In a survey conducted in 2022 among respondents from megacities of India, Surat emerged on the top in terms of clean mobility with a score of ****, among all megacities of India. It was closely followed by Chennai and Pune-Pimpri-Chinwad. The parameter of clean mobility includes impact of air pollution, clean mobility focused policies, willingness to adopt electric mobility, among others. Megacities are defined as the cities with a population of over ************ as per the survey. The Ease of Moving Index is a composite index comprising **** parameters across ** indicators. The parameters include seamless, inclusive, clean, efficient and shared mobility and investment in the city among others.

The dataset contains Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR)-derived Vertical Land Motion (VLM) measurements and building damage risk maps for five rapidly growing Indian megacities: New Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Chennai, and Kolkata. Researchers can visualize and extract values, including latitude and longitude information, using ArcGIS, QGIS, or any programming language that supports the ESRI shapefile format.

As per a decadal analysis of forest cover change in megacities of India between 2011 and 2021, Hyderabad emerged as the city with a *** percent growth in forest area, followed by Chennai and Delhi. Ahmedabad lost ** percent of its forest cover in a period of ten years.

In a survey conducted in 2022 among respondents from megacities of India, Pune-Pimpri Chinwad emerged on top in terms of inclusive mobility with a score of ****, among all megacities of India. It was closely followed by Mumbai and Bengaluru. The parameter of inclusive mobility includes mobility systems meeting the needs of diverse group of populations including women, children, trans/non-binary, the elderly, the disabled among others.. Megacities are defined as cities with a population of over ************ as per the survey. The Ease of Moving Index is a composite index comprising **** parameters across ** indicators. The parameters include seamless, inclusive, clean, efficient and shared mobility and investment in the city among others.

In a survey conducted in 2022 among respondents from megacities of India, Pune emerged on the top with a score of **** among all megacities of India, followed by Mumbai and Hyderabad. Megacities are defined as cities with a population of over ************, as per the survey. The Ease of Moving Index is a composite index comprising **** parameters across ** indicators. The parameters include seamless, inclusive, clean, efficient, and shared mobility and investment in the city, among others.

In a survey conducted in 2022 among respondents from megacities of India, Kolkata emerged at the top among all megacities of India in terms of achieving the goal of active and shared mobility, with a score of 0.56. It was followed by Bengaluru and Chennai. Active and shared mobility includes a robust public transportation system, active mobility including walking and cycling, and investment in active mobility infrastructure in the city. Megacities are defined as the cities with a population of over four million as per the survey. The Ease of Moving Index is a composite index comprising nine parameters across 41 indicators. The parameters include seamless, inclusive, clean, efficient and shared mobility and investment in the city among others.

It is estimated that more than 8 billion people live on Earth and the population is likely to hit more than 9 billion by 2050. Approximately 55 percent of Earth’s human population currently live in areas classified as urban. That number is expected to grow by 2050 to 68 percent, according to the United Nations (UN).The largest cities in the world include Tōkyō, Japan; New Delhi, India; Shanghai, China; México City, Mexico; and São Paulo, Brazil. Each of these cities classifies as a megacity, a city with more than 10 million people. The UN estimates the world will have 43 megacities by 2030.Most cities' populations are growing as people move in for greater economic, educational, and healthcare opportunities. But not all cities are expanding. Those cities whose populations are declining may be experiencing declining fertility rates (the number of births is lower than the number of deaths), shrinking economies, emigration, or have experienced a natural disaster that resulted in fatalities or forced people to leave the region.This Global Cities map layer contains data published in 2018 by the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA). It shows urban agglomerations. The UN DESA defines an urban agglomeration as a continuous area where population is classified at urban levels (by the country in which the city resides) regardless of what local government systems manage the area. Since not all places record data the same way, some populations may be calculated using the city population as defined by its boundary and the metropolitan area. If a reliable estimate for the urban agglomeration was unable to be determined, the population of the city or metropolitan area is used.Data Citation: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision. Statistical Papers - United Nations (ser. A), Population and Vital Statistics Report, 2019, https://doi.org/10.18356/b9e995fe-en.

In a survey conducted in 2022 among respondents from megacities of India, Surat emerged on the top in terms of getting closer to the goal of zero road accidents with a score of ****, among all megacities of India. It was closely followed by Pune and Hyderabad. The parameter includes commuter perception, road fatality numbers and other road infrastructure related points. Megacities are defined as the cities with a population of over **** million as per the survey. The Ease of Moving Index is a composite index comprising **** parameters across ** indicators. The parameters include seamless, inclusive, clean, efficient and shared mobility and investment in the city among others.

Many world cities have been going through thermal state intensification induced by the uncertain growth of impervious land. To address this challenge, one of the megacities of South Asia, Bengaluru (India), facing intense urbanization transformation, has been taken up for detailed investigations. Three decadal (1989–2019) patterns and magnitude of natural coverage and its influence on the thermal state are studied in this research for assisting urban planners in adopting mitigation measures to achieve sustainable development in the megacity. The main aim of this research is to monitor the surface urban cool island (SUCI) in Bengaluru city, one of the booming megacities in India, using Landsat data from 1989 to 2019. This study further focused on the analysis of land surface temperature (LST), bare surface (BS), impervious surface (IS), and vegetation surface (VS). The SUCI intensity (SUCII) is examined through the LST difference based on the classified categories of land use/land cover (LU/LC) using urban-rural grid zones. In addition, we have proposed a modified approach in the form of ISBS fraction ratio (ISBS–FR) to cater to the state of urbanization. Furthermore, the relationship between LST and ISBS–FR and the magnitude of the ISBS–FR is also analyzed. The rural zone is assumed based on

Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainableHalf of humanity – 3.5 billion people – lives in cities today. By 2030, almost 60% of the world’s population will live in urban areas.828 million people live in slums today and the number keeps rising.The world’s cities occupy just 2% of the Earth’s land, but account for 60 – 80% of energy consumption and 75% of carbon emissions. Rapid urbanization is exerting pressure on fresh water supplies, sewage, the living environment, and public health. But the high density of cities can bring efficiency gains and technological innovation while reducing resource and energy consumption.Cities have the potential to either dissipate the distribution of energy or optimise their efficiency by reducing energy consumption and adopting green – energy systems. For instance, Rizhao, China has turned itself into a solar – powered city; in its central districts, 99% of households already use solar water heaters.68% of India’s total population lives in rural areas (2013-14).By 2030, India is expected to be home to 6 mega-cities with populations above 10 million. Currently 17% of India’s urban population lives in slums.This map layer is offered by Esri India, for ArcGIS Online subscribers, If you have any questions or comments, please let us know via content@esri.in.

Multiple regression coefficient table and Pearson correlation coefficient table of NTL density in Indian state after excluding two megacities.

Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainableHalf of humanity – 3.5 billion people – lives in cities today. By 2030, almost 60% of the world’s population will live in urban areas.828 million people live in slums today and the number keeps rising.The world’s cities occupy just 2% of the Earth’s land, but account for 60 – 80% of energy consumption and 75% of carbon emissions. Rapid urbanization is exerting pressure on fresh water supplies, sewage, the living environment, and public health. But the high density of cities can bring efficiency gains and technological innovation while reducing resource and energy consumption.Cities have the potential to either dissipate the distribution of energy or optimise their efficiency by reducing energy consumption and adopting green – energy systems. For instance, Rizhao, China has turned itself into a solar – powered city; in its central districts, 99% of households already use solar water heaters.68% of India’s total population lives in rural areas (2013-14).By 2030, India is expected to be home to 6 mega-cities with populations above 10 million. Currently 17% of India’s urban population lives in slums.Data source: https://niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/SDG-India-Index-2.0_27-Dec.pdfPlease find detailed metadata here.This web layer is offered by Esri India, for ArcGIS Online subscribers, If you have any questions or comments, please let us know via content@esri.in.

In 2014, the greenness index of Mumbai was about 0.41, up from about 0.39 in the year 2000. Sanjay Gandhi National Park located in northern Mumbai is spread over 104 square kilometers. Many small and large parks are spread across the city, with Aarey milk colony being the second largest green area.

In 2023, approximately ** percent of the population in Papua New Guinea were living in rural areas. In comparison, approximately ***** percent of the population in Japan were living in rural areas that year. Urbanization and development Despite the desirable outcomes that urbanization entails, these rapid demographic shifts have also brought about unintended changes. For instance, in countries like India, rapid urbanization has led to unsustainable and crowded cities, with **** of the urban population in India estimated to live in slums. In China, population shifts from rural to urban areas have aggravated regional economic disparities. For example, the migration of workers into coastal cities has made possible the creation of urban clusters of immense economic magnitude, with the Yangtze River Delta city cluster accounting for about a ******of the country’s gross domestic product. Megacities and their future Home to roughly 60 percent of the world’s population, the Asia-Pacific region also shelters most of the globe’s largest urban agglomerations. Megacities, a term used for cities or urban areas with a population of over ten million people, are characterized by high cultural diversity and advanced infrastructure. As a result, they create better economic opportunities, and they are often hubs of innovation. For instance, many megacities in the Asia-Pacific region offer high local purchasing power to their residents. Despite challenges like pollution, income inequality, or the rising cost of living, megacities in the Asia-Pacific region have relatively high population growth rates and are expected to expand.

In 2024, Bangladesh's capital Dhaka had a pollution index score of ****, the highest among megacities in the Asia-Pacific region. In contrast, Japan's capital Tokyo had a pollution index score of **** that year. Megacities on course for growth The United Nations defines megacities as cities with over ten million inhabitants. The population living in megacities has doubled in size in the last twenty years and is expected to rise even more until 2035. Today, the Asia-Pacific region is home to the highest number of megacities, with China and India alone accounting for around half of all megacities worldwide. At the same time, only half of the population in Asia is living in cities. This figure is also expected to rise exponentially over the next years, especially with much of the younger population migrating to larger cities. The growth of megacities and their higher population densities bring along several environmental problems. Exposure to pollution in India The most populated cities in APAC are located in Japan, China and India. As seen above, India's capital also falls among the top three most polluted megacities in the region and ranks second among the most polluted capital cities worldwide with an average PM2.5 concentration. As one of the fastest emerging economies in the world, India's rapid urbanization and industrialization have led to high pollution rates in different areas. The volume of emissions from coal-fired power plants has led to electricity and heat accounting for the largest share of greenhouse gas emissions in India. The country is also among the nations with the highest population share exposed to hazardous concentrations of air pollution worldwide.

Multiple regression coefficient and Pearson’s correlation coefficient of NTL density at provincial level in China after excluding three megacities.

As of September 2024, Mumbai had the highest cost of living among other cities in the country, with an index value of ****. Gurgaon, a satellite city of Delhi and part of the National Capital Region (NCR) followed it with an index value of ****.  What is cost of living? The cost of living varies depending on geographical regions and factors that affect the cost of living in an area include housing, food, utilities, clothing, childcare, and fuel among others. The cost of living is calculated based on different measures such as the consumer price index (CPI), living cost indexes, and wage price index. CPI refers to the change in the value of consumer goods and services. The wage price index, on the other hand, measures the change in labor services prices due to market pressures. Lastly, the living cost indexes calculate the impact of changing costs on different households. The relationship between wages and costs determines affordability and shifts in the cost of living. Mumbai tops the list Mumbai usually tops the list of most expensive cities in India. As the financial and entertainment hub of the country, Mumbai offers wide opportunities and attracts talent from all over the country. It is the second-largest city in India and has one of the most expensive real estates in the world.

Off Highway Brake Oil Market Outlook

The global Off Highway Brake Oil market size was valued at approximately USD 1.2 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach around USD 2.1 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.2% during the forecast period. The major growth factors driving this market include the increasing demand for heavy machinery in construction, mining, and agriculture sectors, coupled with the necessity for superior brake performance and reliability in off-highway vehicles.

One of the primary growth factors of the Off Highway Brake Oil market is the robust expansion of the construction sector. As urbanization accelerates globally, there is a continuous need for infrastructure development, including residential buildings, commercial complexes, and public infrastructure. This has led to a substantial increase in the use of construction equipment which, in turn, demands high-quality brake oil to ensure safety and efficiency. Additionally, the growth of megacities and development projects in emerging economies like China and India are further propelling the market.

Another significant driver is the escalation in mining activities worldwide. With the rising demand for minerals and metals driven by various industrial applications, mining equipment is witnessing heightened utilization. The harsh working conditions and demanding operational requirements in the mining industry necessitate the use of durable and high-performance brake oils. These oils are essential for maintaining the safety, reliability, and longevity of the mining equipment, thus fueling market growth.

The agricultural sector also plays a crucial role in market expansion. Modern agriculture relies heavily on various types of machinery, such as tractors, harvesters, and sprayers, which operate under diverse and rigorous conditions. The need for efficient braking systems in these machines is paramount to ensure operational safety and efficiency. This has led to an increased demand for high-quality brake oils capable of withstanding extreme conditions, thereby boosting the market.

Geographically, the Asia Pacific region is expected to dominate the Off Highway Brake Oil market. Factors such as rapid industrialization, significant investments in infrastructure development, and a growing focus on mechanized farming are driving demand. Additionally, the presence of major construction and mining equipment manufacturers in countries like China, Japan, and India further contributes to the market's growth in this region. With a high CAGR, the Asia Pacific region is anticipated to maintain its leading position throughout the forecast period.

Mineral Oil Auto Brake Fluid plays a pivotal role in the off-highway brake oil market, especially within the segment of mineral oils. Known for its cost-effectiveness and availability, Mineral Oil Auto Brake Fluid is widely used in various applications, including construction, mining, and agricultural machinery. Despite the growing shift towards synthetic and bio-based oils, mineral oil remains a staple due to its established performance in standard operating conditions. However, the industry faces challenges such as environmental concerns and performance limitations under extreme conditions, which are prompting innovations and improvements in mineral oil formulations. As the market evolves, Mineral Oil Auto Brake Fluid continues to be a critical component, balancing cost and performance for many users.

Product Type Analysis

The off-highway brake oil market can be segmented by product type into Mineral Oil, Synthetic Oil, and Bio-based Oil. Mineral Oil is traditionally used in many applications due to its availability and cost-effectiveness. This type of oil is derived from refining crude oil and has been the go-to choice for many users in various industries. However, drawbacks such as lower performance in extreme conditions and a higher environmental footprint are causing a gradual shift towards more advanced options.

Synthetic Oils are gaining significant traction in the off-highway brake oil market. These oils are chemically engineered to provide superior performance in extreme conditions, including high temperatures and heavy loads. They offer enhanced lubrication, longer life span, and better protection agains

Delhi was the largest city in terms of number of inhabitants in India in 2023.The capital city was estimated to house nearly 33 million people, with Mumbai ranking second that year. India's population estimate was 1.4 billion, ahead of China that same year.

Railway Wheel Sets Market Outlook

The global railway wheel sets market size was valued at approximately $4.5 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach around $7.8 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.2%. The driving factors for this robust growth include the increasing investments in railway infrastructure and the modernization of existing rail networks. Increasing urbanization, coupled with growing transportation needs, is pushing governments and private entities to invest heavily in rail-based transportation systems, further fueling the market's expansion.

One of the significant growth drivers in the railway wheel sets market is the surging demand for high-speed trains, especially in emerging economies. Countries like China and India are heavily investing in high-speed rail projects to enhance connectivity and reduce travel time between major cities. The introduction of advanced materials and manufacturing techniques is also playing a crucial role in improving the performance and lifespan of railway wheel sets, thus driving market growth. Additionally, governmental initiatives aimed at reducing carbon emissions are encouraging the adoption of rail transport over road and air, which is more environmentally friendly.

Another major factor contributing to the market's growth is the rapid urbanization and the increasing need for efficient public transportation systems. Metro and suburban trains are becoming indispensable in megacities to manage the growing population and reduce traffic congestion. This trend is particularly noticeable in regions like Asia Pacific, where countries such as China, India, and Japan are expanding their metro rail networks at an unprecedented rate. The demand for reliable and durable wheel sets for these metro systems is therefore on the rise, further propelling the market forward.

Technological advancements are also significantly influencing the growth of the railway wheel sets market. Innovations such as the development of composite materials and improved alloy compositions are enhancing the durability and performance of wheel sets. These advancements are reducing maintenance costs and downtime, offering a more cost-effective solution for railway operators. Moreover, the integration of smart technologies and IoT (Internet of Things) in railway wheel sets for real-time monitoring and predictive maintenance is emerging as a trend, offering new avenues for market growth.

The role of Plate Wheels in the railway industry cannot be understated, as they are integral to the functionality of various rail systems. These wheels are typically used in applications that require a high degree of precision and durability, such as in freight and passenger trains. The design of plate wheels allows for even distribution of weight and stress, which is crucial for maintaining the stability and safety of trains at high speeds. As rail networks continue to expand, the demand for reliable plate wheels is expected to grow, driven by the need for efficient and safe rail operations. Manufacturers are focusing on enhancing the material composition and design of plate wheels to meet the evolving demands of the industry, ensuring that they can withstand the rigors of modern rail transportation.

Regionally, Asia Pacific holds the largest share in the railway wheel sets market, driven by substantial investments in railway infrastructure and high-speed train projects. Europe and North America follow, with significant contributions from countries like Germany, France, and the United States, where there is a focus on modernizing existing rail networks. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also witnessing growth, albeit at a slower pace, due to increasing investments in rail infrastructure to support economic development. The diverse regional dynamics and varying levels of investment are shaping the global landscape of the railway wheel sets market.

Product Type Analysis

In the realm of product types, the railway wheel sets market is segmented into monobloc wheels and tyred wheels. Monobloc wheels, known for their high strength and durability, are increasingly preferred in high-speed and freight trains. These wheels are manufactured from a single piece of metal, usually steel, which provides them with superior durability and resistance to stress. Their ability to withsta