This instructional activity introduces students to the application of statistical tools for analyzing biological data, with a focus on measures of center (mean, median, mode) and measures of spread (range, quartiles, standard deviation). Using real-world biological contexts. students learn how to summarize datasets, identify trends, and evaluate variability. The activity integrates the use of MS Excel and TI-84 Plus graphing calculators to calculate descriptive statistics and interpret results. By engaging with authentic biological data, students develop quantitative reasoning skills that enhance their ability to detect patterns, recognize variability, and draw meaningful conclusions about biological systems

As with the first three regulations imposed by the National Committee for Special Emergency Situations, the next measures taken by the Romanian authorities against the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19) in Romania benefited from a high percentage of approval from the population and were considered to be qualitative. The only measure that was received with a slight disagreement involved helping the Romanian citizens who returned to Romania from abroad. For further information about the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, please visit our dedicated Facts and Figures page.

Measures of central tendency and dispersion of the analyzed variables.

Question Paper Solutions of chapter Measures of Dispersion of Basic Mathematics & Statistics, 2nd Semester , Bachelor in Business Administration (Hons.) 2023-2024

According to a survey performed in the United Kingdom (UK) in March 2020, 24 percent of respondents stated their workplace was offering sanitization products eg. hand sanitizer, wipes to help protect employees against coronavirus (COVID-19), while an additional 19 percent reported receiving regular communication about the virus at their workplace. However, 21 percent of respondents mention that nothing had changed in their workplace policy to manage the spread of coronavirus and business was running as usual. For further information about the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, please visit our dedicated Facts and Figures page.

Graph and download economic data for Leading Indicators OECD: Component Series: Interest Rate Spread: Original Series for United States (USALOCOSIORSTM) from Jan 1960 to Dec 2023 about leading indicator, origination, and spread.

Question Paper Solutions of chapter Measures of Dispersion of Fundamentals of Statistics, 1st Semester , Bachelor of Business Administration

Data from simulations of COVID-19 spread in Sweden under different public-health measures. Results from individual-based models.

There are many open questions pertaining to the statistical analysis of random objects, which are increasingly encountered. A major challenge is the absence of linear operations in such spaces. A basic statistical task is to quantify statistical dispersion or spread. For two measures of dispersion for data objects in geodesic metric spaces, Fréchet variance and metric variance, we derive a central limit theorem (CLT) for their joint distribution. This analysis reveals that the Alexandrov curvature of the geodesic space determines the relationship between these two dispersion measures. This suggests a novel test for inferring the curvature of a space based on the asymptotic distribution of the dispersion measures. We demonstrate how this test can be employed to detect the intrinsic curvature of an unknown underlying space, which emerges as a joint property of the space and the underlying probability measure that generates the random objects. We investigate the asymptotic properties of the test and its finite-sample behavior for various data types, including distributional data and point cloud data. We illustrate the proposed inference for intrinsic curvature of random objects using gait synchronization data represented as symmetric positive definite matrices and energy compositional data on the sphere.

Dataset description This dataset contains background data and supplementary material for Sönning (forthcoming), a study that looks at the behavior of dispersion measures when applied to text-level frequency data. For the literature survey reported in that study, which examines how dispersion measures are used in corpus-based work, it includes tabular files listing the 730 research articles that were examined as well as annotations for those studies that measured dispersion in the corpus-linguistic (and lexicographic) sense. As for the corpus data that were used to train the statistical model parameters underlying the simulation study reported in that paper, the dataset contains a term-document matrix for the 49,604 unique word forms (after conversion to lower-case) that occur in the Brown Corpus. Further, R scripts are included that document in detail how the Brown Corpus XML files, which are available from the Natural Language Toolkit (Bird et al. 2009; https://www.nltk.org/), were processed to produce this data arrangement. Abstract: Related publication This paper offers a survey of recent corpus-based work, which shows that dispersion is typically measured across the text files in a corpus. Systematic insights into the behavior of measures in such distributional settings are currently lacking, however. After a thorough discussion of six prominent indices, we investigate their behavior on relevant frequency distributions, which are designed to mimic actual corpus data. Our evaluation considers different distributional settings, i.e. various combinations of frequency and dispersion values. The primary focus is on the response of measures to relatively high and low sub-frequencies, i.e. texts in which the item or structure of interest is over- or underrepresented (if not absent). We develop a simple method for constructing sensitivity profiles, which allow us to draw instructive comparisons among measures. We observe that these profiles vary considerably across distributional settings. While D and DP appear to show the most balanced response contours, our findings suggest that much work remains to be done to understand the performance of measures on items with normalized frequencies below 100 per million words.

In 2022, around 55 percent of adults in the United States stated that COVID-19 vaccination had been extremely or very effective at limiting the spread of coronavirus, while only around 34 percent of adults stated the same for staying at least 6 feet apart from other people indoors. This statistic illustrates the percentage of adults in the United States in 2022 who believed select measures have been effective at limiting the spread of COVID-19.

Yearly citation counts for the publication titled "Field Probes Performance for the Measurement of Spread-Spectrum Radio Signals".

Dataset description This dataset contains background data and supplementary material for Sönning (forthcoming), a study that looks at the behavior of dispersion measures when applied to text-level frequency data. For the literature survey reported in that study, which examines how dispersion measures are used in corpus-based work, it includes tabular files listing the 730 research articles that were examined as well as annotations for those studies that measured dispersion in the corpus-linguistic (and lexicographic) sense. As for the corpus data that were used to train the statistical model parameters underlying the simulation study reported in that paper, the dataset contains a term-document matrix for the 49,604 unique word forms (after conversion to lower-case) that occur in the Brown Corpus. Further, R scripts are included that document in detail how the Brown Corpus XML files, which are available from the Natural Language Toolkit (Bird et al. 2009; https://www.nltk.org/), were processed to produce this data arrangement. Abstract: Related publication This paper offers a survey of recent corpus-based work, which shows that dispersion is typically measured across the text files in a corpus. Systematic insights into the behavior of measures in such distributional settings are currently lacking, however. After a thorough discussion of six prominent indices, we investigate their behavior on relevant frequency distributions, which are designed to mimic actual corpus data. Our evaluation considers different distributional settings, i.e. various combinations of frequency and dispersion values. The primary focus is on the response of measures to relatively high and low sub-frequencies, i.e. texts in which the item or structure of interest is over- or underrepresented (if not absent). We develop a simple method for constructing sensitivity profiles, which allow us to draw instructive comparisons among measures. We observe that these profiles vary considerably across distributional settings. While D and DP appear to show the most balanced response contours, our findings suggest that much work remains to be done to understand the performance of measures on items with normalized frequencies below 100 per million words.

We employ a cellular-automata to reconstruct the land use patterns of cities that we characterize by two measures of spatial heterogeneity: (a) a variant of spatial entropy, which measures the spread of residential, business, and industrial activity sectors, and (b) an index of dissimilarity, which quantifies the degree of spatial mixing of these land use activity parcels. A minimalist and bottom-up approach is adopted that utilizes a limited set of three parameters which represent the forces which determine the extent to which each of these sectors spatially aggregate into clusters. The dispersion degrees of the land uses are governed by a fixed pre-specified power-law distribution based on empirical observations in other cities. Our method is then used to reconstruct land use patterns for the city state of Singapore and a selection of North American cities. We demonstrate the emergence of land use patterns that exhibit comparable visual features to the actual city maps defining our case studies whilst sharing similar spatial characteristics. Our work provides a complementary approach to other measures of urban spatial structure that differentiate cities by their land use patterns resulting from bottom-up dispersion and aggregation processes.

Measures taken in relation to the cat to prevent the spread of COVID-19.

Based on the results of a survey, 70 percent of Indian respondents stated that the government should follow up and track the health of all those who arrived in India from China and Singapore in the month preceding the survey to prevent the spread of the novel coronavirus. On the other hand, around two percent stated that they think precautionary measures were not needed as the virus is still a minor risk in India.

The country went into lockdown on March 25, 2020, the largest in the world, restricting 1.3 billion people.

For further information about the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, please visit our dedicated Fact and Figures page.

The guidance identifies core personal and community-based public health measures to mitigate the transmission of coronavirus disease (COVID-19).

Multiple populations are ubiquitous in the old massive globular clusters (GCs) of the Milky Way. It is still unclear how they arose during the formation of a GC. The topic of iron and metallicity variations has recently attracted attention with the measurement of iron variations among the primordial population (P1) stars of Galactic GCs. We use the spectra of more than 8000 RGB stars in 21 Galactic GCs observed with MUSE to derive individual stellar metallicities [M/H]. For each cluster, we use the HST photometric catalogs to separate the stars into two main populations (P1 and P2). We measure the metallicity spread within the primordial population of each cluster by combining our metallicity measurements with the stars {Delta}F275W,F814W pseudo-color. We also derive metallicity dispersions ({sigma}[M/H]) for the P1 and P2 stars of each GC. In all but three GCs, we measure a significant correlation between the metallicity and the {Delta}F275W,F814W pseudo-color of the P1 stars such that stars with larger {Delta_F275W,F814W_ have higher metallicities. We measure metallicity spreads that range from 0.03 to 0.24dex and correlate with the GC masses. As for the intrinsic metallicity dispersions, when combining the P1 and P2 stars, we measure values ranging from 0.02 dex to 0.08dex that correlate very well with the GC masses. We compared the metallicity dispersion among the P1 and P2 stars and found that the P2 stars have metallicity dispersions that are smaller or equal to that of the P1 stars. We find that both the metallicity spreads of the P1 stars (from the {Delta_F275W,F814W_ spread in the chromosome maps) and the metallicity dispersions ({sigma_[M/H]_) correlate with the GC masses, as predicted by some theoretical self-enrichment models presented in the literature.

Given that the coronavirus pandemic still represents an important concern in Romania, 66 percent of respondents believed that if the elections would take place in the fall of 2020, as scheduled, supporting signatures should be eliminated. At the same time, more than half of respondents were of the opinion that the number of required signatures should be lower this year.

This dataset contains frequencies for a set of 150 word forms in the BNC. The set of items was compiled by Biber et al. (2016) for the purpose of analyzing the behavior of dispersion measures in different distributional settings. It was therefore assembled to cover a broad range of frequency and dispersion levels. For each form, the dataset lists (i) the number occurrences in each of the 4049 text files in the BNC, including zero counts; and (ii) the length of each text file, i.e. the number of word tokens it contains.