Humans have been living on the continent of Australia (name derived from "Terra Australis"; Latin for "the southern land") for approximately 65,000 years, however population growth was relatively slow until the nineteenth century. Europeans had made some contact with Australia as early as 1606, however there was no significant attempt at settlement until the late eighteenth century. By 1800, the population of Australia was approximately 350,000 people, and the majority of these were Indigenous Australians. As colonization progressed the number of ethnic Europeans increased while the Australian Aboriginal population was decimated through conflict, smallpox and other diseases, with some communities being exterminated completely, such as Aboriginal Tasmanians. Mass migration from Britain and China After the loss of its American colonies in the 1780s, the British Empire looked to other parts of the globe to expand its sphere of influence. In Australia, the first colonies were established in Sydney, Tasmania and Western Australia. Many of these were penal colonies which became home to approximately 164,000 British and Irish convicts who were transported to Australia between 1788 and 1868. As the decades progressed, expansion into the interior intensified, and the entire country was claimed by Britain in 1826. Inland colonization led to further conflict between European settlers and indigenous Australians, which cost the lives of thousands of natives. Inward expansion also saw the discovery of many natural resources, and most notably led to the gold rushes of the 1850s, which attracted substantial numbers of Chinese migrants to Australia. This mass migration from non-European countries eventually led to some restrictive policies being introduced, culminating with the White Australia Policy of 1901, which cemented ethnic-European dominance in Australian politics and society. These policies were not retracted until the second half of the 1900s. Independent Australia Australia changed its status to a British dominion in 1901, and eventually became independent in 1931. Despite this, Australia has remained a part of the British Commonwealth, and Australian forces (ANZAC) fought with the British and their Allies in both World Wars, and were instrumental in campaigns such as Gallipoli in WWI, and the South West Pacific Theater in WWII. The aftermath of both wars had a significant impact on the Australian population, with approximately 90 thousand deaths in both world wars combined, as well as 15 thousand deaths as a result of the Spanish flu pandemic following WWI, although Australia experienced a significant baby boom following the Second World War. In the past fifty years, Australia has promoted immigration from all over the world, and now has one of the strongest economies and highest living standards in the world, with a population that has grown to over 25 million people in 2020.

The workforce dataset contains monthly workforce sizes from July 2005 to June 2018 in the eight Australian capital cities with estimated stratification by indoor and outdoor workers. It is included in both csv and rda format. It includes variables for:

Year Month GCCSA (Greater Capital City Statistical Area, which is used to define capital cities) Date (using the first day of the month) fulltime: Fulltime workers parttime: Parttime workers n. Overall workers outorin. Estimated indoor or outdoor status

This data are derived from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Labour Force, Australia, Detailed, LM1 dataset: LM1 - Labour force status by age, greater capital city and rest of state (ASGS), marital status and sex, February 1978 onwards (pivot table). Occupational data from the 2006, 2011 and 2016 Census of Population and Housing (ABS Census TableBuilder Basic data) were used to stratify this dataset into indoor and outdoor classifications as per the "Indooroutdoor classification.xlsx" file. For the Census data, GCCSA for the place of work was used, not the place of usual residence.

Occupations were defined by the Australian and New Zealand Standard Classification of Occupations (ANZSCO). Each 6-digit ANZSCO occupation (the lowest level classification) was manually cross-matched with their corresponding occupation(s) from the Canadian National Occupation System (NOC). ANZSCO and NOC share a similar structure, because they are both derived from the International Standard Classification of Occupations. NOC occupations listed with an “L3 location” (include main duties with outdoor work for at least part of the working day) were classified as outdoors, including occupations with multiple locations. Occupations without a listing of "L3 location" were classified as indoors (no outdoor work). 6-digit ANZSCO occupations were then aggregated to 4-digit unit groups to match the ABS Census TableBuilder Basic data. These data were further aggregated into indoor and outdoor workers. The 4-digit ANZSCO unit groups’ indoor and outdoor classifications are listed in "Indooroutdoor classification.xlsx."

ANZSCO occupations associated with both indoor and outdoor listings were classified based on the more common listing, with indoors being selected in the event of a tie. The cross-matching of ANZSCO and NOC occupation was checked against two previous cross-matches used in published Australian studies utilising older ANZSCO and NOC versions. One of these cross-matches, the original cross-match, was validated with a strong correlation between ANZSCO and NOC for outdoor work (Smith, Peter M. Comparing Imputed Occupational Exposure Classifications With Self-reported Occupational Hazards Among Australian Workers. 2013).

To stratify the ABS Labour Force detailed data by indoors or outdoors, workers from the ABS Census 2006, 2011 and 2016 data were first classified as indoors or outdoors. To extend the indoor and outdoor classification proportions from 2005 to 2018, the population counts were (1) stratified by workplace GCCSA (standardised to the 2016 metrics), (2) logit-transformed and then interpolated using cubic splines and extrapolated linearly for each month, and (3) back-transformed to the normal population scale. For the 2006 Census, workplace location was reported by Statistical Local Area and then converted to GCCSA. This interpolation method was also used to estimate the 1-monthly worker count for Darwin relative to the rest of Northern Territory (ABS worker 1-monthly counts are reported only for Northern Territory collectively).

ABS data are owned by the Commonwealth Government under a CC BY 4.0 license. The attached datasets are derived and aggregated from ABS data.

The value of commercial building activity in Australia was forecasted to amount to around 43.2 billion Australian dollars in the 2025 fiscal year. This was around the same as the commercial building activity value as of fiscal year 2019, which reached over 43.3 billion Australian dollars.

Commercial building activity boom

The short-term increase in commercial building activity was attributable to strong employment and population growth. Buildings such as shops, hospitals, cafes, restaurants, schools, and offices have been required to fill the needs of the increasing Australian population. In addition, warehouses, factories, and wholesale distribution facilities have been required to further support this growth. In the tourism sector, there has been a need for more accommodation options in the major tourist destinations in the country.

Office space demand

In the office segment, the nation’s larger cities such as Melbourne and Sydney have remained competitive with some of the lowest vacancy rates in the world. In Sydney, the recent COVID-19 outbreak seemed to have led to a decline in office leasing enquiries, and therefore an increase in the vacancy rate in 2020. The same trend was seen in the prime office vacancy rate in Melbourne. It is yet to be seen if the office space demand will return to pre-pandemic levels in the near future.

The Australian commercial real estate market, valued at $34.07 billion in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, exhibiting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 8.46% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key drivers. Strong population growth in major cities like Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane is increasing demand for office, retail, and industrial spaces. Furthermore, the burgeoning e-commerce sector is driving significant growth in the logistics and warehousing segments. Government infrastructure investments and a generally positive economic outlook also contribute to this positive market trajectory. While rising interest rates and potential economic slowdown pose some constraints, the long-term fundamentals of the Australian economy and the ongoing need for modern commercial spaces are expected to mitigate these risks. The market is segmented by property type (office, retail, industrial & logistics, hospitality, and others) and by city (Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Canberra, Perth), reflecting diverse investment opportunities and regional variations in growth rates. Sydney and Melbourne are expected to remain dominant, given their established business ecosystems and high population densities. However, other cities such as Brisbane are witnessing significant growth driven by infrastructure development and population influx. The key players in this dynamic market, including Lendlease Corporation, Scentre Group Limited, and Mirvac, are well-positioned to capitalize on these growth opportunities. The segmentation of the market reveals significant potential within specific sectors. The industrial and logistics sector, driven by the e-commerce boom and supply chain optimization efforts, is anticipated to experience particularly strong growth. Similarly, the office sector, while facing some challenges from remote work trends, remains resilient due to the ongoing need for collaborative workspaces and central business district locations. The retail sector will continue to adapt to evolving consumer preferences, with a focus on experience-driven retail and omnichannel strategies. Careful consideration of factors like interest rate fluctuations, construction costs, and regulatory changes will be crucial for investors navigating the complexities of this dynamic market. The forecast period of 2025-2033 offers a promising outlook for sustained growth within this sector. Recent developments include: • October 2023: Costco is planning a major expansion in Australia, with several new warehouses under construction and several prime locations being considered for future locations. Costco currently operates 15 warehouses in Australia, with plans to expand to 20 within the next five years, based on current stores and potential locations., • July 2023: A 45-storey BTR tower will be developed by Lendlease and Japanese developer Daiwa House, completing the final phase of Lendlease's Melbourne Quarter project and its second Build-to-Rent (BTR) project in Australia. The USD 650 million deal, similar to Lend lease's first 443-unit BTR project under construction in the 5.5 hectares of mixed-use space at Brisbane Showground, is a stand-alone investment and is separate from the company's ongoing efforts to build a wider BTR partnership, which will include several assets.. Key drivers for this market are: Rapid Urbanization, Government Initiatives Actively promoting the Construction Activities. Potential restraints include: Rapid Urbanization, Government Initiatives Actively promoting the Construction Activities. Notable trends are: Retail real estate is expected to drive the market.

The Australian commercial real estate market, valued at $34.07 billion in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.46% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is driven by several key factors. Strong population growth and urbanization in major cities like Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane are fueling demand for office, retail, and industrial spaces. The burgeoning e-commerce sector is significantly boosting demand for logistics and warehousing facilities, particularly in strategically located areas surrounding major urban centers. Furthermore, government initiatives promoting infrastructure development and attracting foreign investment are contributing positively to the market's overall health. The hospitality sector, while still recovering from the pandemic, shows signs of a steady uptick, driven by increased tourism and domestic travel. While rising interest rates and potential economic slowdowns pose some restraints, the underlying strength of the Australian economy and the long-term positive demographic trends are expected to outweigh these challenges. The market is segmented by property type (office, retail, industrial & logistics, hospitality, and other) and by city (Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Canberra, and Perth), with Sydney and Melbourne holding the largest market shares. Key players include Pact Construction, Mirvac, Pellicano Builders, Stockland, Frasers Property, and Lendlease, amongst others, actively shaping the market's landscape through development and investment. The forecast period (2025-2033) anticipates continued expansion across all segments. However, the growth trajectory might see some moderation in the later years depending on the global economic climate and national policy changes. The industrial and logistics sector is poised for particularly strong growth due to the sustained rise in e-commerce activity and supply chain optimization efforts. The office sector's growth might be influenced by the evolving work-from-home dynamics and the adoption of hybrid working models, potentially favoring flexible and high-quality office spaces. Retail real estate will likely witness dynamic shifts as consumer preferences evolve, with demand for experiential retail and specialized offerings gaining traction. Understanding these nuanced sector-specific trends is critical for investors and developers to successfully navigate the Australian commercial real estate market. Australia Commercial Real Estate Market: A Comprehensive Forecast 2019-2033 This insightful report provides a detailed analysis of the Australian commercial real estate market, covering the period 2019-2033. With a focus on key segments like office, retail, industrial and logistics, and hospitality, across major cities including Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Canberra, and Perth, this report is crucial for investors, developers, and industry professionals seeking to navigate this dynamic market. The report utilizes data from the historical period (2019-2024), with the base year set at 2025, and forecasts extending to 2033. Key players like Stockland, Mirvac, Frasers Property, Lendlease Corporation, and Scentre Group Limited are analyzed, providing a comprehensive overview of market trends and future projections. The report offers valuable insights into market concentration, emerging trends, and growth catalysts, ultimately assisting informed decision-making within the Australian commercial real estate landscape. Key drivers for this market are: Rapid Urbanization, Government Initiatives Actively promoting the Construction Activities. Potential restraints include: Shortage of Skilled Labor, Supply chain issues and rising material costs. Notable trends are: Retail real estate is expected to drive the market.

The Australian luxury residential property market, valued at $23.88 billion in 2025, is poised for robust growth, exhibiting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 5.75% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key drivers. Strong economic performance in key cities like Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane, coupled with a burgeoning high-net-worth individual (HNWI) population, continues to underpin demand for premium properties. Furthermore, a limited supply of luxury housing stock in prime locations, combined with increasing preference for spacious, high-amenity homes, particularly villas and landed houses, contributes to sustained price appreciation. While rising interest rates present a potential restraint, the resilience of the luxury market segment, driven by wealthier buyers less susceptible to interest rate fluctuations, is expected to mitigate this effect. The market is segmented by property type (apartments/condominiums versus villas/landed houses) and location, with Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane dominating market share, reflecting their established luxury real estate markets and strong economic activity. Prominent developers like Metricon Homes, James Michael Homes, and others cater to this discerning clientele, offering bespoke designs and high-end finishes. The sustained growth trajectory indicates a promising outlook for investors and developers alike, although careful consideration of macroeconomic factors and regulatory changes will remain crucial. The forecast period (2025-2033) anticipates consistent market expansion, driven by ongoing demand from both domestic and international high-net-worth individuals. While the "Other Cities" segment demonstrates potential for growth, Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane are likely to maintain their dominant positions due to existing infrastructure, established luxury markets, and lifestyle appeal. The preference for villas and landed houses is expected to remain strong, reflecting a shift towards larger properties with increased privacy and outdoor space. However, the market will likely see some adjustments in response to economic conditions, including potential shifts in buyer preferences and developer strategies to meet evolving market demands. Maintaining a keen understanding of these dynamics will be critical for navigating the complexities of this dynamic market. Recent developments include: August 2023: Sydney-based boutique developer Made Property laid plans for a new apartment project along Sydney Harbour amid sustained demand for luxury waterfront properties. The Corsa Mortlake development, positioned on Majors Bay in the harbor city’s inner west, will deliver 20 three-bedroom apartments offering house-sized living spaces and ready access to a 23-berth marina accommodating yachts up to 20 meters. With development approval secured for the project, the company is moving quickly to construction. Made Property expects construction to be completed in late 2025., September 2023: A luxurious collection of private apartment residences planned for a prime double beachfront site in North Burleigh was released to the market for the first time with the official launch of ultra-premium apartment development Burly Residences, being delivered by leading Australian developer David Devine and his team at DD Living. The first stage of Burly Residences released to the market includes prestigious two and three-bedroom apartments – with or without multipurpose rooms – and four-bedroom plus multipurpose room apartments that deliver luxury and space with expansive ocean and beach views.. Key drivers for this market are: 4., Increasing Number of High Net-Worth Individuals (HNWIs). Potential restraints include: 4., Increasing Number of High Net-Worth Individuals (HNWIs). Notable trends are: Ultra High Net Worth Population Driving the Demand for Prime Properties.

Due to Australia’s size and relatively low population density, domestic travel for a holiday, business, or visiting family and friends often involves long hours of driving or a domestic airline flight. Nevertheless, in the year ended December 2024, Australians spent millions of nights away from home on domestic travel trips, with the strongest accommodation preference being staying with friends or relatives. The second most popular choice of accommodation was at a hotel, resort, motel, or motor inn. Urban centers and surfing spots dominate While Australians enjoy diverse accommodation options, their choice of destinations focuses on major cities and beloved coastal areas. Sydney emerged as the top destination for domestic overnight visitors in 2024, attracting over 11.3 million people. Melbourne and Brisbane also proved popular, along with renowned beach and surfing locations along New South Wales' North and South Coast. Interestingly, Melbourne outpaced Sydney in terms of visitor expenditure, with domestic overnight tourists spending over 12.4 billion Australian dollars in the Victorian capital compared to 12.2 billion in Sydney. Domestic travel motivations The primary motivation for domestic overnight travel in Australia was to go on holiday, accounting for almost 50 million trips in 2024. The city of Melbourne snatched Sydney's crown for the second year running as the most popular holiday or leisure destination, with Sydney the previous winner in 2022. Visiting family or friends was the next most common reason for domestic overnight travel, with around 38 million trips taken. Business trips came in third, followed by uncategorized visit purposes.

Public transport services offer a cost-effective, convenient, safe and mostly environmentally friendly travel option to the general public. Prior to the pandemic passenger numbers were growing strongly as the population increased, particularly in Sydney and Melbourne, while public transport fares also expanded. However, travel patterns changed drastically during the pandemic in response to social distancing and lockdown measures, which greatly limited passenger numbers, negatively affecting demand for public transport. Overall, revenue for public transport providers is expected to decline at 3.2% per year over the five years through 2023-24, reaching $28.2 billion. This includes an anticipated increase of 1.9% in 2023-24, partly due to an ongoing, but slow, recovery in the number of commuters. More Australians than ever are living in urban areas, generating strong demand for transport options. Regional cities have also exhibited strong population growth, with residents demanding accessible transport options to and from these towns. Car transport costs and congestion on Australian roads have both increased, encouraging commuters to switch to public transport options. Operators have undertaken efforts to expand their networks and capacity to accommodate growing populations. However, government funding for public transport in many areas has been unable to keep pace with demand, causing some unreliability with services. Public transport providers are set to expand as Australia's population is forecast to increase steadily and workers are expected to increasingly be asked to return to the office, boosting demand for public transport. New capacity and networks across the country are due to open, while improvements to ticketing systems are also set to be implemented. These factors are set to boost passenger use, which, combined with fare increases, is poised to bolster revenue. Additionally, significant investments are being made to make public transport more environmentally friendly, supporting demand from environmentally conscious consumers. Overall, revenue is projected to increase at an average of 1.3% per year over the five years through 2028-29, to total $30.0 billion.

The Sports and Recreation Facilities Operation industry's revenue has rebounded over the past few years, after suffering sharp declines during the pandemic. Restrictions introduced crowd limits, which slashed industry revenue and profitability. However, the effects varied across states and locations with fewer and shorter lockdowns experienced smaller revenue declines. The industry has rebounded impressively, with record-breaking attendances at various sporting events promoting significant revenue growth for venue operators. Major sporting codes, including the AFL and NRL, set single-season attendance records in 2023 and 2024. The industry has also benefited from record-breaking attendances at the Australian Open and Australian Grand Prix in 2024. Strong downstream demand for these major events has helped the industry recover swiftly. However, government aid and alternative revenue from music events have also played key roles. The industry’s largest players are state government-backed management companies that rely on financial support to remain profitable, weighing down the industry’s overall profit margins. The return of major international musical artists has been pivotal in diversifying revenue streams and filling demand gaps in the offseasons of Australia’s major sporting codes. Overall, industry revenue is expected to rise at an annualised 4.8% over the five years through 2024-25, to $2.5 billion. This includes an anticipated rise of 1.2% in 2024-25. The industry is poised for revenue growth in the coming years, buoyed by population growth and increasing sports participation, which will drive demand for professional and community-level facilities. The continued expansion of major sporting codes and urban development trends will lead to new stadiums opening in leading Australian cities. Current major projects, including Tasmania's new Macquarie Point Stadium and Victoria’s Wyndham City Stadium, will be completed in the coming years, driving revenue growth and boosting industrywide employment. Preparations for the 2032 Brisbane Olympic Games will also benefit the industry, with the Federal Government and Queensland Government both committing to investments into numerous sporting facility upgrades. Expanded sporting infrastructure will underpin a forecast annualised 2.9% rise in revenue through the end of 2028-29, to $2.9 billion.

The statistic depicts Australia's gross domestic product (GDP) from 1987 to 2024, with projections up until 2030. In 2024, GDP in Australia amounted to about 1.8 trillion US dollars. See global GDP for a global comparison. Australia’s economy and population Australia’s gross domestic product has been growing steadily, and all in all, Australia and its economic key factors show a well-set country. Australia is among the countries with the largest gross domestic product / GDP worldwide, and thus one of the largest economies. It was one of the few countries not severely stricken by the 2008 financial crisis; its unemployment rate, inflation rate and trade balance, for example, were hardly affected at all. In fact, the trade balance of Australia – a country’s exports minus its imports – has been higher than ever since 2010, with a slight dip in 2012. Australia mainly exports wine and agricultural products to countries like China, Japan or South Korea. One of Australia’s largest industries is tourism, which contributes a significant share to its gross domestic product. Almost half of approximately 23 million Australian residents are employed nowadays, life expectancy is increasing, and the fertility rate (the number of children born per woman) has been quite stable. A look at the distribution of the world population by continent shows that Australia is ranked last in terms of population and population density. Most of Australia's population lives at the coast in metropolitan areas, since parts of the continent are uninhabitable. Unsurprisingly, Australia is known as a country with very high living standards, four of its biggest cities – Melbourne, Adelaide, Sydney and Perth – are among the most livable cities worldwide.

The rent price index in Australia in the first quarter of 2025 was 122.1, marking an increase from the same quarter of the previous year. Rent prices had decreased in 2020; in Melbourne and Sydney, this was mainly attributed to the absence of international students during the coronavirus outbreak. The current state of the rental market in Australia The rental market in Australia has been marked by varying conditions across different regions. Among the capital cities, Sydney has long been recognized for having some of the highest average rents. As of March 2025, the average weekly rent for a house in Sydney was 775 Australian dollars, which was the highest average rent across all major cities in Australia that year. Furthermore, due to factors like population growth and housing demand, regional areas have also seen noticeable increases in rental prices. For instance, households in the non-metropolitan area of New South Wales’ expenditure on rent was around 30 percent of their household income in the year ending June 2024. Housing affordability in Australia Housing affordability remains a significant challenge in Australia, contributing to a trend where many individuals and families rent for prolonged periods. The underlying cause of this issue is the ongoing disparity between household wages and housing costs, especially in large cities. While renting offers several advantages, it is worth noting that the associated costs may not always align with the expectation of affordability. Approximately one-third of participants in a recent survey stated that they pay between 16 and 30 percent of their monthly income on rent. Recent government initiatives, such as the 2024 Help to Buy scheme, aim to make it easier for people across Australia to get onto the property ladder. Still, the multifaceted nature of Australia’s housing affordability problem requires continued efforts to strike a balance between market dynamics and the need for accessible housing options for Australians.

The Australian used car market, valued at $69.90 million in 2025, is experiencing robust growth, projected to expand at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 10.12% from 2025 to 2033. This surge is driven by several factors. Firstly, increasing affordability compared to new vehicles makes used cars a more accessible option for a wider range of buyers, particularly younger demographics and budget-conscious consumers. Secondly, the rising popularity of online marketplaces like Gumtree and Carsales.com.au has streamlined the buying and selling process, boosting market transparency and facilitating quicker transactions. Furthermore, the growing preference for SUVs and multi-purpose vehicles (MPVs) is shaping market segmentation, with these categories experiencing disproportionately high demand. However, challenges exist. Fluctuations in fuel prices and the increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) could influence buyer preferences in the coming years. Moreover, stringent vehicle inspection regulations and concerns regarding vehicle history could act as restraints on market expansion. The market's diverse structure, encompassing organized dealerships alongside informal sales channels, further contributes to its dynamic nature. Organized dealerships benefit from established reputations and warranties, while the unorganized sector offers potentially lower prices. The market's regional distribution likely mirrors Australia's population density, with major cities like Sydney and Melbourne contributing significantly to overall sales. While precise regional breakdowns are unavailable, the provided global regional segmentation suggests a concentration within Australia's urban centers. Future growth will depend on managing the evolving landscape of consumer preferences, addressing concerns regarding vehicle quality and transparency, and adapting to the ongoing transition towards sustainable mobility solutions. Further research into specific vehicle types, online versus offline sales channels, and regional variations within Australia would provide more granular insights into the market's intricacies and growth potential. The ongoing influence of economic factors like interest rates and consumer confidence will play a crucial role in shaping the market's trajectory in the coming years. This report provides a detailed analysis of the Australian used car market, encompassing historical data (2019-2024), current estimations (2025), and future forecasts (2025-2033). It offers invaluable insights for businesses and investors navigating this dynamic sector. With a focus on key segments like petrol, diesel, and electric vehicles, the report leverages high-search-volume keywords such as "used cars Australia," "second hand car market Australia," "pre-owned car prices Australia," and "Australian used car industry report" to maximize online visibility. Recent developments include: March 2023: Hyundai Australia announced that it has begun selling used Ioniq 5 models on its company’s website, beginning with 23 vehicles initially., May 2023: Sojitz Corporation acquired full ownership of Albert Automotive Holdings Pty Ltd, which operates a wholesale and retail used car business as part of Dutton Group.. Key drivers for this market are: Quality Assurance is Driving Market Growth in the Country. Potential restraints include: Trust and Transparency in Used Car Remained a Key Challenge for Consumers. Notable trends are: The Online Sales Channel Segment is Expected to be the Fastest Growing Segment Between 2024 and 2029.

Four of Australia's largest five population centres are topographically constrained by prominent escarpments (i.e. Sydney, Melbourne, Perth, Adelaide). These escarpments are underlain by faults or fault complexes capable of hosting damaging earthquakes. Paleoseismological investigations over the last decade indicate that the seismogenic character (e.g. recurrence and magnitude) of these structures varies markedly. Uplift rates on range bounding faults in the Mount Lofty Ranges suggest average recurrence times on individual faults for Mmax earthquakes (MW 7.1-7.4) in the order of 10-20 ka. A high density of faults with demonstrated Late Quaternary surface rupture occurring proximally to Adelaide suggests recurrence times for damaging ground shaking at a given location from earthquakes on these faults in the hundreds to low thousands of years. Uplift rates on faults proximal to Melbourne (and the Latrobe Valley, where much of Melbourne's power is generated) in some cases exceed those of the Mount Lofty Ranges. However, a lower relative density of seismogenic faults proximal to the conurbation of Melbourne is suggestive of a lesser hazard than for Adelaide. In contrast to Melbourne and Adelaide, paleoseismological investigations on the Darling Fault near Perth, and the Lapstone Structural Complex near Sydney, indicate average recurrence for Mmax events in the hundreds of thousands to millions of years. Of course, distal larger events and proximal sub-Mmax events have been demonstrated to be damaging in these areas (e.g. 1968 Ms6.8 Meckering, 1989 ML5.6 Newcastle). The same is true for Adelaide and Melbourne (e.g. 1954 ML5.4 Adelaide, 2012 ML 5.4 Moe). Further research is required to demonstrate that earthquakes of sub-morphogenic and morphogenic magnitude might be modelled on the same Guttenberg-Richter distribution curve.

Australia murder/homicide rate per 100K population for 2021 was 0.74, a 13.52% decline from 2020.

<ul style='margin-top:20px;'>

<li>Australia murder/homicide rate per 100K population for 2020 was <strong>0.86</strong>, a <strong>2.98% decline</strong> from 2019.</li>
<li>Australia murder/homicide rate per 100K population for 2019 was <strong>0.89</strong>, a <strong>0.29% increase</strong> from 2018.</li>
<li>Australia murder/homicide rate per 100K population for 2018 was <strong>0.88</strong>, a <strong>4.6% increase</strong> from 2017.</li>
</ul>Intentional homicides are estimates of unlawful homicides purposely inflicted as a result of domestic disputes, interpersonal violence, violent conflicts over land resources, intergang violence over turf or control, and predatory violence and killing by armed groups. Intentional homicide does not include all intentional killing; the difference is usually in the organization of the killing. Individuals or small groups usually commit homicide, whereas killing in armed conflict is usually committed by fairly cohesive groups of up to several hundred members and is thus usually excluded.

The University and Other Higher Education industry is grappling with the post-pandemic landscape. The COVID-19 outbreak significantly shifted the industry's demand and delivery methods. Social distancing requirements and operational constraints caused most universities to pivot online. Remote learning has remained embedded into teaching post-pandemic, providing convenience for students and profitability benefits for universities. A heightened focus on research during the pandemic offset revenue lost from declines in tuition fees. This trend has been slowing and is under additional threat from a US Government that appears intent on reducing its funding for foreign-based research, to the detriment of Australian institutions. The industry's labour market has been volatile as the pandemic pushed universities to increasingly casualise their workforces. Controversies over underpayment have led to reputational damage and strikes among major Australian universities. Melbourne University's enforceable agreement with the Fair Work Ombudsman to pay more than $72.0 million to over 25,000 staff highlights the magnitude of these disputes. Economic and demographic factors have aided the industry's post-pandemic recovery despite these pressures. A depreciating Australian dollar has benefited returning international students, while growth in the population of people aged 18 to 25 has bolstered domestic enrolments. Lower secondary school retention rates, slipping during the pandemic, are dampening this growth. Overall, revenue is expected to drop at an annualised 1.9% to an estimated $38.8 billion over the five years through 2024-25. This trend includes a 0.6% drop in revenue anticipated for 2024-25. The outlook for the industry is promising, driven by changing labour market conditions and demographic trends. Stricter visa requirements to control migration will pose challenges. However, the industry will face these constrictions by constructing new student accommodation facilities, allowing institutions to enrol international students beyond their designated cap. The consolidation of the University of Adelaide and the University of South Australia into Adelaide University in 2026 will intensify competition for enrolments, particularly from international students, given its ambitious ranking goals. These factors mean revenue is forecast to climb at an annualised 2.1% to $43.1 billion through the end of 2029-30.

The Australian taxi industry, currently valued at approximately $3.73 billion (2025 estimated), is experiencing robust growth, projected to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.60% from 2025 to 2033. This growth is fueled by several key factors. Increasing urbanization and population density in major Australian cities like Sydney and Melbourne are driving demand for convenient and efficient transportation solutions. The rising adoption of smartphone technology and the increasing popularity of ride-hailing apps like Uber and Ola are significantly impacting the industry, shifting consumer preferences towards online booking options. Furthermore, the expanding middle class with increased disposable income contributes to higher spending on transportation services, boosting the market. However, the industry faces challenges such as stringent government regulations regarding licensing and fares, intense competition from ride-sharing platforms, and fluctuating fuel prices which impact operational costs. The segmentation of the market reveals a strong preference for online bookings, with a growing demand for SUVs/MPVs reflecting changing consumer needs. Companies like Uber Technologies Inc., Ola, and local players like Legion Cabs and GoCatch are key players vying for market share, adapting to technological advancements and consumer expectations. The competitive landscape fosters innovation, resulting in improved service offerings, technological integrations and more competitive pricing strategies. The future of the Australian taxi industry is dynamic. While the dominance of ride-hailing apps continues to shape the market, traditional taxi services are also adapting, often incorporating technological upgrades to enhance customer experience and operational efficiency. The industry’s growth trajectory will depend on successfully navigating regulatory hurdles, maintaining cost-effectiveness in a competitive landscape, and continuing to meet evolving consumer preferences. Further diversification of services, such as airport transfers and specialized transportation, will be crucial for sustained growth. Regional variations in market penetration exist; larger metropolitan areas naturally experience greater demand and higher adoption of technology compared to more rural regions. The industry's ability to leverage technological innovations to offer efficient, safe, and affordable services will be key to sustained success. This comprehensive report provides a detailed analysis of the Australian taxi industry, covering the period from 2019 to 2033. It leverages historical data (2019-2024), focusing on the base year 2025 and forecasting market trends until 2033. The report examines key market players, including Uber Technologies Inc, Taxi Apps Pty Ltd (GoCatch), GM Cabs, and others, offering invaluable insights for investors, businesses, and policymakers. With a focus on high-growth segments, including ride-hailing and ridesharing services, this report is essential for understanding the dynamic landscape of the Australian taxi market. Recent developments include: October 2022: Ingenico, the most trusted technological partner for payment acceptance, and Live Payments, one of Australia's leading payment service providers, announced their cooperation for long-term strategic partnerships to equip retailers and taxis with seamless and convenient payment and commerce solutions., October 2022: Uber announced the addition of the 500 Polestar 2s from Australia's largest provider of vehicle subscriptions to the rideshare segment. It announced its plans to offer them as the backbone of new electric rideshare from 2023 called Custom Electric for the taxi services in Sydney., April 2023: GM Cabs, the integral taxi service in Australia with a network of 30,000 taxis, announced the official launch of Taxi-Share 2023, a progressive and hybrid taxi service that combines the best of taxis and rideshare under the GM Cabs brand.. Key drivers for this market are: Growing Tourism Industry in Australia. Potential restraints include: Varying Government Regulations on Taxi Services. Notable trends are: Online Booking Holds the Highest Share.

Water treatment services are intertwined with Australia's wider water security – purification and wastewater management are essential for making the most of existing resources and reducing any environmental harms. The Millennium drought in the 2000s still reverberates today, as public and private sector funding flows to improving water security. An expanding population has ensured ongoing demand for water treatment, as more households require stable drinking water and sewage management services. While industrial demand fluctuated over the course of the pandemic, food and beverage manufacturers have continued to rely on water in their production processes. In recent years, mining firms have cashed in on surging commodity prices, with corresponding demand for water to extract and process minerals. On the other hand, high annual rainfall has reduced the volume of demand for bulk water purification and steep fluctuations in migration have slowed population growth. Together these trends contributed to revenue declining at an annualised 3.2% over the past five years, including a 1.4% fall in 2024-25, to total an estimated $6.7 billion. Looking ahead, climate change and population growth will pressure water treatment providers to amplify existing resources and deal with stretched water availability. The water supply chain is bracing for potential climate change impacts, implementing mitigation strategies to ensure long-term water security. Water treatment techniques that focus on recycling existing resources, like desalination, will be relied on to bolster the water supply. As Australia's transition to renewable energy sources builds momentum, water treatment providers are embracing biogas to fuel their energy-intensive processes. This kind of innovation will be needed to improve existing approaches, and explore new avenues for water treatment. Conversely, these ventures will need a flurry of capital investments, which will lift fixed costs in the industry. Higher capital costs will flow through to higher bills for consumers. Overall, revenue is projected to grow at an annualised 1.2% over the next five years, and is forecast to reach $7.1 billion.

Market Size for Australia Health Insurance Industry on the Basis of Premium Amount in USD Billion, 2018–2024 In 2023, Medibank introduced new policies to shift more resources toward mental health coverage and wellness benefits, reflecting increased consumer demand for holistic healthcare solutions. Major urban centres like Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane have, until now, represented the biggest markets. It is due to their high population density and more significant health infrastructure. The Australia health insurance market was valued at AUD 25 billion in 2023, growing upwards on account of increasing healthcare costs, rising awareness related to health insurance, and supportive government policies like the Private Health Insurance Rebate. The major players in the market include Medibank, Bupa, nib, HCF, and Australian Unity. They dominate the segment due to their differentiated coverage plans at competitive premiums and extensive provider networks.

Bubble tea has surged in popularity across Australia over recent years, primarily thanks to changing consumer tastes and multicultural influences. Strong migration from Asian regions has introduced many Australians to bubble tea, shifting it from a niche beverage into a mainstream option. Shops have spread rapidly in areas with substantial Asian communities and younger demographics, notably the CBDs of Melbourne and Sydney, reflecting greater consumer acceptance of bubble tea. Over the past few years, demand for premium bubble tea drinks has remained resilient despite economic headwinds. Even though periods of weaker consumer sentiment and rising living costs have weighed on discretionary spending, many consumers have continued to purchase high-quality bubble tea as an affordable luxury. Younger consumers, in particular, have viewed bubble tea as a healthier and more appealing alternative to traditional beverages like alcohol, cementing consistent demand among this valuable demographic. At the same time, rising health awareness has prompted bubble tea shops to invest in offering healthier versions containing lower sugar levels, dairy-free substitutes and health-driven ingredients, broadening their market appeal and pushing up industrywide profitability. Expanding interest in bubble tea is expected to have uplifted revenue at an annualised 0.5% over the five years through 2024-25 to $480.7 million. This includes an anticipated hike in revenue of 4.2% in 2024-25 as household discretionary incomes improve. The industry is on track to continue expanding over the coming years, driven by improvements in consumer sentiment and discretionary incomes. Strengthening economic conditions will encourage consumers to spend more on discretionary items like premium bubble tea. Nonetheless, intensifying competition and rising input costs could pose risks if bubble tea shops can't effectively price their products competitively relative to rivals and substitutes. Overall, industry revenue is forecast to climb at an annualised 1.9% over the five years through 2029-30 to total $528.3 million.

This dataset contains two different types of data that can be employed for transient hygrothermal analysis: MRYs for 30 locations across Australia completed with the climatic data necessary to generate the file, and 10 consecutive years of hourly climate parameters for Brisbane, Cairns, Melbourne, Darwin, Hobart, Sydney, and Canberra cities, representing those locations where most of the population live. These two types of data provide the input for hygrothermal assessment as defined by the ASHRAE 160-2016