Overview A variety of instruments are used to measure various quantities related to meteorology, precipitation, and radiation near the Earth’s surface. Typically, a standard suite of instruments is deployed to monitor meteorological state variables. Data Details Note, the b0 data is identical to 00 data but a netcdf extraction of the b0 data was also created for the duration of the WFIP2 campaign. Data Quality Data collected in real time are processed minimally with basic thresholding done on the software ingest layer. Normally, for post-case analysis, we provide a secondary dataset that is fully processed. Unwanted artifacts reflecting an instrument's failure may be present in the real-time datasets.

United States - Producer Price Index by Commodity: Machinery and Equipment: Commercial, Geophysical, Meteorological and General-Purpose Instruments was 148.30900 Index Jun 2004=100 in June of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Producer Price Index by Commodity: Machinery and Equipment: Commercial, Geophysical, Meteorological and General-Purpose Instruments reached a record high of 148.50900 in May of 2025 and a record low of 99.40000 in October of 2004. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Producer Price Index by Commodity: Machinery and Equipment: Commercial, Geophysical, Meteorological and General-Purpose Instruments - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on July of 2025.

Rainfall level measurements recorded in real time by the stations of the regional meteorological network managed by Arpa Piemonte and automatically validated. The data is processed to obtain the rainfall accumulated over the last 3 hours. The data is updated every 20 minutes with a delay of about an hour and the times are expressed in the local time system. The network stations are divided into four basic types : Pluviometric Station - the minimum instrumental equipment consists of a rain gauge to which other meteorological sensors are locally associated; Meteorological Station - the complete stations have a rain gauge, thermometer, hygrometer, wind speed and direction gauge and locally a barometer and radiometer; Snow Gauge Station - In high mountain environments, the stations add snow depth and snow temperature sensors to the normal meteorological configuration. The snow data collected in this way integrates those collected by the manual snow measurement network, providing indications relating to unmanned areas of particular interest; Hydrometric Station - the minimum instrumental equipment consists of an ultrasound hydrometer to which a pressure hydrometer and various meteorological and rain sensors are locally associated.

United States - Producer Price Index by Industry: Other Measuring and Controlling Device Manufacturing: Commercial, Geophysical, Meteorological, and General-Purpose Instruments and Equipment was 209.46700 Index Jun 1985=100 in January of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Producer Price Index by Industry: Other Measuring and Controlling Device Manufacturing: Commercial, Geophysical, Meteorological, and General-Purpose Instruments and Equipment reached a record high of 209.46700 in January of 2025 and a record low of 99.90000 in August of 1985. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Producer Price Index by Industry: Other Measuring and Controlling Device Manufacturing: Commercial, Geophysical, Meteorological, and General-Purpose Instruments and Equipment - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on June of 2025.

Location Lat. 39� 15' 15.7", long. 76� 42' 8.3"

1. 95 South to Exit 47 195 (Metropolitan Blvd) N towards UMBC
2. Follow signs to UMBC Blvd, the first Right
3. Keep Right and follow UMBC Blvd to Poplar Ave
4. TRC Building is the last left before you exit the campus at the bottom of the hill
5. Gauge is located in first parking lot as you drive in

USGS Quadrangle - Baltimore West Potential Hazards - No potential hazards present themselves. Establishment - January 2001 Datum of Station - about 151' above sea level Equipment - J&S Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge with HOBO Data logger History

* Date of establishment to be determined
* Date(?): Coffee can manual rain gauge removed and replaced with standard eight inch rain gauge. Picture are coming soon!!
* 20 August 2002 Calibration checked 14 tips with 150 mL 

Panorama - This gauge is located in a parking lot bounded by trees and buildings Calibration Measurements - Calibration of this gauge should be performed as described in the users manual. Each bucket should hold 8.24 mL of water before tipping. This should occur five consecutive times. Adjust calibration screws as needed. Extreme Events No extreme events have been observed to present. Winter Records - Rain gauge is not heated and is subject to freezing. Accuracy - Data should be processed through a quality control algorithm before use. Cooperation - Baltimore Ecosystem Study; University of Maryland, Baltimore County Photographs - Print collections may be available. Contact the MD-DE-DC District Office about any collections in the official station records. See Baltimore Ecosystem Study Meteorology Overview here: http://beslter.org/frame7-page_1p.html .

The automatic weather station at the Norvegia Station, Bouvetøya was installed by the Norwegian Polar Institute in January 2014. The station collects meteorological data on air temperature, air humidity, wind speed, wind direction, and more. Data resolution is hourly.

Data is available in TSV and JSON formats.

Retrieving data (examples) * Last month (TSV) * Last month (JSON) * June 2014 (TSV) (change to any other period by adjusting the filter-measured to another time range.)

The station stopped transmitting data in March 2015.

Quality

Variables * Air temperature [℃], mean last minute (ta) * Air temperature [℃], minimum last minute (ta_min) * Air temperature [℃], maximum last minute (ta_max) * Air humidity, mean last minute (uu) * Atmospheric pressure [hPa], mean last minute (pa) * Wind speed, mean last 10 minute (ff) * Wind direction, general direction last 10 minutes (dd) * Wind speed, maximum last 10 minutes (ff_max) * Wind direction, general wind direction last 10 minutes with highest wind speed (dd_smm) * Wind speed, maximum 3 sec duration mean last hour (f_max) * Sun duration, minutes last hour (ot) * Radiation, CSD3 mean last minute (qa) * Time UTC

Other variables: * record identifier (record) * Station identifier (station_id) * Lowest 12VDC power supply voltage last hour * Lowest main battery 24VDC voltage last hour * Current in/out of main battery. Charging is positive, discharging is negative * Main battery capacity in percent8: Main battery capacity in ampere hours. Nominal is 2000Ah * 21-24: Relay status, (r1_status, r2_status, r3_status, r4_status) * 25: CS215_1, Indoor temperature, mean last minute (t1) * 26: CS215_1, Indoor humidity, mean last minute (f1)

Additional, diagnostic variables: * record,batt_v_hoved_min,r4_status,batt_kap_prosent,batt_v_min,r1_status,r3_status,r2_status,batt_kap_nu_at,strom_i_hoved_avg

Data are retrieved at 6 hour intervals: 02:00 - 02:10 UTC 08:00 – 08:10 UTC 14:00 – 14:10 UTC 20:00 – 20:10 UTC

Weather station instruments (2014): * Datalogger: Campbell Scientific CR1000 datalogger * Wind sensor: Young 5103 alpine marine * Temperature/humidity sensor: Vaisala HMP155 * Temperature/humidity sensor indoor: Campbell CS215 * Sun duration sensor: Kipp&Zonen CSD3 Sunshine Duration Sensor, mean last minute. (Discrete values: 1 is sunny, 0 is not sunny conditions.) * Web camera: Campbell Scientific CC5MPX * Satellite communication: Iridium Pilot

Grass-Cast: Experimental Grassland Productivity Forecast for the Great Plains Grass-Cast uses almost 40 years of historical data on weather and vegetation growth in order to project grassland productivity in the Western U.S. More details on the projection model and method can be found at https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ecs2.3280. Every spring, ranchers in the drought‐prone U.S. Great Plains face the same difficult challenge—trying to estimate how much forage will be available for livestock to graze during the upcoming summer grazing season. To reduce this uncertainty in predicting forage availability, we developed an innovative new grassland productivity forecast system, named Grass‐Cast, to provide science‐informed estimates of growing season aboveground net primary production (ANPP). Grass‐Cast uses over 30 yr of historical data including weather and the satellite‐derived normalized vegetation difference index (NDVI)—combined with ecosystem modeling and seasonal precipitation forecasts—to predict if rangelands in individual counties are likely to produce below‐normal, near‐normal, or above‐normal amounts of grass biomass (lbs/ac). Grass‐Cast also provides a view of rangeland productivity in the broader region, to assist in larger‐scale decision‐making—such as where forage resources for grazing might be more plentiful if a rancher’s own region is at risk of drought. Grass‐Cast is updated approximately every two weeks from April through July. Each Grass‐Cast forecast provides three scenarios of ANPP for the upcoming growing season based on different precipitation outlooks. Near real‐time 8‐d NDVI can be used to supplement Grass‐Cast in predicting cumulative growing season NDVI and ANPP starting in mid‐April for the Southern Great Plains and mid‐May to early June for the Central and Northern Great Plains. Here, we present the scientific basis and methods for Grass‐Cast along with the county‐level production forecasts from 2017 and 2018 for ten states in the U.S. Great Plains. The correlation between early growing season forecasts and the end‐of‐growing season ANPP estimate is >50% by late May or early June. In a retrospective evaluation, we compared Grass‐Cast end‐of‐growing season ANPP results to an independent dataset and found that the two agreed 69% of the time over a 20‐yr period. Although some predictive tools exist for forecasting upcoming growing season conditions, none predict actual productivity for the entire Great Plains. The Grass‐Cast system could be adapted to predict grassland ANPP outside of the Great Plains or to predict perennial biofuel grass production. This new experimental grassland forecast is the result of a collaboration between Colorado State University, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), National Drought Mitigation Center, and the University of Arizona. Funding for this project was provided by the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS), and the National Drought Mitigation Center. Watch for updates on the Grass-Cast website or on Twitter (@PeckAgEc). Project Contact: Dannele Peck, Director of the USDA Northern Plains Climate Hub, at dannele.peck@ars.usda.gov or 970-744-9043. Resources in this dataset:Resource Title: Cattle weight gain. File Name: Cattle_weight_gains.xlsxResource Description: Cattle weight gain data for Grass-Cast Database. Resource Title: NDVI. File Name: NDVI.xlsxResource Description: Annual NDVI growing season values for Grass-Cast sites. See readme for more information and NDVI_raw for the raw values. Resource Title: NDVI_raw . File Name: NDVI_raw.xlsxResource Description: Raw bimonthly NDVI values for Grass-Cast sites. Resource Title: ANPP. File Name: ANPP.xlsxResource Description: Dataset for annual aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP). Excel sheet is broken into two tabs, 1) 'readme' describing the data, 2) 'ANPP' with the actual data. Resource Title: Grass-Cast_sitelist . File Name: Grass-Cast_sitelist.xlsxResource Description: This provides a list of sites-studies that are currently incorporated into the Database as well as meta-data and contact info associated with the data sets. Includes a 'readme' tab and 'sitelist' tab. Resource Title: Grass-Cast_AgDataCommons_overview. File Name: Grass-Cast_AgDataCommons_download.htmlResource Description: Html document that shows database overview information. This document provides a glimpse of the data tables available within the data resource as well as respective meta-data tables. The R script (R markdown, .Rmd format) that generates the html file, and can be used to upload the Grass-Cast associated Ag Data Commons data files can be downloaded at the 'Grass-Cast R script' zip folder. The Grass-Cast files still need to be locally downloaded before use, but we are looking to make a download automated. Resource Title: Grass-Cast R script . File Name: R_access_script.zipResource Description: R script (in Rmarkdown [Rmd] format) for uploading and looking at Grass-Cast data.

Meteorological data collected by the automatic weather stations at the Troll research station and Troll airfield in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. There usually is one datapoint per minute from each station.

Data

Raw data from the stations is stored in near real-time as 'json' in a REST API. In addition a yearly dump is made available as a gzip compressed 'ndjson' file (these can be found under the files tab located directly below the dataset title).

Yearly dumps are labeled as follows:

• 2023-Airfield/Station-01/02.ndjson.gz:
  • 2023: year of the dump.
  • Airfield/Station: location of the station.
  • 01/02: '01' indicates the legacy stations and '02' indicates the current stations.
  • ndjson: data format (newline delimited json).
  • gz: compression format (gzip)

Data is collected in a best effort manner which means that every now and then gaps have occurred. Where possible we've attempted to backfill these gaps with the same data stored in a different meteorological database. It has to be noted that the backfill data contains less parameters than the regular records and has a lower temporal resolution.

NOTE! As indicated this is RAW data and no quality assurance has been performed! Make sure to perform sanity checks before further usage of this data.

Check below for an explanation of the parameters used by the different stations.

Current Troll research station (station_id = kldata/nationalnr=99990/type=504)

The current sensor station at Troll research station was set up in October 2017 at coordinates approximately -72.011861N, 2.541167E.

Pressure (P*) is measured by a Vaisala PTB330 barometer about 1.5 meters above ground.

Wind variables (D*, F*, KLF*) are measured by two anemometers, 2 meters (*0_2) and 10 meters (*0_0) above ground. Until February 2020 these were model Gill WindObserver 75. While using those, data often were dropped when wind gusts reached about 50 m/s. From March 2020, these were replaced with RM Young 05106-45 sensors, solving the problem of dropped data at high wind speeds.

Temperature (T*) is measured with three sensors; T*0_0 by a PT100 1/10 DIN in an unventilated shield, 2 meters above ground and T*1_0 and T*0_10 by a Vaisala HMP155A in a ventilated radiation shield, 2 and 10 meters above ground, respectively. The two Vaisala HMP155A also measure humidity (UU*)

Battery voltage and time ("measured") is monitored by a Campbell CR1000 datalogger.

• AA0_0 : Barograph curve indicating pressure variations during the last 3 hours. See below for details.
• BAT0_0 : Battery voltage in V.
• DD0_x : Mean wind direction during the last 10 minutes in degrees.
• DX0_x : Maximum wind direction 10 minute gliding mean during the last hour in degrees.
• FF0_x : Wind speed 10-minute vector average in m/s.
• FG0_x : Wind speed maximum 3 second gust during the last hour in m/s.
• FX0_x : Wind speed maximum 10 minutes mean during the last hour in m/s.
• KLFG0_x : Time when FG0_x was observed in [h]hmm.
• KLFX0_x : Time when FX0_x was observed in [h]hmm.
• PH0_0 : Sea level pressure, adjusted using the ICAO standard atmosphere in hPa.
• PO0_0 : Atmospheric pressure at station elevation in hPa.
• PON0_0 : Minimum PO0_0 in the last hour in hPa.
• POX0_0 : Maximum PO0_0 in the last hour in hPa.
• PP0_0 : Absolute value of the change in pressure from the observation 3 hours ago in hPa.
• PR0_0 : Sea level pressure, adjusted using the observed temperature in hPa.
• STATVENT0_x : Status of the ventilator in the radiation shields for the HMP155A: 0 ok; 1 fan not running.
• TAx_x : Air temperature mean during the last minute in °C.
• TANx_x : Minimum temperature during the last hour in °C.
• TAXx_x : Maximum temperature during the last hour in °C.
• UU0_x : Relative humidity in percent.
• id : UUID for this measurement and this station and date.
• measured : Observation date and time in UTC in ISO 8601 format.
• station_id : Station identification.

Current Troll airfield (station_id = kldata/nationalnr=92100/type=504)

The current sensor station at Troll airfield was set up in September 2018 at coordinates approximately -71.95685N, 2.46662E. In March 2019, the airfield sensor station got an upgrade so it delivered much more data.

Pressure (Px) is measured by a Vaisala PTB330 barometer about 1.5 meters above ground.

Wind variables (Dx, Fx, KLFx) are measured by a RM Young 5108-45 Alpine HD. This sensor was mounted 6 meters above ice surface until February 2020. Since March 2020, the sensor has been mounted 10 meters above the ice surface.

Temperature (Tx) is measured by a PT100 1/10 DIN in unventilated radiation shield 2 meters above ground.

Humidity (UU0_0) is measured by a Vaisala HMP155A in unventilated radiation shield 2 meters above ground.

Ice temperature (TIx) is measured by a Beaded Stream thermistor string in the ice below the station.

Battery voltage and time ("measured") is monitored by a Campbell CR1000 datalogger.

• AA0_0 : Barograph curve indicating pressure variations during the last 3 hours. See below for details.
• BAT0_0 : Battery voltage in V.
• DD0_6 : Mean wind direction during the last 10 minutes in degrees.
• DX0_6 : Maximum wind direction 10 minute gliding mean during the last hour in degrees.
• FF0_6 : Wind speed 10-minute vector average in m/s.
• FG0_6 : Wind speed maximum 3 second gust during the last hour in m/s.
• FX0_6 : Wind speed maximum 10 minutes mean during the last hour in m/s.
• KLFG0_6 : Time when FG0_6 was observed in [h]hmm.
• KLFX0_6 : Time when FX0_6 was observed in [h]hmm.
• PH0_0 : Sea level pressure, adjusted using the ICAO standard atmosphere in hPa.
• PO0_0 : Atmospheric pressure at station elevation in hPa.
• PON0_0 : Minimum PO0_0 in the last hour in hPa.
• POX0_0 : Maximum PO0_0 in the last hour in hPa.
• PP0_0 : Absolute value of the change in pressure from the observation 3 hours ago in hPa.
• PR0_0 : Sea level pressure, adjusted using the observed temperature in hPa.
• TA0_0 : Air temperature mean during the last minute in °C.
• TAN0_0 : Minimum temperature during the last hour in °C.
• TAX0_0 : Maximum temperature during the last hour in °C.
• TI0_x : Ice temperature at x cm below surface in °C.
• UU0_0 : Relative humidity in percent.
• id : UUID for this measurement and this station and date.
• measured : Observation date and time in UTC in ISO 8601 format.
• station_id : Station identification.

Legacy Troll research station (station_id = legacy_S01)

The first station was set up in September 2005 close to the research station at approximately -72.0115N, 2.5337E. It was decommissioned in January 2019. In the beginning, Vaisala WT501 sensors were used for wind measurements, but the one at 2 meters height stopped working in February 2007 and the one at 10 meters height stopped in December 2007. Both were replaced with Gill WindObserver instruments in April 2009. No wind data is available between those dates. The instrument changes affect the variables DD0_x, DG0_x, FF0_x, and FG0_x.

Pressure (Px) was measured by a Vaisala PTB220 barometer about 1.5 meters above ground.

Wind variables (Dx, Fx, KLFx) were first measured by Vaisala WT501 instruments and later (see above) by Gill WindObserver instruments. The sensors were 2 meters (Dx0_2) and 10 meters (Dx0_0) above ground.

Temperature (Tx) was measured by a PT100 1/10 DIN in unventilated radiation shield. The sensors were 2 meters (Tx0_0) and 10 meters (Tx0_10) above ground.

Humidity (UU0_0) was likely measured by a Vaisala HMP155A in unventilated radiation shield. The sensors were 2 meters (UU0_0) and 10 meters (UU0_10) above ground.

Temperature below ground (TGx) was measured by a thermistor string in the ice below the station.

Time ("measured") was monitored by a Campbell CR1000 datalogger.

The radiation data should be used with extreme caution; there are multiple large sources of error. The LW values were measured with Kipp & Zonen CG4 sensors and the SW values with Kipp & Zonen CM21 sensors. All four sensors were mounted in K&Z CV2 heating and ventilation units. Unfortunately, the temperatures of the sensors were not recorded and the LW values are not corrected for the instrument’s temperature. The best a user can do is assume the instrument had the same temperature as the air and perform a rough correction that way. This adds to the uncertainty in these data, which is large anyway because the sensors were not maintained or calibrated after installation. By 2017, when they were taken down, the glass domes on the CM21 sensors were severely sandblasted on the upwind (north-east) side. They could also be affected by morning shading from the nearby garage that was built north-east of the site in 2012.

• AA0_0 : Barograph curve indicating pressure variations during the last 3 hours. See below for details.
• DD0_x : Mean wind direction during the last 10 minutes in degrees.
• DG0_x : Wind direction in degrees.
• FF0_x : Wind speed 10-minute vector average in m/s.
• FG0_x : Wind speed maximum 3 second gust during the last minute in m/s.
• LWin : Incoming longwave (infrared) radiation in W/m². See warning above!
• LWout : Outgoing longwave (infrared) radiation in W/m². See warning above!
• PH0_0 : Sea level pressure, adjusted using the ICAO standard atmosphere in hPa.
• PO0_0 : Atmospheric pressure at station elevation in hPa.

- PP0_0 : Absolute value of the change in pressure from the observation 3 hours ago in hPa.

University of Maine real-time buoy observations in the Gulf of Maine at NERACOOS site A01 - Massachusetts Bay, located at 42d 31.110m N, 70d 33.990m W SE of Gloucester. GoMOOS buoy A0103 was deployed from 2002-10-02 11:08:00 until 2002-12-13 20:15:00 UTC. Atmospheric near-surface measurements of wind speed, wind direction, wind gust, air temperature and visibility at a nominal height of of 3 meters were taken hourly. acknowledgment=The University of Maine Ocean Observing System (UMOOS) is funded in part through NERACOOS and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) as a Regional Association within the U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS). UMOOS is coordinated by the University of Maine's Physical Oceanography Group (PhOG). breakout_id=1 buffer_type=met cdm_data_type=TimeSeries cdm_timeseries_variables=station, longitude, latitude clock_time=Center of period comment=University of Maine, Physical Oceanography Group contact=um_phog_dmac@umeoce.maine.edu contributor_email=info@neracoos.org,info@gmri.org contributor_name=NERACOOS,Gulf of Maine Research Institute contributor_role=funder,distributor contributor_role_vocabulary=https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/G04/current/ contributor_url=http://neracoos.org,http://www.gmri.org Conventions=CF-1.8,ACDD-1.3,IOOS-1.2 date_metadata_modified=2025-05-05T22:39:02Z delta_t=10 depth_datum=Sea Level Easternmost_Easting=-70.5645 ending_time=1.039518E9 ending_time_string=2002-12-10T11:00:00Z featureType=TimeSeries geospatial_bounds=POINT (-70.5665 42.5185) geospatial_bounds_crs=EPSG:4326 geospatial_bounds_vertical_crs=EPSG:5831 geospatial_lat_max=42.5277 geospatial_lat_min=42.5183 geospatial_lat_resolution=0.01 degrees geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=-70.5645 geospatial_lon_min=-70.5681 geospatial_lon_resolution=0.001 degrees geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east geospatial_vertical_max=-3.0 geospatial_vertical_min=-3.0 geospatial_vertical_positive=down geospatial_vertical_resolution=0.5 meter geospatial_vertical_units=m grid_mapping_epsg_code=EPSG:4326 grid_mapping_inverse_flattening=298.257223563 grid_mapping_long_name=coordinate_reference_system grid_mapping_longitude_of_prime_meridian=0.0 grid_mapping_name=latitude_longitude grid_mapping_semi_major_axis=6378137.0 gts_ingest=true id=A0103.met.merged_20250505T223902.622.nc infoUrl=https://oceandata.umeoce.maine.edu/buoy/A01 institution=Physical Oceanography Group, School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine institution_url=http://gyre.umeoce.maine.edu instrument=In Situ/Laboratory Instruments > Current/Wind Meters > ANEMOMETERS, In Situ/Laboratory Instruments > Temperature/Humidity Sensors > TEMPERATURE SENSOR, In Situ/Laboratory Instruments > Pressure/Height Meters > PRESSURE SENSORS instrument_number=0 instrument_vocabulary=NASA/GCMD Instrument Keywords Version 8.1 ioos_ingest=true julian_day_convention=Julian date convention begins at 00:00:00 UTC on 17 November 1858 AD keywords_vocabulary=NASA/GCMD Science Keywords Version 8.1 last_modified=2002-12-10T11:00:00Z magnetic_variation=-16.0 metadata_link=https://oceandata.umeoce.maine.edu/buoy/A01/metadata mooring_history=2002-10-02T11:15Z Redeployed at site A01 2002-12-03T00:00Z (s/n=UMECB123) Intermittent cell phone problems 2002-12-09T08:00Z (met) (s/n=RMYWM49999) Winds have failed. 2002-12-09T08:00Z (sbe37) (s/n=SBEIM1925) Last data received from 20m SBE37IM. 2002-12-09T08:00Z (sbe16) (s/n=SBESC4125) Last data received from 50m SBE16. 2002-12-09T13:00Z (aanderaa) (s/n=AANCM692) Last valid data received from 2m Aanderaa current meter. 2002-12-09T14:00Z (doppler) (s/n=RDIWK1901) Doppler has failed. 2002-12-09T15:00Z (diagnostics) (s/n=BAEGP010700) Major failure with buoy. Winds, 2m currents, 4m doppler, 20m SBE37 and 50m SBE16 have all failed. Buoy position changed by 30 nm in 8 hours. 2002-12-13T20:15Z Buoy recovered, sensors damaged, no anchor.

mooring_site_desc=SE of Gloucester mooring_site_id=A0103 naming_authority=edu.maine ncei_template_version=NCEI_NetCDF_TimeSeries_Orthogonal_Template_v2.0 nco_openmp_thread_number=1 Northernmost_Northing=42.5277 number_observations_per_hour=6 operator_sector=academic platform=station platform_id=A01 platform_name=A01 - Massachusetts Bay platform_vocabulary=https://mmisw.org/ont/ioos/platform position_datum=WGS 84 principal_investigator=Dr. Neal R. Pettigrew principal_investigator_email=nealp@maine.edu principal_investigator_institution=University of Maine, School of Marine Sciences processing=merged processing_level=Realtime preliminary QC program=Integrated Ocean Observing System project=GoMOOS project_url=http://www.neracoos.org references=http://gyre.umeoce.maine.edu/data/gomoos/buoy/doc/buoy_system_doc/buoy_system/book1.html sea_name=Gulf of Maine site_id=A01 site_latitude=42.5185 site_longitude=-70.5665 source=Ocean Data Acquisition Systems (ODAS) Buoy sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=42.5183 sponsor=NOAA standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v72 starting_time=1.03356E9 starting_time_string=2002-10-02T12:00:00Z station_photo_url=http://gyre.umeoce.maine.edu/images/gomoosbuoy.jpg station_type=Surface Mooring time_coverage_duration=P68DT22H59M60.00S time_coverage_end=2025-07-24T08:00:00Z time_coverage_resolution=PT10M time_coverage_start=2001-07-10T03:00:00Z time_deployed=2002-10-02T11:08Zs time_recovered=2002-12-13T20:15Zs time_zone=UTC uuid=b8797e2a-f90f-44f9-ae09-cb55677150e8 Westernmost_Easting=-70.5681 wmo_platform_code=44029

University of Maine real-time buoy observations in the Gulf of Maine at NERACOOS site N01 - Northeast Channel, located at 42d 19.242m N, 65d 55.104m W South of Browns Bank. GoMOOS buoy N0107 was deployed from 2007-03-26 23:20:00 until 2007-09-19 16:35:00 UTC. Atmospheric near-surface measurements of wind speed, wind direction, wind gust, air temperature and visibility at a nominal height of of 3 meters were taken hourly. acknowledgment=The University of Maine Ocean Observing System (UMOOS) is funded in part through NERACOOS and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) as a Regional Association within the U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS). UMOOS is coordinated by the University of Maine's Physical Oceanography Group (PhOG). breakout_id=1 buffer_type=met cdm_data_type=TimeSeries cdm_timeseries_variables=station, longitude, latitude clock_time=Center of period comment=University of Maine, Physical Oceanography Group contact=um_phog_dmac@umeoce.maine.edu contributor_email=info@neracoos.org,info@gmri.org contributor_name=NERACOOS,Gulf of Maine Research Institute contributor_role=funder,distributor contributor_role_vocabulary=https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/G04/current/ contributor_url=http://neracoos.org,http://www.gmri.org Conventions=CF-1.8,ACDD-1.3,IOOS-1.2 date_metadata_modified=2025-05-06T02:02:38Z delta_t=10 depth_datum=Sea Level Easternmost_Easting=-65.9059 ending_time=1.1902194E9 ending_time_string=2007-09-19T16:30:00Z featureType=TimeSeries geospatial_bounds=POINT (-65.9070 42.3303) geospatial_bounds_crs=EPSG:4326 geospatial_bounds_vertical_crs=EPSG:5831 geospatial_lat_max=42.3427 geospatial_lat_min=42.3207 geospatial_lat_resolution=0.01 degrees geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=-65.9059 geospatial_lon_min=-65.9184 geospatial_lon_resolution=0.001 degrees geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east geospatial_vertical_max=-3.0 geospatial_vertical_min=-3.0 geospatial_vertical_positive=down geospatial_vertical_resolution=0.5 meter geospatial_vertical_units=m grid_mapping_epsg_code=EPSG:4326 grid_mapping_inverse_flattening=298.257223563 grid_mapping_long_name=coordinate_reference_system grid_mapping_longitude_of_prime_meridian=0.0 grid_mapping_name=latitude_longitude grid_mapping_semi_major_axis=6378137.0 gts_ingest=true id=N0107.met.merged_20250506T020238.259.nc infoUrl=https://oceandata.umeoce.maine.edu/buoy/N01 institution=Physical Oceanography Group, School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine institution_url=http://gyre.umeoce.maine.edu instrument=In Situ/Laboratory Instruments > Current/Wind Meters > ANEMOMETERS, In Situ/Laboratory Instruments > Temperature/Humidity Sensors > TEMPERATURE SENSOR, In Situ/Laboratory Instruments > Pressure/Height Meters > PRESSURE SENSORS instrument_number=0 instrument_vocabulary=NASA/GCMD Instrument Keywords Version 8.1 ioos_ingest=true julian_day_convention=Julian date convention begins at 00:00:00 UTC on 17 November 1858 AD keywords_vocabulary=NASA/GCMD Science Keywords Version 8.1 last_modified=2007-09-19T16:30:00Z magnetic_variation=-17.8 metadata_link=https://oceandata.umeoce.maine.edu/buoy/N01/metadata mooring_history=2007-03-26T23:20Z Mooring N0107 Redeployed By R/V Delaware II 2007-08-13T03:00Z (doppler) (s/n=RDILR5477) Last data received from doppler current profiler. Doppler started to reset on 11 August. 2007-09-02T10:00Z (sbe37) (s/n=SBEIM2589) Last data received from 180m microcat. 2007-09-19T16:35Z Recovered by R/V Argo Maine.

mooring_site_desc=South of Browns Bank mooring_site_id=N0107 naming_authority=edu.maine ncei_template_version=NCEI_NetCDF_TimeSeries_Orthogonal_Template_v2.0 nco_openmp_thread_number=1 Northernmost_Northing=42.3427 number_observations_per_hour=6 operator_sector=academic platform=station platform_id=N01 platform_name=N01 - Northeast Channel platform_vocabulary=https://mmisw.org/ont/ioos/platform position_datum=WGS 84 principal_investigator=Dr. Neal R. Pettigrew principal_investigator_email=nealp@maine.edu principal_investigator_institution=University of Maine, School of Marine Sciences processing=merged processing_level=Realtime preliminary QC program=Integrated Ocean Observing System project=GoMOOS project_url=http://www.neracoos.org references=http://gyre.umeoce.maine.edu/data/gomoos/buoy/doc/buoy_system_doc/buoy_system/book1.html sea_name=Gulf of Maine site_id=N01 site_latitude=42.3303 site_longitude=-65.907 source=Ocean Data Acquisition Systems (ODAS) Buoy sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=42.3207 sponsor=NOAA standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v72 starting_time=1.1749518E9 starting_time_string=2007-03-26T23:30:00Z station_photo_url=http://gyre.umeoce.maine.edu/images/gomoosbuoy.jpg station_type=Surface Mooring time_coverage_duration=P176DT17H time_coverage_end=2021-10-30T23:50:00Z time_coverage_resolution=PT10M time_coverage_start=2004-06-03T21:00:00Z time_deployed=2007-03-26T23:20Zs time_recovered=2007-09-19T16:35Zs time_zone=UTC uuid=a260fa51-8755-4b76-864a-4bd2a79eb3ac Westernmost_Easting=-65.9184 wmo_platform_code=44024

University of Maine real-time buoy observations in the Gulf of Maine at NERACOOS site B01 - Western Maine Shelf, located at 43d 10.842m N, 70d 25.668m W East of Cape Neddick (York). GoMOOS buoy B0103 was deployed from 2002-10-02 20:05:00 until 2003-04-25 19:46:00 UTC. Atmospheric near-surface measurements of wind speed, wind direction, wind gust, air temperature and visibility at a nominal height of of 3 meters were taken hourly. acknowledgment=The University of Maine Ocean Observing System (UMOOS) is funded in part through NERACOOS and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) as a Regional Association within the U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS). UMOOS is coordinated by the University of Maine's Physical Oceanography Group (PhOG). breakout_id=1 buffer_type=met cdm_data_type=TimeSeries cdm_timeseries_variables=station, longitude, latitude clock_time=Center of period comment=University of Maine, Physical Oceanography Group contact=um_phog_dmac@umeoce.maine.edu contributor_email=info@neracoos.org,info@gmri.org contributor_name=NERACOOS,Gulf of Maine Research Institute contributor_role=funder,distributor contributor_role_vocabulary=https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/G04/current/ contributor_url=http://neracoos.org,http://www.gmri.org Conventions=CF-1.8,ACDD-1.3,IOOS-1.2 date_metadata_modified=2025-05-05T23:14:12Z delta_t=10 depth_datum=Sea Level Easternmost_Easting=-70.4265 ending_time=1.0512972E9 ending_time_string=2003-04-25T19:00:00Z featureType=TimeSeries geospatial_bounds=POINT (-70.4278 43.1807) geospatial_bounds_crs=EPSG:4326 geospatial_bounds_vertical_crs=EPSG:5831 geospatial_lat_max=43.1858 geospatial_lat_min=43.1793 geospatial_lat_resolution=0.01 degrees geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=-70.4265 geospatial_lon_min=-70.4293 geospatial_lon_resolution=0.001 degrees geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east geospatial_vertical_max=-3.0 geospatial_vertical_min=-3.0 geospatial_vertical_positive=down geospatial_vertical_resolution=0.5 meter geospatial_vertical_units=m grid_mapping_epsg_code=EPSG:4326 grid_mapping_inverse_flattening=298.257223563 grid_mapping_long_name=coordinate_reference_system grid_mapping_longitude_of_prime_meridian=0.0 grid_mapping_name=latitude_longitude grid_mapping_semi_major_axis=6378137.0 gts_ingest=true id=B0103.met.merged_20250505T231412.691.nc infoUrl=https://oceandata.umeoce.maine.edu/buoy/B01 institution=Physical Oceanography Group, School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine institution_url=http://gyre.umeoce.maine.edu instrument=In Situ/Laboratory Instruments > Current/Wind Meters > ANEMOMETERS, In Situ/Laboratory Instruments > Temperature/Humidity Sensors > TEMPERATURE SENSOR, In Situ/Laboratory Instruments > Pressure/Height Meters > PRESSURE SENSORS instrument_number=0 instrument_vocabulary=NASA/GCMD Instrument Keywords Version 8.1 ioos_ingest=true julian_day_convention=Julian date convention begins at 00:00:00 UTC on 17 November 1858 AD keywords_vocabulary=NASA/GCMD Science Keywords Version 8.1 last_modified=2003-04-25T19:00:00Z magnetic_variation=-16.4 metadata_link=https://oceandata.umeoce.maine.edu/buoy/B01/metadata mooring_history=2002-10-02T20:00Z Redeployed at site B01 2002-10-03T21:00Z Goes messages are overlapping assigned time windows, according to Goes. 2002-10-15T00:00Z (optics_d) Last data received from 18m deep optics package. 2003-01-13T01:00Z (aanderaa) (s/n=AANCM691) Last data received from 2m aanderaa current meter 2003-01-23T23:00Z Last valid GOES buffer received (all previous messages had been overlapping the assigned window) 2003-04-17T04:00Z (met) (s/n=RMYWM50001) Winds have failed. 2003-04-25T19:46Z Recovered by R/V Argo Maine

mooring_site_desc=East of Cape Neddick (York) mooring_site_id=B0103 naming_authority=edu.maine ncei_template_version=NCEI_NetCDF_TimeSeries_Orthogonal_Template_v2.0 nco_openmp_thread_number=1 Northernmost_Northing=43.1858 number_observations_per_hour=6 operator_sector=academic platform=station platform_id=B01 platform_name=B01 - Western Maine Shelf platform_vocabulary=https://mmisw.org/ont/ioos/platform position_datum=WGS 84 principal_investigator=Dr. Neal R. Pettigrew principal_investigator_email=nealp@maine.edu principal_investigator_institution=University of Maine, School of Marine Sciences processing=merged processing_level=Realtime preliminary QC program=Integrated Ocean Observing System project=GoMOOS project_url=http://www.neracoos.org references=http://gyre.umeoce.maine.edu/data/gomoos/buoy/doc/buoy_system_doc/buoy_system/book1.html sea_name=Gulf of Maine site_id=B01 site_latitude=43.1807 site_longitude=-70.4278 source=Ocean Data Acquisition Systems (ODAS) Buoy sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=43.1793 sponsor=NOAA standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v72 starting_time=1.0335924E9 starting_time_string=2002-10-02T21:00:00Z station_photo_url=http://gyre.umeoce.maine.edu/images/gomoosbuoy.jpg station_type=Surface Mooring time_coverage_duration=P204DT21H59M60.00S time_coverage_end=2025-07-18T13:30:00Z time_coverage_resolution=PT10M time_coverage_start=2001-07-09T23:00:00Z time_deployed=2002-10-02T20:05Zs time_recovered=2003-04-25T19:46Zs time_zone=UTC uuid=bb147d81-0177-49be-867d-88b453dfa040 Westernmost_Easting=-70.4293 wmo_platform_code=44030

This data set contains O-Buoy Deployment data. Daily, hourly or continuous measurements over Arctic Ocean sea ice of ozone (O3), carbon dioxide (CO2), Bromine (BrO), wind speed and direction, air temperature and relative humidity (RH), barometric pressure, latitude and longitude, Coordinated Universal Time, UTC, horizon pictures, heading, pitch and roll *** SEE INSTRUMENT README FILES IN DATASET *** 2010 data files are final data for this set. There are no Multi Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) data for 2010 due to a tilting error. 2011 GPS, ozone, MAX-DOAS, and meteorology data are final data (see ReadMe files). Note: the ozone, wind, CO2, and GPS instruments malfunctioned during the 2011 deployment, and data sets are therefore limited or unavailable. The buoy's location during the 2011 deployment was stationary at 58.756 N, 94.06236W. *** Data Citation: Matrai PA, F Chavez, D Perovich, P Shepson, and WR Simpson (2011): O-Buoy3 Deployment. UCAR/NCAR - CISL - ACADIS. Dataset. http://dx.doi.org/10.5065/D67M05XG. Last updated 2024-11-22 (updated ozone file processing and headers to be consistent with other OB datasets)

A global Group for High Resolution Sea Surface Temperature (GHRSST) Level 2P dataset containing multi-channel Sea Surface Temperature (SST) retrievals derived in real-time from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) level-1B data from the Meteorological Operational-B (MetOp-B) satellite. The SST data in this dataset are used operationally in oceanographic analyses and forecasts by the US Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVO). The MetOp satellite program is a European multi-satellite program to provide weather data services for monitoring climate and improving weather forecasts. MetOp-A, MetOp-B and Metop-C were respectively launched on 19 Oct 2006, 17 September 2012 and 7 November 2018. The program was jointly established by the European Space Agency (ESA) and the European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) with the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) contributing the AVHRR sensor. AVHRR instruments measure the radiance of the Earth in 5 (or 6) relatively wide spectral bands. The first two are centered around the red (0.6 micron) and near-infrared (0.9 micron) regions, the third one is located around 4 (3.6) micron, and the last two sample the emitted thermal radiation, around 11 and 12 micron, respectively. The legacy 5 band instrument is known as AVHRR/2 while the more recent version, the AVHRR/3 (first carried on the NOAA-15 platform), acquires data in a 6th channel located at 1.6 micron. Typically, the 11 and 12 micron channels are used to derive SST sometimes in combination with the 3.5 micron channel. The swath of the AVHRR sensor is a relatively large 2400 km. All MetOp platforms are sun synchronous and generally view the same earth location twice a day (latitude dependent). The ground native resolution of the AVHRR instruments is approximately 1.1 km at nadir and degrades off nadir. This particular dataset is produced from legacy Global Area Coverage (GAC) data that are derived from a sample averaging of the full resolution global AVHRR data. Four out of every five samples along the scan line are used to compute on average value and the data from only every third scan line are processed, yielding an effective 4 km spatial resolution at nadir. The v2.0 is the updated version from current v1.0 with extensive algorithm improvements and upgrades. The major improvements include: 1) Significant changes in contaminant/cloud detection; 2) Increased the spatial resolution from 9 km to 4 km; 3) Updated compliance with GDS2, ACDD 1.3, and CF 1.6; and 4) Removed the dependency on the High-resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) sensor (only available to MetOp-A/B), thus allowing for the consistent inter-calibration and the processing of MetOp-A/B/C data.

Mexico Exports of surveying, hydrographic, oceanographic/hydrological instruments to Iraq was US$46.93 Thousand during 2018, according to the United Nations COMTRADE database on international trade. Mexico Exports of surveying, hydrographic, oceanographic/hydrological instruments to Iraq - data, historical chart and statistics - was last updated on June of 2025.

Oceanographic station, temperature profiles, meteorological, and other data were collected from bottle and XBT casts from NOAA Ship OREGON II from 13 July 1972 to 08 August 1972. Data were collected by the State University System Institute of Oceanography (SUSIO) as part of the Marine Resources Monitoring, Assessment and Prediction (MARMAP) project. Data were processed by NODC to the NODC standard Oceanographic Station Data (SD2) and Universal bathythermograph Output (UBT)formats. Full format descriptions are available from the NODC homepage at www.nodc.noaa.gov/.

The Oceanographic Station Data format contains physical-chemical oceanographic data recorded at discrete depth levels. Most of the observations were made using multi-bottle Nansen casts or other types of water samplers. A small amount (about 5 percent) were obtained using electronic CTD conductivity-temperature-depth) or STD (salinity-temperature-depth) recorders. The CTD/STD data were reported to NODC at depth levels equivalent to Nansen cast data, however, and have been processed and stored the same as the Nansen data. Cruise information (e.g., ship, country, institution), position, date, and time, and reported for each station. The principal measured parameters and temperature and salinity, but dissolved oxygen, phosphate, total phosphorus, silicate, nitrate, nitrite, and pH may be reported. Meteorological conditions at the time of the cast (e.g., air temperature and pressure, wind, waves) may also be reported, as well as auxiliary data such as water color (Forel-Ule scale), water transparency (Secchi disk depth), and depth to bottom. Values of density (sigma-t), sound velocity, and dynamic depth anomaly are computed from measured parameters. Each station contains the measurements taken at the observed depth levels, but also includes data values interpolated to a set of standard depth levels.

The UBT format contains temperature-depth profile data obtained using expendable bathythermograph (XBT) instruments. Cruise information, position, date and time were reported for each observation. The data records are comprised of pairs of temperature-depth values. The XBT data files contain temperature values at non-uniform depths. These depths were recorded at the minimum number of points ("inflection points") required to accurately define the temperature curve. Standard XBTs can obtain profiles to depths of 450 m or 760 m. Special instruments permitted measurements to 1830 m.

This collection consists of temperature profile data collected from numerous platforms within a 1-mile radius of Ocean Weather Stations A (62°00'N 033°00'W), B (56°30'N 051°00'W), C (52°45'N 035°30'W), D (44°00'N 041°00'W), E (35°00'N 048°00'W), and H (38°00'N 071°00'W), J (52°30'N 020°00'W), K (45°00'N 016°00'W), M (66°00'N 002°00'E), N (30°00'N 140°00'W), P (50°00'N 145°00'W), S (32°10'N 064°30'W), V (34°00'N 164°00'E), and in transit. Data were collected by numerous organizations, primarily the United States Coast Guard and United States Navy from 01 February 1947 to 31 December 1977. Most platforms were equipped and staffed to observe weather and sea conditions. Data were processed by NODC to the NODC standard Universal Bathythermograph Output (UBT) format or the NODC standard Station Data II Output Format (SD2). Under the 1949 revised North Atlantic Ocean Stations (NAOS) Agreement of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), ten weather stations served by 25 vessels would be maintained in the North Atlantic. of the ten stations, six stations were allocated to the United States, some of which would be operated jointly. In the North Pacific Ocean prior to the outbreak of the Korean Conflict, U.S. Coast Guard cutters were stationed at two Ocean Stations. After the start of the conflict, the service added three more stations in the North Pacific. The Oceanographic Station Data format contains physical-chemical oceanographic data recorded at discrete depth levels. Most of the observations were made using multi-bottle Nansen casts or other types of water samplers. A small amount (about 5 percent) were obtained using electronic CTD (conductivity-temperature-depth) or STD (salinity- temperature-depth) recorders. The CTD/STD data were reported to NODC at depth levels equivalent to Nansen cast data, however, and have been processed and stored the same as the Nansen data. Cruise information (e.g., ship, country, institution), position, date, and time, and reported for each station. The principal measured parameters and temperature and salinity , but dissolved oxygen, phosphate, total phosphorus, silicate, nitrate, nitrite, and pH may be reported. Meteorological conditions at the time of the cast (e.g., air temperature and pressure, wind, waves) may also be reported, as well as auxiliary data such as water color (Forel-Ule scale), water transparency (Secchi disk depth), and depth to bottom. Values of density (sigma-t) sound velocity, and dynamic depth anomaly are computed from measured parameters. Each station contains the measurements taken at the observed depth levels, but also includes data values interpolated to a set of standard depth levels. The UBT file format is used for temperature-depth profile data obtained using expendable bathythermograph (XBT) instrument. Standard XBTs can obtain profiles at depths of about 450 or 760 m. With special instruments, measurements can be obtained to 1830 m. Cruise information, position, date, and time are reported for each observation. The data record comprises pairs of temperature-depth values. Unlike the MBT data file, in which temperature values are recorded at uniform 5m intervals, the XBT Data File contains temperature values at non-uniform depths. These depths are at a minimum number of points ("inflection points") required to record the temperature curve to an acceptable degree of accuracy. On output, however, the user may request temperature values either at inflection points or interpolated to uniform depth increments. The UBT file format is also used for temperature-depth profile data obtained using the mechanical bathythermograph (MBT) instrument. The maximum depth of MBT observations is approximately 285 m. Therefore, MBT data are useful only in studying the thermal structure of the upper layers of the ocean. Cruise information, date, position, and time are reported for each observation. The data record comprises pairs of temperature-depth values. Temperature data in this file are recorded at uniform 5 m depth intervals.

This dataset contains oceanographic data collected from bottle casts and other instruments. Data were collected from the ARGOS, Arni Fridriksson and other platforms in the Barents Sea, North Sea and other locations. Data are in the Oceanographic Station Data (SD2) format which includes meteorological, chemical and physical parameters. Data were collected from 1969-04-21 to 1979-07-12. The SD2 format contains physical-chemical oceanographic data recorded at discrete depth levels. Most of the observations were made using multi-bottle Nansen casts or other types of water samplers. A small amount (about 5 percent) were obtained using electronic CTD (conductivity-temperature-depth) or STD (salinity-temperature-depth) recorders. The CTD/STD data were reported to NODC at depth levels equivalent to Nansen cast data, however, and have been processed and stored the same as the Nansen data. Cruise information (e.g., ship, country, institution), position, date, and time, and reported for each station. The principal measured parameters are temperature and salinity, but dissolved oxygen, phosphate, total phosphorus, silicate, nitrate, nitrite, and pH may be reported. Meteorological conditions at the time of the cast (e.g., air temperature and pressure, wind, waves) may also be reported, as well as auxiliary data such as water color (Forel-Ule scale), water transparency (Secchi disk depth), and depth to bottom. Values of density (sigma-t) sound velocity, and dynamic depth anomaly are computed from measured parameters. Each station contains the measurements taken at the observed depth levels, but also includes data values interpolated to a set of standard depth levels.

Radiation measurements at SURFRAD stations cover the range of the electromagnetic spectrum that affects the earth/atmosphere system. Direct solar radiation is monitored with a Normal Incidence Pyrheliometer (or NIP) mounted on the solar tracker. Downwelling global solar radiation is measured by an upward-viewing broadband pyranometer. The diffuse, or sky component, of solar radiation is measured by a shaded Eppley 8-48 pyranometer mounted on a platform that is attached to the solar tracker. A ball shades the sensor of the diffuse pyranometer, thus allowing only the radiation scattered by the atmosphere to be measured. A Precision Infrared Radiometer (PIR), or pyrgeometer, is also mounted on the solar tracker shade platform to measure downwelling thermal infrared radiation. A third broadband pyranometer is mounted facing downward on a cross arm near the top of the 10-meter tower to monitor solar radiation reflected from the surface. Another pyrgeometer, also mounted facing downward on the cross arm of the tower, senses thermal radiation upwelling from the surface. Two instruments on the main platform monitor wavebands of special interest. A UVB radiometer measures the degree of harmful ultraviolet radiation (280-320 nm) that evades the ozone layer and reaches the surface. The other monitors the intensity of the waveband active in photosynthesis (400 to 700 nm). The last radiometer in the SURFRAD suite is the Multi-Filter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer (MFRSR) which measures both global and diffuse solar radiation in one broadband channel and six narrow bands of the solar spectrum. Instruments for measuring wind direction and speed, air temperature, and relative humidity are mounted at the top of the tower. Station pressure is measured at the main platform. Campbell Scientific Inc. data logging equipment samples and records signals from all instruments except the MFRSR. The sampling rate for the radiometers and the meteorological instruments is one second, and the logger has been programmed to record one-minute averages of the one-second samples beginning in 2009-01-01. Before 2009-01-01 three-minute averages were recorded. Conversion to physical units through calibration factors is done in post processing. The MFRSR has its own logger that spot samples at 15-second intervals and records one-minute averages of the output voltages. Only one-hour data are archived at NCEI. In 1999 and 2000, total sky imagers (TSI) were installed at all SURFRAD stations. This device documents sky conditions and cloud fraction every minute. These measurements aid in the interpretation of the radiation measurements during the daytime, and also offer ground truth for satellite estimates of cloud fraction. Three stations now have surface latent, sensible, and soil heat flux systems, promoting them to surface energy budget stations. These surface energy budget measurements are welcomed by those who develop new atmospheric and hydrologic models that employ explicit surface physics

Niwot Ridge LTER is a partner of the DWCZ. Gordon Gulch a DWCZ site joins the North Boulder Creek about 16 km downstream from the Niwot Ridge LTER.

Niwot Ridge Long-term Ecological Research Program (NWT LTER), studies the air, snow, water, soil, microbes, lakes, trees, flowers, and animals in the high mountains of the Colorado Rockies. they measure, experiment and model how all these pieces fit together and have affected the health of our mountains over the last 40 years. Our mission is to better understand how our complex mountain systems are changing and better predict the future of the many critical services these systems provide to all of us living downhill — in Boulder, in Colorado, and beyond.

Climatological data were collected from the C1 climate station on Niwot Ridge (3018 m elevation) throughout the year. From 2000-06-24 to 2013-03-25, data were recorded using a Campbell Instruments CR23X data logger. Starting 2013-03-27, data were recorded using a Campbell Instruments CR1000 data logger. Maximum and minimum values were recorded instantaneously, with a sampling interval of 5 seconds. Daily means and totals were calculated from 17,280 individual measurements. The CR23X logger was programmed to generate both hourly and daily output. The CR1000 logger generated daily, hourly, and minute data until 2014-09-10, when these time periods were discontinued and only 10 minute raw data were collected.

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with DuPage County Stormwater Management Department, maintains a watershed data management (WDM) database of hourly meteorological and hydrologic data for use in a near real-time streamflow simulation system. These data are stored daily in the WDM database by USGS staff and are initially provisional and subject to change due to periodic equipment malfunctions and/or weather related issues. This system is used for the management and operation of reservoirs and other flood-control structures in the West Branch DuPage River (WBDR) watershed in DuPage County, Illinois. The WDM database is updated with quality-assured and quality-controlled (QA/QC) meteorological and hydrologic data for each water year (WY) and is named as WBDRXX.wdm where XX represents the last two digits of the WY. A WY is the 12-month period, October 1 through September 30, in which it ends. The WDM database is a binary, direct-access electronic file (Flynn and others, 1995). It was developed by the USGS to be used with hydrologic and water-quality models and analyses. Data within the WDM database are stored in datasets and each dataset is assigned a number called a dataset number (DSN). The WDM database can be accessed with the ANNIE computer program (Flynn and others, 1995), with the Generation and Analysis of Model Simulation Scenarios (GenScn), an interactive computer program (Kittle and others, 1998), or with Better Assessment Science Integrating point and Nonpoint Sources (BASINS), a multipurpose environmental analysis system (U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2015). This is version 1.1 of this data release with the corrected meteorological data for the period January 1, 2007, through September 30, 2022. Errors have been found in each of ARGNXX.WDM prior to WY 2023. WBDR13.wdm contains erroneous meteorological data and related flag values thereby. WBDR13.WDM is replaced with WBDR22.WDM. This WDM file contains corrected meteorological data from ARGN23.WDM (Bera, 2024a) for the period from January 1, 2007, through September 30, 2022, along with other data mentioned in the WBDR13.WDM. While WBDR13.WDM is available from the author, all the records in WBDR13.WDM can be found in this version as well. The WDM file WBDR22.WDM contains meteorological and hydrologic data collected in and near DuPage County, Illinois. The precipitation data are collected from a tipping-bucket rain-gage network located in and near DuPage County. The hydrologic data (stage and discharge) are collected at USGS streamflow-gaging stations in and around DuPage County. The WDM database WBDR22.WDM is quality-assured and quality-controlled (QA/QC) to ensure the datasets are complete and accurate and contains data from January 1, 2007, through September 30, 2022. The Open File Report Bera (2017) describes the data organization, sources, and QA/QC in detail. The complete list of datasets in WBDR22.WDM database is given in table 2, and a list of dataset attributes is given in Appendix 1 (Bera (2017). To open WBDR22.WDM file user needs to install Sara Timeseries utility described in the section "Related External Resources". First posted - October 12, 2017 (available from author) References Cited: Bera, M., 2024a, Meteorological Database, Argonne National Laboratory, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P146RBHK. _ 2024b, Watershed Data Management (WDM) Database (WBDR22.WDM) for West Branch DuPage River Streamflow Simulation, DuPage County, Illinois, January 1, 2007, through September 30, 2022: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P1LDIASU. Bera, Maitreyee, 2017, Watershed Data Management (WDM) database for West Branch DuPage River streamflow simulation, DuPage County, Illinois, January 1, 2007, through September 30, 2013: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2017–1099, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20171099. Flynn, K.M., Hummel, P.R., Lumb, A.M., and Kittle, J.L., Jr., 1995, User’s manual for ANNIE, version 2, a computer program for interactive hydrologic data management: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95–4085, 211 p. Kittle, J.L., Jr., Lumb, A.M., Hummel, P.R., Duda, P.B., and Gray, M.H., 1998, A tool for the generation and analysis of model simulation scenarios for watersheds (GenScn): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98–4134, 152 p.