertility care is advancing rapidly. WHO estimates note that 17.5% of adults, or one in six individuals, experience infertility. Similar prevalence is seen across all income regions. This trend expands opportunities in fertility diagnostics, assisted reproductive technologies, and supportive financing models. Preventive services are also expanding. WHO and UNICEF data confirm that adolescent girls receiving at least one HPV vaccine dose grew from 20% in 2022 to 27% in 2023. WHO’s 2025 update indicates 31% global first-dose coverage, strengthening screening and treatment service demand.

Cancer and mental health represent long-term growth areas. According to IARC, breast cancer remains the world’s most commonly diagnosed cancer, supporting continued investments in imaging, pathology, and survivorship care. WHO highlights that depression is 1.5 times more common in women, and more than 10% of pregnant women and 13% after childbirth experience mental disorders. Policy support is increasing as well. For example, ILO/World Bank data show 48.7% female labor force participation in 2023, encouraging workplace benefits. National strategies, such as England’s Women’s Health Strategy, further enhance attention to midlife health and menopause services.

Postpartum Hemorrhage Control Devices Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the Global Postpartum Hemorrhage Control Devices Market size was valued at $1.2 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach $3.1 billion by 2033, expanding at a robust CAGR of 11.2% during 2024–2033. The principal growth driver for this market globally is the increasing incidence of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), which remains a leading cause of maternal mortality, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Growing awareness among healthcare professionals regarding advanced PPH management solutions and the urgent need for effective, rapid-response devices are further catalyzing demand. Additionally, technological advancements in device design and the integration of minimally invasive techniques have significantly improved patient outcomes, making postpartum hemorrhage control devices an essential component of modern obstetric care worldwide.

Regional Outlook

North America currently holds the largest share of the global postpartum hemorrhage control devices market, accounting for approximately 38% of the total market value in 2024. This dominance can be attributed to the region’s highly developed healthcare infrastructure, widespread adoption of advanced medical technologies, and robust reimbursement policies favoring innovative maternal health solutions. The presence of prominent market players, continuous investment in research and development, and stringent regulatory frameworks that ensure product efficacy and safety have further cemented North America’s leadership position. Furthermore, the proactive role of government and non-profit organizations in maternal health awareness campaigns has contributed to high market penetration and consistent demand for postpartum hemorrhage control devices in the region.

In contrast, the Asia Pacific region is witnessing the fastest growth, with a projected CAGR of 14.5% through 2033. This impressive expansion is being driven by a combination of factors, including rising birth rates, increasing healthcare expenditure, and a growing focus on reducing maternal mortality rates in populous countries such as India and China. Governments in these countries are investing heavily in improving healthcare infrastructure and expanding access to essential maternal health services. Additionally, international health organizations are supporting local initiatives to introduce cost-effective and easy-to-use postpartum hemorrhage control devices, further accelerating market growth across the Asia Pacific region.

Emerging economies in Latin America and Middle East & Africa are gradually adopting postpartum hemorrhage control devices, although they face unique challenges such as limited healthcare funding, inadequate distribution networks, and a shortage of trained healthcare professionals. Despite these obstacles, localized demand is increasing due to targeted awareness programs and policy interventions aimed at reducing maternal deaths. Governments and NGOs are collaborating to improve access to life-saving technologies, and there is a slow but steady uptake of innovative devices in rural and underserved areas. However, overcoming logistical and regulatory barriers remains critical to unlocking the full potential of these markets.

Report Scope

In Nigeria, Chad, South Sudan, and the Central African Republic, the maternal mortality rate was over 650 per 100,000 live births in 2023, respectively. Nigeria recorded the highest rate on the continent. That year, for every 100,000 children, 993 mothers died from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management. The maternal death rate in Chad equaled 748. South Sudan and the Central African Republic followed with 692 deaths per 100,000 live births each.

Abstract

The 2023-24 Lesotho Demographic and Health Survey (2023-24 LDHS) is designed to provide data for monitoring the population and health situation in Lesotho. The 2023-24 LDHS is the 4th Demographic and Health Survey conducted in Lesotho since 2004.

The primary objective of the 2023–24 LDHS is to provide up-to-date estimates of basic demographic and health indicators. Specifically, the LDHS collected information on fertility levels, marriage, sexual activity, fertility preferences, awareness and use of family planning methods, breastfeeding practices, nutrition, childhood and maternal mortality, maternal and child health, awareness and behaviour regarding HIV and AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), other health issues (including tuberculosis) and chronic diseases, adult mortality (including maternal mortality), mental health and well-being, and gender-based violence. In addition, the 2023–24 LDHS provides estimates of anaemia prevalence among children age 6–59 months and adults as well as estimates of hypertension and diabetes among adults.

The information collected through the 2023–24 LDHS is intended to assist policymakers and programme managers in designing and evaluating programmes and strategies for improving the health of Lesotho’s population. The survey also provides indicators relevant to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for Lesotho.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual
• Children age 0-5
• Woman age 15-49
• Man age 15-59

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged 15-49, all men aged 15-59, and all children aged 0-4 resident in the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sampling frame used for the 2023–24 LDHS is based on the 2016 Population and Housing Census (2016 PHC), provided by the Lesotho Bureau of Statistics (BoS). The frame file is a complete list of all census enumeration areas (EAs) within Lesotho. An EA is a geographic area, usually a city block in an urban area or a village in a rural area, consisting of approximately 100 households. In rural areas, it may consist of one or more villages. Each EA serves as a counting unit for the population census and has a satellite map delineating its boundaries, with identification information and a measure of size, which is the number of residential households enumerated in the 2016 PHC. Lesotho is administratively divided into 10 districts; each district is subdivided into constituencies and each constituency into community councils.

The 2023–24 LDHS sample of households was stratified and selected independently in two stages. Each district was stratified into urban, peri-urban, and rural areas; this yielded 29 sampling strata because there are no peri-urban areas in Butha-Buthe. In the first sampling stage, 400 EAs were selected with probability proportional to EA size and with independent selection in each sampling stratum. A household listing operation was carried out in all of the selected sample EAs, and the resulting lists of households served as the sampling frame for the selection of households in the next stage.

In the second stage of selection, a fixed number of 25 households per cluster (EA) were selected with an equal probability systematic selection from the newly created household listing. All women age 15–49 who were usual members of the selected households or who spent the night before the survey in the selected households were eligible for the Woman’s Questionnaire. In every other household, all men age 15–59 who were usual members of the selected households or who spent the night before the survey in the selected households were eligible for the Man’s Questionnaire. All households in the men’s subsample were eligible for the Biomarker Questionnaire.

Fifteen listing teams, each consisting of three listers/mappers and a supervisor, were deployed in the field to complete the listing operation. Training of the household listers/mappers took place from 28 to 30 June 2024. The household listing operation was carried out in all of the selected EAs from 5 to 26 July 2024. For each household, Global Positioning System (GPS) data were collected at the time of listing and during interviews.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

Four questionnaires were used for the 2023–24 LDHS: the Household Questionnaire, the Woman’s Questionnaire, the Man’s Questionnaire, and the Biomarker Questionnaire. The questionnaires, based on The DHS Program’s model questionnaires, were adapted to reflect the population and health issues relevant to Lesotho and were translated into Sesotho. In addition, a self-administered Fieldworker Questionnaire collected information about the survey’s fieldworkers.

Cleaning operations

The survey data were collected using tablet computers running the Android operating system and Census and Survey Processing System (CSPro) software, jointly developed by the United States Census Bureau, ICF, and Serpro S.A. English and Sesotho questionnaires were used for collecting data via CAPI. The CAPI programmes accepted only valid responses, automatically performed checks on ranges of values, skipped to the appropriate question based on the responses given, and checked the consistency of the data collected. Answers to the survey questions were entered into the tablets by each interviewer. Supervisors downloaded interview data to their tablet, checked the data for completeness, and monitored fieldwork progress.

Each day, after completion of interviews, field supervisors submitted data to the central server. Data were sent to the central office via secure internet data transfer. The data processing managers monitored the quality of the data received and downloaded completed data files for completed clusters into the system. ICF provided the CSPro software for data processing and technical assistance in the preparation of the data capture, data management, and data editing programmes. Secondary editing was conducted simultaneously with data collection. All technical support for data processing and use of the tablets was provided by ICF.

This statistic shows the 20 countries* with the highest infant mortality rate in 2024. An estimated 101.3 infants per 1,000 live births died in the first year of life in Afghanistan in 2024. Infant and child mortality Infant mortality usually refers to the death of children younger than one year. Child mortality, which is often used synonymously with infant mortality, is the death of children younger than five. Among the main causes are pneumonia, diarrhea – which causes dehydration – and infections in newborns, with malnutrition also posing a severe problem. As can be seen above, most countries with a high infant mortality rate are developing countries or emerging countries, most of which are located in Africa. Good health care and hygiene are crucial in reducing child mortality; among the countries with the lowest infant mortality rate are exclusively developed countries, whose inhabitants usually have access to clean water and comprehensive health care. Access to vaccinations, antibiotics and a balanced nutrition also help reducing child mortality in these regions. In some countries, infants are killed if they turn out to be of a certain gender. India, for example, is known as a country where a lot of girls are aborted or killed right after birth, as they are considered to be too expensive for poorer families, who traditionally have to pay a costly dowry on the girl’s wedding day. Interestingly, the global mortality rate among boys is higher than that for girls, which could be due to the fact that more male infants are actually born than female ones. Other theories include a stronger immune system in girls, or more premature births among boys.

Abstract

The 2024 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (2024 NDHS) was implemented by the National Population Commission (NPC) under the aegis of the Federal Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (FMoHSW). Data collection was conducted from 1 December 2023 to 7 May 2024.

The primary objective of the 2024 NDHS is to provide up-to-date estimates of basic demographic and health indicators. Specifically, the survey collected information on fertility and contraceptive use; maternal and child health; nutrition; childhood mortality; women’s empowerment; domestic violence; female genital mutilation (FGM); fistula; disability; knowledge, awareness, and behavior regarding malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs); and other health-related issues.

The information collected through the 2024 NDHS is intended to assist policymakers and programme managers in evaluating and designing programmes and strategies for improving the health of Nigeria’s population. The survey also provides indicators relevant to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for Nigeria.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual
• Children age 0-5
• Woman age 15-49
• Man age 15 to 59

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged 15-49, all men age 15-59, and all children aged 0-4 resident in the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample for the 2024 NDHS was designed to yield representative results for the country as a whole, for urban and rural areas separately, for all six zones, and for the 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory. The sampling frame excluded institutional populations such as persons in hotels, barracks, and prisons. The 2024 NDHS employed a stratified two-stage sample design. Stratification was achieved by separating each of the 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory into urban and rural areas. In total, 74 sampling strata were identified. Samples were selected independently in every stratum via a two-stage selection. The first stage involved selecting sample points (clusters) consisting of EAs. EAs were drawn with probability proportional to their size within each sampling stratum. A total of 1,400 clusters were selected, 701 in urban areas and 699 in rural areas.

The second stage involved systematic sampling of households. A household listing operation was undertaken in all of the selected clusters, and a fixed number of 30 households per cluster were selected through an equal probability systematic selection process, for a total sample size of approximately 42,000 households. For each household, Global Positioning System (GPS) data were collected at the time of listing and during interviews.

For further details on sample design, see APPENDIX A of the final report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face computer-assisted interviews [capi]

Research instrument

Four questionnaires were used in the 2024 NDHS: the Household Questionnaire, the Woman’s Questionnaire, the Man’s Questionnaire, and the Biomarker Questionnaire. The questionnaires, based on The DHS Program’s model questionnaires, were adapted to reflect the population and health issues relevant to Nigeria. Input was solicited from various stakeholders representing government ministries and agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and international donors. In addition, a self-administered Fieldworker Questionnaire collected information about the survey’s fieldworkers.

Cleaning operations

The survey data were collected using tablet computers running the Android operating system and CSPro software, jointly developed by the United States Census Bureau, ICF, and Serpro S.A. English, Hausa, Yoruba, and Igbo questionnaires were used for collecting data via CAPI. The CAPI programmes accepted only valid responses, automatically performed checks on ranges of values, skipped to the appropriate question based on the responses given, and checked the consistency of the data collected. Answers to the survey questions were entered into the tablets by each interviewer. Supervisors downloaded interview data to their tablet, checked the data for completeness, and monitored fieldwork progress.

Each day, after completion of interviews, field supervisors submitted data to the central server. Data were sent to the central office via secure internet data transfer. The data processing managers monitored the quality of the data received and downloaded data files for completed clusters into the system. ICF provided the CSPro software for data processing and offered technical assistance in the preparation of the data capture, data management, and data editing programmes. Secondary editing was conducted simultaneously with data collection. All technical support for data processing and use of the tablets was provided by ICF.

Response rate

A total of 41,115 households were selected for the NDHS sample, of which 40,314 were found to be occupied. Of the occupied households, 40,047 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 99%. In the interviewed households, 39,553 women age 15–49 were identified as eligible for individual interviews. Interviews were completed with 39,050 women, yielding a response rate of 99%. In the subsample of households selected for the men’s survey, 12,426 men age 15–59 were identified as eligible for individual interviews and 12,204 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 98%.

Sampling error estimates

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: non-sampling errors and sampling errors. Non-sampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the 2024 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (2024 NDHS) to minimize this type of error, non-sampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the 2024 NDHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and sample size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability among all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

Sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus and minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95% of all possible samples of identical size and design.

If the sample of respondents had been selected by simple random sampling, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the 2024 NDHS sample was the result of a multistage stratified cluster design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulas. Sampling errors are computed using SAS programmes developed by ICF. These programmes use the Taylor linearization method to estimate variances for survey estimates that are means, medians, proportions, or ratios. The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as fertility rates and mortality rates.

A more detailed description of estimates of sampling errors are presented in APPENDIX B of the survey report.

Data appraisal

Data Quality Tables - Household age distribution - Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women - Age distribution of eligible and interviewed men - Age displacement at ages 14/15 - Age displacement at ages 49/50 - Pregnancy outcomes by years preceding the survey - Completeness of reporting - Standardization exercise results from anthropometry training - Height and weight data completeness and quality for children - Height measurements from random subsample of measured children - Interference in height and weight measurements of children - Interference in height and weight measurements of women - Heaping in anthropometric measurements for children (digit preference) - Observation of mosquito nets - Observation of handwashing facility - School attendance by single year of age - Vaccination cards photographed - Number of enumeration areas completed by month and zone - Prevalence of anaemia in children based on 2011 WHO guidelines - Prevalence of anaemia in women based on 2011 WHO guidelines

See details of the data quality tables in Appendix C of the final report.

UNICEF's country profile for Nigeria, including under-five mortality rates, child health, education and sanitation data.