This dataset consists of raster geotiff outputs from a series of modeling simulations for the California Central Valley. The full methods and results of this research are described in detail in “Integrated modeling of climate, land use, and water availability scenarios and their impacts on managed wetland habitat: A case study from California’s Central Valley” (2021). Land-use and land-cover change for California's Central Valley were modeled using the LUCAS model and five different scenarios were simulated from 2011 to 2101 across the entirety of the valley. The five future scenario projections originated from the four scenarios developed as part of the Central Valley Landscape Conservation Project (http://climate.calcommons.org/cvlcp ). The 4 original scenarios include a Bad-Business-As-Usual (BBAU; high water availability, poor management), California Dreamin’ (DREAM; high water availability, good management), Central Valley Dustbowl (DUST; low water availability, poor management), and Everyone Equally Miserable (EEM; low water availability, good management). These scenarios represent alternative plausible futures, capturing a range of climate variability, land management activities, and habitat restoration goals. We parameterized our models based on close interpretation of these four scenario narratives to best reflect stakeholder interests, adding a baseline Historical Business-As-Usual scenario (HBAU) for comparison. The flood probability raster maps represent the average annual flooding probability of a cell over a specified time period for a specified land use and land cover group and type. Each filename has the associated scenario ID (scn418 = DUST, scn419 = DREAM, scn420 = HBAU, scn421 = BBAU, and scn426 = EEM), flooding probability per pixel per month, over a 30-year period, model iteration (= it0 in all cases as only 1 Monte Carlo simulation was modeled and no iteration data used in the calculation of the probability value), timestep of the 30-year transition summary end date (ts2041 = average annual 30-year transition probability from modeled time steps 2012 to 2041, ts2071 = average annual 30-year flooding probability from modeled timesteps 2042 to 2071, and ts101 = average annual 30-year flooding probability from modeled timesteps 2072 to 2101). The filename will also include one of the 12 monthly flooding designations (e.g. Apr = April; Nov = November). For example, the following filename “scn418_DUST_tgapFLOODING_30yr_Apr_2041.tif” represents 30-year average annual flooding probability for the month of April, for the modeled scenario 418 DUST, over the 2011 to 2041 model period. More information about the LUCAS model can be found here: https://geography.wr.usgs.gov/LUCC/the_lucas_model.php. For more information on the specific parameter settings used in the model contact Tamara S. Wilson (tswilson@usgs.gov)

Flash flooding is the top weather-related killer, responsible for an average of 140 deaths per year across the United States. Although precipitation forecasting and understanding of flash flood causes have improved in recent years, there are still many unknown factors that play into flash flooding. Despite having accurate and timely rainfall reports, some river basins simply do not respond to rainfall as meteorologists might expect. The Flash Flood Potential Index (FFPI) was developed in order to gain insight into these “problem basins”, giving National Weather Service (NWS) meteorologists insight into the intrinsic properties of a river basin and the potential for swift and copious rainfall runoff.

In Italy, floods and landslides are rather common and widespread events, which can have serious impacts on the resident population. Trentino-South Tyrol had the highest mortality rate associated with floods and landslides, at **** per 100,000 people. This means that for every 100,000 inhabitants of the region, almost *** of them went missing or died in a given period of time due to floods and landslides. Molise and Lazio are the regions with the lowest death rate, with approximately **** individuals for every 100,000 being victims of flooding and landslides.

This map represents Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) data important for floodplain management, mitigation, and insurance activities for the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). The National Flood Hazard Layer (NFHL) data present the flood risk information depicted on the FIRM in a digital format suitable for use in electronic mapping applications. The NFHL database is a subset of the information created for the Flood Insurance Studies (FIS) and serves as a means to archive a portion of the information collected during the FIS. The NFHL data incorporates Digital Flood Insurance Rate Map (DFIRM) databases published by Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The 100-year flood is referred to as the 1% annual exceedance probability flood, since it is a flood that has a 1% chance of being equaled or exceeded in any single year. The primary risk classifications used are the 1-percent-annual-chance flood event, the 0.2-percent-annual-chance flood event, and areas of minimal flood risk. The 1% annual chance (base flood) is the flood that has a 1% chance of being equaled or exceeded in any year. The Special Flood Hazard area is the area subject to flooding by the 1% annual chance flood. Areas of Special Flood Hazard include Zones A, AE, AH, AO, AR, A99, D, V, VE, and X. These flood zones are explained below and reflects the severity or type of flooding in the area. A - Zone A is the flood insurance rate zone that corresponds to the 1-percent annual chance floodplains that are determined in the Flood Insurance Study by approximate methods of analysis. Because detailed hydraulic analyses are not performed for such areas, no Base Flood Elevations or depths are shown within this zone. Mandatory flood insurance purchase requirements apply. AE and A1-A30 - Zones AE and A1-A30 are the flood insurance rate zones that correspond to the 1-percent annual chance floodplains that are determined in the Flood Insurance Study by detailed methods of analysis. In most instances, Base Flood Elevations derived from the detailed hydraulic analyses are shown at selected intervals within this zone. Mandatory flood insurance purchase requirements apply. AH - Zone AH is the flood insurance rate zone that corresponds to the areas of 1-percent annual chance shallow flooding with a constant water-surface elevation (usually areas of ponding) where average depths are between 1 and 3 feet. The Base Flood Elevations derived from the detailed hydraulic analyses are shown at selected intervals within this zone. Mandatory flood insurance purchase requirements apply. AO - Zone AO is the flood insurance rate zone that corresponds to the areas of 1-percent shallow flooding (usually sheet flow on sloping terrain) where average depths are between 1 and 3 feet. Average flood depths derived from the detailed hydraulic analyses are shown within this zone. In addition, alluvial fan flood hazards are shown as Zone AO on the Flood Insurance Rate Map. Mandatory flood insurance purchase requirements apply. AR - Zone AR is the flood insurance rate zone used to depict areas protected from flood hazards by flood control structures, such as a levee, that are being restored. FEMA will consider using the Zone AR designation for a community if the flood protection system has been deemed restorable by a Federal agency in consultation with a local project sponsor; a minimum level of flood protection is still provided to the community by the system; and restoration of the flood protection system is scheduled to begin within a designated time period and in accordance with a progress plan negotiated between the community and FEMA. Mandatory purchase requirements for flood insurance will apply in Zone AR, but the rate will not exceed the rate for an unnumbered Zone A if the structure is built in compliance with Zone AR floodplain management regulations. A99 - Zone A99 is the flood insurance rate zone that corresponds to areas within the 1-percent annual chance floodplain that will be protected by a Federal flood protection system where construction has reached specified statutory milestones. No Base Flood Elevations or depths are shown within this zone. Mandatory flood insurance purchase requirements apply. D - Zone D designation is used for areas where there are possible but undetermined flood hazards. In areas designated as Zone D, no analysis of flood hazards has been conducted. Mandatory flood insurance purchase requirements do not apply, but coverage is available. The flood insurance rates for properties in Zone D are commensurate with the uncertainty of the flood risk. V - Zone V is the flood insurance rate zone that corresponds to areas within the 1-percent annual chance coastal floodplains that have additional hazards associated with storm waves. Because approximate hydraulic analyses are performed for such areas, no Base Flood Elevations are shown within this zone. Mandatory flood insurance purchase requirements apply. VE - Zone VE is the flood insurance rate zone that corresponds to areas within the 1-percent annual chance coastal floodplain that have additional hazards associated with storm waves. Base Flood Elevations derived from the detailed hydraulic analyses are shown at selected intervals within this zone. Mandatory flood insurance purchase requirements apply. X - Zone X is the flood insurance rate zones that correspond to areas outside the 1-percent annual chance floodplain – Areas protected from the 1-percent annual chance flood by levees. No Base Flood Elevations or depths are shown within this zone. Insurance purchase is not required in these zones. More information about the flood zones can be found here. The NFHL data are derived from Flood Insurance Studies (FISs), previously published Flood Insurance Rate Maps, flood hazard analyses performed in support of the FISs and FIRMs, and new mapping data where available. The NFHL data is available at State level. The data is updated on monthly basis and FEMA is in the process of mapping all the flood zones and so some counties do not have complete data. For better visualization, it’s recommended to display the service with 50% transparency. The map service has a county layer that helps differentiate between the counties that have flood data available and those that do not. The flood data is scale dependent and is set to show from 1:3,000,000. This data is as of March 2011.

The isocote lines (level curves of elevations reached by water during the centennial flooding) are a set of spatial data produced as part of the Mid Vienna Flood Risk Prevention Plan. Isocotes are reported on hazard maps and reference odds on regulatory maps. The reference rating is the isocote plus 20 cm. This reference rating is applied during certain developments. That is, at any point in the flooding zone defined on the hazard map, when a development is carried out, the rating for the development is the reference rating. This can be calculated at any point in the flood zone, by linear interpolation between the different isocote lines.

This layer was developed by the Research & Analytics Division of the Atlanta Regional Commission and represents the 100-year and 500-year floodplain data as delineated on Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) published by FEMA. Features captured from the paper FIRMs include floodplain boundaries, political boundaries, FIRM panel areas, and USGS 7.5-minute quadrangle boundaries. Potential applications of this "Q3" flood data include floodplain management, hazards analysis and risk assessment. In addition, the risk zones serve to establish premium rates for flood insurance offered through the National Flood Insurance Program. For more information, go to https://msc.fema.gov.Attributes:FIPS Standard 5-digit State and County FIPS codes. Definition source is from Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS), National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST); first 2 digits for state, last 3 digits for county.COMMUNITY Identifies a county, city, or other community responsible for flood plain management. Numeric value assigned by FEMA,(0..9999).FIRM_PANEL Eleven-digit alpha-numeric code identifies portion of community covered or not covered by a FIRM panel. Code comprises a unique alpha-numeric sequence based on FIPS and FEMA Community and Panel identification.QUAD USGS 7.5-minute quadrangle identifier.ZONE Flood hazard zone designation. Multiple Codes refer to "Q3 Flood Data Specifications" VALUES DESCRIPTION V An area inundated by 100-year flooding with velocity hazard (wave action); no Base Flood Elevation (BFEs) have been determined. VE An area inundated by 100-year flooding with velocity hazard (wave action); BFEs have been determined. A An area inundated by 100-year flooding, for which no BFEs have been determined. AE An area inundated by 100-year flooding, for which BFEs have been determined. AO An area inundated by 100-year flooding (usually sheet flow on sloping terrain), for which average depths have been determined; flood depths range from 1 to 3 feet. AOVEL An alluvial fan inundated by 100-year flooding (usually sheet flow on sloping terrain), for which average flood depths and velocities have been determined; flood depths range from 1 to 3 feet. AH An area inundated by 100-year flooding (usually an area of ponding), for which BFEs have been determined; flood depths range from 1 to 3 feet. A99 An area inundated by 100-year flooding, for which no BFEs have been determined. This is an area to be protected from the 100-year flood by a Federal flood protection system under construction. D An area of undetermined but possible flood hazards. AR An area inundated by flooding, for which BFEs or average depths have been determined. This is an area that was previously, and will again, be protected from the 100-year flood by a Federal flood protection system whose restoration is Federally funded and underway. X500 An area inundated by 500-year flooding; an area inundated by 100-year flooding with average depths of less than 1 foot or with drainage areas less than 1 square mile; or an area protected by levees from the 100-year flooding. X An area that is determined to be outside the 100- and 500-year floodplains. 100IC An area where the 100-year flooding is contained within the channel banks and the channel is too narrow to show to scale. An arbitrary channel width of 3 meters is shown. BFEs are not shown in this area, although they may be reflected on the corresponding profile. 500IC An area where the 500-year flooding is contained within the channel banks and the channel is too narrow to show to scale. An arbitrary channel width of 3 meters is shown. FWIC An area where the floodway is contained within the channel banks and the channel is too narrow to show to scale. An arbitrary channel width of 3 meters is shown. BFEs are not shown in this area, although they may be reflected on the corresponding profile. FPQ An area designated as a "Flood Prone Area" on a map prepared by USGS and the Federal Insurance Administration. This area has been delineated based on available information on past floods. This is an area inundated by 100-year flooding for which no BFEs have been determined.FLOODWAY Channel, river or watercourse reserved for flood discharge. Multiple Codes refer to "Q3 Flood Data Specifications".COBRA Undeveloped Coastal Barrier Area. Multiple Codes refer to "Q3 Flood Data Specifications".SFHA In/Out of flood zone designation, determined from data topology. VALUES DESCRIPTION IN An area designated as within a "Special Flood Hazard Area" (or SFHA) on a FIRM. This is an area inundated by 100-year flooding for which no BFEs or velocity may have been determined. No distinctions are made between the different flood hazard zones that may be included within the SFHA. These may include Zones A, AE, AO, AH, A99, AR, V, or VE. OUT An area designated as outside a "Special Flood Hazard Area" (or SFHA) on a FIRM. This is an area inundated by 500-year flooding; an area inundated by 100-year flooding with average depths of less than 1 foot or with drainage areas less than 1 square mile; an area protected by levees from 100-year flooding; or an area that is determined to be outside the 100- and 500-year floodplains. No distinctions are made between these different conditions. These may include both shaded and unshaded areas of Zone X. ANI An area that is located within a community or county that is not mapped on any published FIRM. UNDES A body of open water, such as a pond, lake ocean, etc., located within a community's jurisdictional limits, that has no defined flood hazard.SYMBOL Polygon shade symbols for graphic output, based on polygon codes. Multiple Codes refer to "Q3 Flood Data Specifications"PANEL_TYP Type of FIRM panel represented. Multiple Codes refer to "Q3 Flood Data Specifications".ST_FIPS State FIPS codeCO_FIPS County FIPS codeSource: Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Atlanta Regional CommissionDate: 1998

The property level flood risk statistics generated by the First Street Foundation Flood Model Version 2.0 come in CSV format.

The data that is included in the CSV includes:

• An FSID; a First Street ID (FSID) is a unique identifier assigned to each location.

• The latitude and longitude of a parcel as well as the zip code, census block group, census tract, county, congressional district, and state of a given parcel.

• The property’s Flood Factor as well as data on economic loss.

• The flood depth in centimeters at the low, medium, and high CMIP 4.5 climate scenarios for the 2, 5, 20, 100, and 500 year storms this year and in 30 years.

• Data on the cumulative probability of a flood event exceeding the 0cm, 15cm, and 30cm threshold depth is provided at the low, medium, and high climate scenarios for this year and in 30 years.

• Information on historical events and flood adaptation, such as ID and name.

This dataset includes First Street's aggregated flood risk summary statistics. The data is available in CSV format and is aggregated at the congressional district, county, and zip code level. The data allows you to compare FSF data with FEMA data. You can also view aggregated flood risk statistics for various modeled return periods (5-, 100-, and 500-year) and see how risk changes due to climate change (compare FSF 2020 and 2050 data). There are various Flood Factor risk score aggregations available including the average risk score for all properties (flood factor risk scores 1-10) and the average risk score for properties with risk (i.e. flood factor risk scores of 2 or greater). This is version 2.0 of the data and it covers the 50 United States and Puerto Rico. There will be updated versions to follow.

If you are interested in acquiring First Street flood data, you can request to access the data here. More information on First Street's flood risk statistics can be found here and information on First Street's hazards can be found here.

The data dictionary for the parcel-level data is below.

Field Name	Type	Description
fsid	int	First Street ID (FSID) is a unique identifier assigned to each location
long	float	Longitude
lat	float	Latitude
zcta	int	ZIP code tabulation area as provided by the US Census Bureau
blkgrp_fips	int	US Census Block Group FIPS Code
tract_fips	int	US Census Tract FIPS Code
county_fips	int	County FIPS Code
cd_fips	int	Congressional District FIPS Code for the 116th Congress
state_fips	int	State FIPS Code
floodfactor	int	The property's Flood Factor, a numeric integer from 1-10 (where 1 = minimal and 10 = extreme) based on flooding risk to the building footprint. Flood risk is defined as a combination of cumulative risk over 30 years and flood depth. Flood depth is calculated at the lowest elevation of the building footprint (largest if more than 1 exists, or property centroid where footprint does not exist)
CS_depth_RP_YY	int	Climate Scenario (low, medium or high) by Flood depth (in cm) for the Return Period (2, 5, 20, 100 or 500) and Year (today or 30 years in the future). Today as year00 and 30 years as year30. ex: low_depth_002_year00
CS_chance_flood_YY	float	Climate Scenario (low, medium or high) by Cumulative probability (percent) of at least one flooding event that exceeds the threshold at a threshold flooding depth in cm (0, 15, 30) for the year (today or 30 years in the future). Today as year00 and 30 years as year30. ex: low_chance_00_year00
aal_YY_CS	int	The annualized economic damage estimate to the building structure from flooding by Year (today or 30 years in the future) by Climate Scenario (low, medium, high). Today as year00 and 30 years as year30. ex: aal_year00_low
hist1_id	int	A unique First Street identifier assigned to a historic storm event modeled by First Street
hist1_event	string	Short name of the modeled historic event
hist1_year	int	Year the modeled historic event occurred
hist1_depth	int	Depth (in cm) of flooding to the building from this historic event
hist2_id	int	A unique First Street identifier assigned to a historic storm event modeled by First Street
hist2_event	string	Short name of the modeled historic event
hist2_year	int	Year the modeled historic event occurred
hist2_depth	int	Depth (in cm) of flooding to the building from this historic event
adapt_id	int	A unique First Street identifier assigned to each adaptation project
adapt_name	string	Name of adaptation project
adapt_rp	int	Return period of flood event structure provides protection for when applicable
adapt_type	string	Specific flood adaptation structure type (can be one of many structures associated with a project)
fema_zone	string	Specific FEMA zone categorization of the property ex: A, AE, V. Zones beginning with "A" or "V" are inside the Special Flood Hazard Area which indicates high risk and flood insurance is required for structures with mortgages from federally regulated or insured lenders
footprint_flag	int	Statistics for the property are calculated at the centroid of the building footprint (1) or at the centroid of the parcel (0)

Flood risks in the U.S. have historically been underestimated, particularly with respect to human well-being and within low-wealth and marginalized communities. Here, we characterize a fuller range of risks in Los Angeles, California, using a quantitative framework that intersects flood hazards from rainfall, streamflow, and storm tides with measures of exposure and vulnerability including ethnicity, race, and socioeconomic disadvantage. We find that between 197 and 974 thousand (K) people (median=425K), and between $36 and $108 billion (B) in property (median=$56B), are exposed to flooding greater than 30 cm within the 100-year flood zone, risk levels far above federally defined floodplains and similar to the most damaging hurricanes in U.S. history. These risks are disproportionately higher for non-Hispanic Black and disadvantaged populations, burdening communities that may have greater challenges recovering and reinforcing socioeconomic inequities. Our framework creates opportunities...

In 2023, there were *** flood disaster events recorded worldwide. This marks a slight decrease from the *** disasters in 2022 but remains significantly higher than the average ** floods per year reported in the 1990s. The peak in the past three decades occurred in 2006, with *** flood disasters.

Devastating human and economic toll Floods continue to take a heavy toll on human lives and economies worldwide. In 2023, approximately ** million people were impacted by flooding, including injuries and displacement. Although the number of people affected by floods has decreased since the beginning of the century, due in large part to an improvement in flood protection, better warning systems, and forecasting, the economic burden they cause has increased. Economic loss caused by floods amounted to *** billion U.S. dollars in the past decade, the highest since the *****. Five of the ten costliest floods since 1900 have occurred after 2010, underscoring the increasing financial burden of these events.

Regional disparities in flood impact The impact of floods varies significantly across regions. In 2023, Africa bore the brunt of flood-related fatalities, accounting for over ** percent of global flood deaths. Asia also suffered severely, with over ***** casualties in 2023. Southeast Asian countries, including Bangladesh, Vietnam, and Thailand, are among the most exposed to river flood risk worldwide due to factors such as low elevations, frequent tropical cyclones, and prolonged monsoons.

This dataset comprises a collection of modified secondary datasets that were used to construct the Weather and Climate Profiles for the FloodWise Communities project. The nature and source for each dataset is summarized below.

1. "Climate Trend Graph Data". Contains annual average temperature and rainfall for various regions of the Gulf Coast, regions defined by the Southern Climate Impacts Planning Program. Comma Separated (csv) temperature and precipitation data were downloaded for each region from 1895-2021, though only data values from 1950-2020 were used for the Weather and Climate Profiles. These data were used to create versions of SCIPP's Climate Trend Graphs that were bespoke to these Profiles, so that contrasts between regional and city/county-level climate trends in each Profile could be drawn.

2a. "Observations and Projections". Contains annually and seasonally averaged temperature and rainfall metrics for each recruited city/county for the FloodWise Communities project, as available through the South Central Applied Climate Information System (SC-ACIS). Observations from 1991 to 2020 of various temperature and precipitation metrics were extracted, in order to compute an historical average climate state, and an historical average climate change, for each recruited city/county. These data were prepared in csv format.

2b. "Observations and Projections". Contains annually and seasonally averaged temperature and rainfall metrics obtained from an ensemble of the GCM-RCMs that contributed to the North American CORDEX (NA-CORDEX) project. These climate model data were averaged over a Mid-Century (2041-2070) and an End-Century (2071-2100) period, in order to produce a range of projected changes in temperature and precipitation for each recruited city/county. The grid points from the NA-CORDEX's regular grid that were nearest to each recruited city/county were used to compute the same metrics as those using the SC-ACIS data, and saved to the same respective csv files. Each csv file was used to produce a table of historical and projected changes in temperature and precipitation, for inclusion in each recruited city/county's Weather and Climate Profile.

1. "FloodFactor Maps". Contains maps of categorical flood risk for each city/county recruited for the FloodWise Communities project, as produced by First Street Foundation. Permission was given by First Street Foundation to use and modify outputs from their FloodFactor product for the purpose of this project. FloodFactor maps for each recruited city/county were modified by circling properties at particular risk of being flooded, in order to draw the readers' attention to these properties.

2. "Sea Level Rise Maps". Contains maps of flooded land areas resulting from a potential 10 feet of sea level rise, as available in NOAA's Sea Level Rise Viewer. These maps were modified by circling particular areas of cities/counties that would be badly affected by this much sea level rise (e.g., bridges, properties surrounding river deltas, urban centers), again to draw the readers' attention to them.

3. "Severe Weather Tables". Contains tables of severe weather events that affected each city/county between 1991 and 2020, drawn from event summaries available in NOAA NCEI's Storm Events Database. Each table contains five specific weather events (e.g., hurricanes, thunderstorms, floods) that had high financial impact, and/or caused many human casualties, within this 30-year period. These tables serve to contextualize the types of severe weather that each recruited city/county has the potential to experience for its respective Profile.

For natural PPRs, the Environmental Code defines two categories of zones (L562-1): risk-exposed areas and areas that are not directly exposed to risks but where measures can be foreseen to avoid exacerbating the risk.

Depending on the hazard level, each area is subject to an enforceable settlement. The Middle Vienna PPRI has two regulatory areas:

— red zone,

— blue zone.

This data contains maximum depth of flooding (cm) in the region landward of the present-day shoreline for the sea-level rise (SLR) and storm condition indicated. The Coastal Storm Modeling System (CoSMoS) makes detailed predictions (meter-scale) over large geographic scales (100s of kilometers) of storm-induced coastal flooding and erosion for both current and future sea-level rise (SLR) scenarios. Projections for CoSMoS v3.1 in Central California include flood-hazard information for the coast from Pt. Conception to the Golden Gate. Outputs include SLR scenarios of 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, and 5.0 meters; storm scenarios include background conditions (astronomic spring tide and average atmospheric conditions) and simulated 1-year/20-year/100-year return interval coastal storms. Methods and processes used in Central California are replicated from and described in O'Neill and others (2018).Please read metadata and inspect output carefully. Data are complete for the information presented.

Nigeria NG: Droughts, Floods, Extreme Temperatures: Average 1990-2009: % of Population data was reported at 0.055 % in 2009. Nigeria NG: Droughts, Floods, Extreme Temperatures: Average 1990-2009: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 0.055 % from Dec 2009 (Median) to 2009, with 1 observations. Nigeria NG: Droughts, Floods, Extreme Temperatures: Average 1990-2009: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Nigeria – Table NG.World Bank.WDI: Land Use, Protected Areas and National Wealth. Droughts, floods and extreme temperatures is the annual average percentage of the population that is affected by natural disasters classified as either droughts, floods, or extreme temperature events. A drought is an extended period of time characterized by a deficiency in a region's water supply that is the result of constantly below average precipitation. A drought can lead to losses to agriculture, affect inland navigation and hydropower plants, and cause a lack of drinking water and famine. A flood is a significant rise of water level in a stream, lake, reservoir or coastal region. Extreme temperature events are either cold waves or heat waves. A cold wave can be both a prolonged period of excessively cold weather and the sudden invasion of very cold air over a large area. Along with frost it can cause damage to agriculture, infrastructure, and property. A heat wave is a prolonged period of excessively hot and sometimes also humid weather relative to normal climate patterns of a certain region. Population affected is the number of people injured, left homeless or requiring immediate assistance during a period of emergency resulting from a natural disaster; it can also include displaced or evacuated people. Average percentage of population affected is calculated by dividing the sum of total affected for the period stated by the sum of the annual population figures for the period stated.; ; EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database: www.emdat.be, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels (Belgium), World Bank.; ;

This dataset includes county aggregate flood event data for multiple flood sources in New England from 2000 to 2018. Each flood source has individual cleaning and processing which is done by source, prior to aggregation across sources. Sources included in the derivation are: ----- Dartmouth Flood Observatory (DFO) ----- Global Flood Database (GFD) ----- National Weather Service Storm_Events Database ----- PRISM Precipitation ----- United States Geological Survey Stream Gages As described in the associated manuscript, this dataset includes a combination of catalog and hydrometeorological sources. Catalog sources such as the DFO, GFD, NWS have listed start and end dates. Processing was conducted to transform flood polygons (DFO), flood rasters (GFD), or non-county spatial identifiers to a county-level flood marker, and to ensure consistency in the definition of events within a county for these sources. For the hydrometeorological sources, we use thresholds of flooding. For PRISM, a 'flood' is identified where the 3-day cumulative precipitation exceeds the 99th percentile of 3-day precipitation for the region (67 mm). For USGS, a 'flood' is identified where at least one stream gage in a county is in exceedance of the median annual peak for that gage. The median annual peak is the median of annual peak discharge values for the gage during the 2000 to 2018 period. Please see the related publication for details on threshold selection, the use of alternate thresholds, and additional details. The data is provided in 3 forms, as described in the manuscript: Characterizing the Number and Nature of Historical Floods and Implications for Exposure Characterization in New England, 2000-2018 ne_flooding_allsource_daily.csv Time series of all days with flooding identified by any of the sources above. ne_flooding_allsource_non_union.csv Time series of all flood events identified by any source. No cross-source merger is happening here, so if there is an event in county 25025 for NWS from 3/1/2003 to 3/3/2003 and an event in county 25025 for PRISM from 3/1/2003 to 3/6/2003, then both will appear as separate rows. ne_flooding_allsource_upd_union.csv Time series of all flood events identified by any source. Here there is cross-source merger, so if there is an event in county 25025 for NWS from 3/1/2003 to 3/3/2003 and an event in county 25025 for PRISM from 3/1/2003 to 3/6/2003, then there will be a single row with an event from 3/1/2003 to 3/6/2003 listed with both NWS and PRISM noted as sources. This collection will be updated with the source-specific county-level flood aggregates which are in preparation for sharing.

This feature layer was derived from the FEMA National Flood Hazard Layer (NFHL), available from the FEMA National Mapping Information Platform. This feature set includes the following layers: Zone A-The flood insurance rate zone that corresponds to the 100-year floodplains that are determined in the FIS by approximate methods. Because detailed hydraulic analyses are not performed for such areas, no base flood elevations or depths are shown within this zone.Zone AE-The flood insurance rate zone that corresponds to the 100-year floodplains that are determined in the FIS by detailed methods. In most instances, whole-foot base flood elevations derived from the detailed hydraulic analyses are shown at selected intervals within this zone.Zone AH-The flood insurance rate zone that corresponds to the 100-year shallow flooding (usually areas of ponding) where average depths are between 1 and 3 feet. Whole-foot base flood elevations are derived from detailed hydraulic analyses are shown at selected intervals within this zone.Zone X-The flood insurance rate zone that corresponds to areas outside the 500-year floodplain, areas within the 500- year floodplain, and areas of 100-year flooding where average depths are less than 1 foot, areas of 100-year flooding where the contributing drainage area is less than 1 square mile, and areas protected from 100-year flood by levees. No base flood elevations or depths are shown within this zone.Regulatory Floodway-A floodplain management tool that is the regulatory area defined as the channel of a stream, plus any adjacent floodplain areas, that must be kept free of encroachment so that the base flood discharge can be conveyed without increasing the BFEs more than a specified amount. The regulatory floodway is not an insurance rating factor. For more information on FEMA Flood Zone definitions, visit the FEMA National Mapping Information Platform.

As of 2020, approximately ** thousand people were exposed to coastal flood risk every year in Nam Dinh, making it the province with the highest number of exposed inhabitants on average in Vietnam. Thai Binh and Hai Phong City, located in the same area as Nam Dinh in the Red River Delta, each had over ** thousand people exposed to coastal flooding per year. In total, there were *** thousand people exposed to coastal flood risk every year across the country.

This statistic represents the physical exposure to floods worldwide in 1970 and 2030, based on the number of people affected. In 1970, approximately ****** people were physically exposed to floods in Asia.

Vietnam VN: Droughts, Floods, Extreme Temperatures: Average 1990-2009: % of Population data was reported at 1.599 % in 2009. Vietnam VN: Droughts, Floods, Extreme Temperatures: Average 1990-2009: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 1.599 % from Dec 2009 (Median) to 2009, with 1 observations. Vietnam VN: Droughts, Floods, Extreme Temperatures: Average 1990-2009: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Vietnam – Table VN.World Bank.WDI: Land Use, Protected Areas and National Wealth. Droughts, floods and extreme temperatures is the annual average percentage of the population that is affected by natural disasters classified as either droughts, floods, or extreme temperature events. A drought is an extended period of time characterized by a deficiency in a region's water supply that is the result of constantly below average precipitation. A drought can lead to losses to agriculture, affect inland navigation and hydropower plants, and cause a lack of drinking water and famine. A flood is a significant rise of water level in a stream, lake, reservoir or coastal region. Extreme temperature events are either cold waves or heat waves. A cold wave can be both a prolonged period of excessively cold weather and the sudden invasion of very cold air over a large area. Along with frost it can cause damage to agriculture, infrastructure, and property. A heat wave is a prolonged period of excessively hot and sometimes also humid weather relative to normal climate patterns of a certain region. Population affected is the number of people injured, left homeless or requiring immediate assistance during a period of emergency resulting from a natural disaster; it can also include displaced or evacuated people. Average percentage of population affected is calculated by dividing the sum of total affected for the period stated by the sum of the annual population figures for the period stated.; ; EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database: www.emdat.be, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels (Belgium), World Bank.; ;

Sudan SD: Droughts, Floods, Extreme Temperatures: Average 1990-2009: % of Population data was reported at 2.765 % in 2009. Sudan SD: Droughts, Floods, Extreme Temperatures: Average 1990-2009: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 2.765 % from Dec 2009 (Median) to 2009, with 1 observations. Sudan SD: Droughts, Floods, Extreme Temperatures: Average 1990-2009: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sudan – Table SD.World Bank.WDI: Land Use, Protected Areas and National Wealth. Droughts, floods and extreme temperatures is the annual average percentage of the population that is affected by natural disasters classified as either droughts, floods, or extreme temperature events. A drought is an extended period of time characterized by a deficiency in a region's water supply that is the result of constantly below average precipitation. A drought can lead to losses to agriculture, affect inland navigation and hydropower plants, and cause a lack of drinking water and famine. A flood is a significant rise of water level in a stream, lake, reservoir or coastal region. Extreme temperature events are either cold waves or heat waves. A cold wave can be both a prolonged period of excessively cold weather and the sudden invasion of very cold air over a large area. Along with frost it can cause damage to agriculture, infrastructure, and property. A heat wave is a prolonged period of excessively hot and sometimes also humid weather relative to normal climate patterns of a certain region. Population affected is the number of people injured, left homeless or requiring immediate assistance during a period of emergency resulting from a natural disaster; it can also include displaced or evacuated people. Average percentage of population affected is calculated by dividing the sum of total affected for the period stated by the sum of the annual population figures for the period stated.; ; EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database: www.emdat.be, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels (Belgium), World Bank.; ;

As of 2020, Thanh Hoa was the province with the highest number of riverine flood-exposed inhabitants per year in Vietnam, amounting to approximately ** thousand people. The provinces with the second-highest figure were Quang Ngai and Quang Nam, with ** thousand inhabitants exposed to riverine flooding per year each. In total, there were approximately *** thousand Vietnamese residents exposed to riverine flood risk every year.