There is great debate surrounding the demographic impact of China’s population control policies, especially the one-birth restrictions, which ended only recently. We apply an objective, data-driven method to construct the total fertility rates and population size of a ‘synthetic China’, which is assumed to be not subjected to the two major population control policies implemented in the 1970s. We find that while the earlier, less restrictive ‘later-longer-fewer’ policy introduced in 1973 played a critical role in driving down the fertility rate, the role of the ‘one-child policy’ introduced in 1979 and its descendants was much less significant. According to our model, had China continued with the less restrictive policies that were implemented in 1973 and followed a standard development trajectory, the path of fertility transition and total population growth would have been statistically very similar to the pattern observed over the past three decades.

Population is increasing regularly. We need to identify the growth of population of each city of each country. If the population is not controlled then it can create a huge problem. It will directly effect the resources of nature elements. This dataset contain population growth of each city of each country. Here we have columns: 1. Population in 2022 2. Population in 2023 3. City 4. Country 5. Population growth rate 6. Type

Countries resembling China with significant weights.

dataset containing information about population growth for different countries or regions over a 10-year period from 2013 to 2022. Here's a description of the columns in your dataset:

1.**Country/Region**: This column likely contains the names or labels of the countries or regions for which you have population growth data. Each row in your dataset represents a specific country or region.

2.**Ø Growth/year**: This column appears to represent the average annual population growth rate for each country or region over the specified 10-year period (2013-2022). Population growth rate is typically expressed as a percentage and indicates the average rate at which a population is increasing or decreasing per year.

3.**Growth 2013-2022**: This column likely contains the total population growth for each country or region over the entire 10-year period, from 2013 to 2022. It could be expressed in absolute numbers (e.g., the total increase or decrease in population) or as a percentage change.

Abstract In most Brazilian municipalities there is an overpopulation of stray dogs, which causes problems to the urban order, the environment and the public health, in addition to mistreatment to these dogs. In such context we foresee the need of developing actions targeting the population control of these animals. This essay aims at knowing the perception of social actors, such as managers of entities responsible for control actions, managers of NGOs working with animal protection and population in general with respect to the life quality and population control of stray dogs. Questionnaires were used on samples of individuals of these three groups and the data thereof were analyzed with descriptive statistics techniques and frequency comparison. The results allowed us to conclude that the society’s perception of population control and life quality of these animals bear important differences under the viewpoint of the three evaluated groups; however, they also bear significant similarities, especially with respect to the perception of the responsibility for the development of population control actions, the acceptance of using public funds intended to public health in control actions, the classification of such population density as large and the poor life quality of these animals.

Animal Population Control Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global animal population control market size in 2024 stands at USD 2.47 billion, with a robust compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.8% projected through the forecast period. By 2033, the market is expected to reach a value of USD 4.84 billion, reflecting the growing emphasis on animal welfare, public health, and sustainable management practices. The primary growth factor driving this market is the increasing awareness among governments and animal welfare organizations regarding the adverse effects of uncontrolled animal populations, including zoonotic disease transmission, ecological imbalance, and public safety concerns.

One of the most significant growth drivers for the animal population control market is the heightened focus on public health and zoonotic disease prevention. As urbanization accelerates and human-animal interactions become more frequent, the risk of disease transmission from stray and wild animals to humans has increased. Governments and health agencies worldwide are investing heavily in animal birth control programs, vaccination campaigns, and sterilization initiatives to mitigate the spread of diseases such as rabies, leptospirosis, and other zoonoses. These efforts are further bolstered by international organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO) and World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), which advocate for humane and effective animal population management as a critical component of global health security. The integration of advanced sterilization techniques, including non-surgical and chemical methods, has also expanded the toolkit available to veterinarians and animal welfare professionals, making population control more accessible and efficient.

Another pivotal factor fueling the expansion of the animal population control market is the increasing involvement of animal welfare organizations and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). These entities play a crucial role in implementing on-ground sterilization drives, awareness campaigns, and rescue operations, especially in regions with high stray animal populations. Their collaborations with local governments, veterinary clinics, and international donors have led to the development of sustainable and scalable population control programs. Additionally, the rising trend of pet adoption and responsible pet ownership in developed and emerging economies has amplified the demand for sterilization and contraceptive solutions for companion animals. This shift in societal attitudes towards animal welfare is not only driving market growth but also encouraging innovation in non-invasive and reversible contraception methods, which are gaining traction due to their ethical and practical benefits.

Technological advancements and regulatory support have also played a significant role in shaping the animal population control market. Innovations in non-surgical sterilization, such as immunocontraceptives and chemical sterilants, are providing safer and more cost-effective alternatives to traditional surgical procedures. Regulatory agencies in several countries are streamlining approval processes for new contraceptive products, recognizing their potential to address overpopulation humanely and efficiently. Furthermore, the integration of digital technologies for tracking, monitoring, and managing animal populations is enhancing the effectiveness of control programs. These technological developments, coupled with favorable government policies and funding, are expected to sustain the market's upward trajectory throughout the forecast period.

From a regional perspective, North America currently dominates the animal population control market, accounting for the largest share in 2024, followed closely by Europe and the Asia Pacific. The United States, in particular, has set benchmarks with its extensive spay/neuter programs, robust regulatory framework, and active participation from animal welfare organizations. Europe is witnessing steady growth, driven by stringent animal welfare laws and increasing public awareness. Meanwhile, the Asia Pacific region is emerging as a high-growth market, fueled by rapid urbanization, rising stray animal populations, and government initiatives to curb zoonotic diseases. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also showing promising potential, with increasing investments in animal health infrastructure and population control measures. These regional dynamics hi

Have you ever wondered how the population landscape of our planet looks in 2025? This dataset brings together the latest population statistics for 233 countries and territories, carefully collected from Worldometers.info — one of the most trusted global data sources.

📊 It reveals how countries are growing, shrinking, and evolving demographically. From population density to fertility rate, from migration trends to urbanization, every number tells a story about humanity’s future.

🌆 You can explore which nations are rapidly expanding, which are aging, and how urban populations are transforming global living patterns. This dataset includes key metrics like yearly population change, net migration, land area, fertility rate, and each country’s share of the world population.

🧠 Ideal for data analysis, visualization, and machine learning, it can be used to study global trends, forecast population growth, or build engaging dashboards in Python, R, or Tableau. It’s also perfect for students and researchers exploring geography, demographics, or development studies.

📈 Whether you’re analyzing Asia’s population boom, Europe’s aging curve, or Africa’s youthful surge — this dataset gives you a complete view of the world’s demographic balance in 2025. 🌎 With 233 rows and 12 insightful columns, it’s ready for your next EDA, visualization, or predictive modeling project.

🚀 Dive in, explore the data, and uncover what the world looks like — one country at a time.

The 1965 National Fertility Survey was the first of three surveys that succeeded the Growth of American Families surveys (1955 and 1960) aimed at examining marital fertility and family planning in the United States. Currently married women were queried on the following main topics: residence history, marital history, education, income and employment, family background, religiosity, attitudes toward contraception and sterilization, birth control pill use and other methods of contraception, fecundity, family size, fertility expectations and intentions, abortion, and world population growth. Respondents were asked about their residence history, including what state they grew up in, whether they had lived with both of their parents at the age of 14, and whether they had spent any time living on a farm. Respondents were also asked a series of questions about their marital history. Specifically, they were asked about the duration of their current marriage, whether their current marriage was their first marriage, total number of times they had been married, how previous marriages ended, length of engagement, and whether their husband had children from a previous marriage. Respondents were asked what was the highest grade of school that they had completed, whether they had attended a co-ed college, and to give the same information about their husbands. Respondents were asked about their 1965 income, both individual and combined, their occupation, whether they had been employed since marriage, if and when they stopped working, and whether they were self-employed. They were also asked about their husband's recent employment status. With respect to family background, respondents were asked about their parents' and their husband's parents' nationalities, education, religious preferences, and total number children born alive to their mother and mother-in-law, respectively. In addition, respondents were asked about their, and their husband's, religious practices including their religious preferences, whether they had ever received any Catholic education, how religious-minded they perceived themselves to be, how often they prayed at home, and how often they went to see a minister, rabbi, or priest. Respondents were asked to give their opinions with respect to contraception and sterilization. They were asked whether they approved or disapproved of contraception in general, as well as specific forms of contraception, whether information about birth control should be available to married and unmarried couples, and whether the federal government should support birth control programs in the United States and in other countries. They were also asked whether they approved or disapproved of sterilization operations for men and women and whether they thought such a surgery would impair a man's sexual ability. Respondents were asked about their own knowledge and use of birth control pills. They were asked if they had ever used birth control pills and when they first began using them. They were then asked to give a detailed account of their use of birth control pills between 1960 and 1965. Respondents were also asked to explain when they discontinued use of birth control pills and what the motivation was for doing so. Respondents were also asked about their reproductive cycle, the most fertile days in their cycle, the regularity of their cycle, and whether there were any known reasons why they could not have or would have problems having children. Respondents were asked about their ideal number of children, whether they had their ideal number of children or if they really wanted fewer children, as well as whether their husbands wanted more or less children than they did. Respondents were then asked how many additional births they expected, how many total births they expected, when they expected their next child, and at what age they expected to have their last child. Respondents were asked how they felt about interrupting a pregnancy and whether they approved of abortion given different circumstances such as if the pregnancy endangered the woman's health, if the woman was not married, if the couple could not afford another child, if the couple did not want another child, if the woman thought the child would be deformed, or if the woman had been raped. Respondents were also asked to share their opinions with respect to world population growth. T

This study was conducted in 1953 and 1954 in both urban and rural areas of Puerto Rico. The interviews explored the relationship between husband and wife in questions about family organization and role, degree of intimacy, sexual relations, and satisfaction with the marriage. Further variables probed attitudes toward children: ideal family size, the importance of children in marriage, and parent-child relations. The study also examined the respondents' attitudes toward birth control, knowledge of where to obtain birth control materials, and birth control methods the respondents used. Derived measures include several Guttman scales. Of the total sample, 566 interviews were conducted with wives only, and 322 with husbands and wives together.

Sweden Population Growth 1969 - 2022

Data collected from Sweden Statistics (Statistiska Centralbyrån) SCB

This shows Population Growth from 1968-2022 by Regions and Civil Status.

The stats is from 1968 but with no value so I cut that column out.

Averages of Pre-intervention characteristics of China, SynthChina, and the comparator.

Context

The world's population has undergone remarkable growth, exceeding 7.5 billion by mid-2019 and continuing to surge beyond previous estimates. Notably, China and India stand as the two most populous countries, with China's population potentially facing a decline while India's trajectory hints at surpassing it by 2030. This significant demographic shift is just one facet of a global landscape where countries like the United States, Indonesia, Brazil, Nigeria, and others, each with populations surpassing 100 million, play pivotal roles.

The steady decrease in growth rates, though, is reshaping projections. While the world's population is expected to exceed 8 billion by 2030, growth will notably decelerate compared to previous decades. Specific countries like India, Nigeria, and several African nations will notably contribute to this growth, potentially doubling their populations before rates plateau.

Content

This dataset provides comprehensive historical population data for countries and territories globally, offering insights into various parameters such as area size, continent, population growth rates, rankings, and world population percentages. Spanning from 1970 to 2023, it includes population figures for different years, enabling a detailed examination of demographic trends and changes over time.

Dataset

Structured with meticulous detail, this dataset offers a wide array of information in a format conducive to analysis and exploration. Featuring parameters like population by year, country rankings, geographical details, and growth rates, it serves as a valuable resource for researchers, policymakers, and analysts. Additionally, the inclusion of growth rates and world population percentages provides a nuanced understanding of how countries contribute to global demographic shifts.

This dataset is invaluable for those interested in understanding historical population trends, predicting future demographic patterns, and conducting in-depth analyses to inform policies across various sectors such as economics, urban planning, public health, and more.

Structure

This dataset (world_population_data.csv) covering from 1970 up to 2023 includes the following columns:

Acknowledgment

The primary dataset was retrieved from the World Population Review. I sincerely thank the team for providing the core data used in this dataset.

© Image credit: Freepik

Dataset Description: Worldometer Data Introduction This dataset contains detailed information on the population statistics of various countries, compiled from Worldometer. It includes demographic data such as yearly population changes, migration numbers, fertility rates, and urbanization metrics over multiple years.

Dataset Overview Total Entries: 4,104 Total Columns: 14 Columns Description country (object):

The name of the country. Example: 'India', 'China'. year (float64):

The year for which the data is recorded. Example: 2024, 2023. population (object):

The total population for the given year. Example: '1,441,719,852', '1,428,627,663'. yearly_change_pct (object):

The percentage change in population from the previous year. Example: '0.92%', '0.81%'. yearly_change (object):

The absolute change in population from the previous year. Example: '13,092,189', '11,454,490'. migrants (object):

The net number of migrants for the given year. Example: '-486,784', '-486,136'. median_age (object):

The median age of the population. Example: '28.6', '28.2'. fertility_rate (object):

The fertility rate for the given year. Example: '1.98', '2.00'. density_p_km2 (object):

The population density per square kilometer. Example: '485', '481'. urban_pop_pct (object):

The percentage of the population living in urban areas. Example: '36.8%', '36.3%'. urban_pop (object):

The total urban population for the given year. Example: '530,387,142', '518,239,122'. share_of_world_pop_pct (object):

The country's share of the world's population as a percentage. Example: '17.76%', '17.77%'. world_pop (object):

The total world population for the given year. Example: '8,118,835,999', '8,045,311,447'. global_rank (float64):

The global population rank of the country for the given year. Example: '1.0', '2.0'. Data Quality Missing Values:

Some columns have missing values which need to be handled before analysis. Columns with significant missing data: year, population, yearly_change_pct, yearly_change, migrants, median_age, fertility_rate, density_p_km2, urban_pop_pct, urban_pop, share_of_world_pop_pct, world_pop, global_rank. Data Types:

Most columns are of type object due to the presence of commas and percentage signs. Conversion to appropriate numeric types (e.g., integers, floats) is required for analysis. Potential Uses Demographic Analysis: Study population growth trends, migration patterns, and changes in fertility rates. Urbanization Studies: Analyze urban population growth and density changes over time. Global Ranking: Evaluate and compare the population statistics of different countries. Conclusion This dataset provides a comprehensive view of the world population trends over the years. Cleaning and preprocessing steps, including handling missing values and converting data types, will be necessary to prepare the data for analysis. This dataset can be valuable for researchers, demographers, and data scientists interested in population studies and demographic trends.

File Details Filename: worldometer_data.csv Size: 4104 rows x 14 columns Format: CSV Source Website: Worldometer Scraped Using: Scrapy

Featured at "Prior knowledge meets Neural ODEs: a two-stage training method for improved explainability" a Tiny Paper @ ICLR 2023 https://openreview.net/forum?id=p7sHcNt_tqo

The World Population Growth Dataset was synthesized and has one feature, world population. The goal is to predict the population at each point in time.

There are three tasks available: -reconstruction: evaluate the performance at predicting the same time steps used for training; -extrapolation: evaluate the performance at predicting for a longer time horizon than the one used for training; -completion: evaluate the performance at predicting time steps in between the ones used for training.

The dataset was created by solving the following ODE: https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/kaggle-user-content/o/inbox%2F2406836%2F51dbf75dd99dfb0856183cea296409d2%2FScreenshot%20from%202023-03-22%2014-48-34.png?generation=1679496528936237&alt=media" alt="">

Abstract (en): This study was conducted in 1953 and 1954 in both urban and rural areas of Puerto Rico. The interviews explored the relationship between husband and wife in questions about family organization and role, degree of intimacy, sexual relations, and satisfaction with the marriage. Further variables probed attitudes toward children: ideal family size, the importance of children in marriage, and parent-child relations. The study also examined the respondents' attitudes toward birth control, knowledge of where to obtain birth control materials, and birth control methods the respondents used. Derived measures include several Guttman scales. Of the total sample, 566 interviews were conducted with wives only, and 322 with husbands and wives together. ICPSR data undergo a confidentiality review and are altered when necessary to limit the risk of disclosure. ICPSR also routinely creates ready-to-go data files along with setups in the major statistical software formats as well as standard codebooks to accompany the data. In addition to these procedures, ICPSR performed the following processing steps for this data collection: Created variable labels and/or value labels.. Nuclear families in Puerto Rico, with the husband and wife married 5 to 20 years and living together, having at least one child, and with an education level of six grades or less. Two sampling designs were used in this study: an area probability sample to determine the extent and knowledge of contraception, and a quota sample drawn to include a sufficient number of families with different birth control experiences. The quota sample was selected from two subsamples of families that had attended outpatient departments and pre-maternal clinics of nine public health centers representing different regions (seven rural, two urban) of Puerto Rico. These families fell into four different categories: those who had never used birth control devices, active users of these devices, those who had stopped using methods of birth control, and those who had been sterilized. In addition, the quota sample was stratified by rural-urban residence and length of marriage. 2009-11-13 SAS, SPSS, and Stata setups have been added to this data collection.

This sample of married women under 50 years of age were asked questions on household composition, education, occupation of spouse, unemployment in household, how leisure time is spent, length of time at current residence, where lived before, number of pregnancies, live births, desire and/or reason for more children, knowledge of family planning methods, and use of birth control devices.

The annual population growth rate for year t is the exponential rate of growth of the midyear population from year t-1 to t, expressed as a percentage. Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship.

Abstract

The 1993 Turkish Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) is a nationally representative survey of ever-married women less than 50 years old. The survey was designed to provide information on fertility levels and trends, infant and child mortality, family planning, and maternal and child health. The TDHS was conducted by the Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies under a subcontract through an agreement between the General Directorate of Mother and Child Health and Family Planning, Ministry of Health and Macro International Inc. of Calverton, Maryland. Fieldwork was conducted from August to October 1993. Interviews were carried out in 8,619 households and with 6,519 women.

The Turkish Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) is a national sample survey of ever-married women of reproductive ages, designed to collect data on fertility, marriage patterns, family planning, early age mortality, socioeconomic characteristics, breastfeeding, immunisation of children, treatment of children during episodes of illness, and nutritional status of women and children. The TDHS, as part of the international DHS project, is also the latest survey in a series of national-level population and health surveys in Turkey, which have been conducted by the Institute of Population Studies, Haeettepe University (HIPS).

More specifically, the objectives of the TDHS are to:

Collect data at the national level that will allow the calculation of demographic rates, particularly fertility and childhood mortality rates; Analyse the direct and indirect factors that determine levels and trends in fertility and childhood mortality; Measure the level of contraceptive knowledge and practice by method, region, and urban- rural residence; Collect data on mother and child health, including immunisations, prevalence and treatment of diarrhoea, acute respiratory infections among children under five, antenatal care, assistance at delivery, and breastfeeding; Measure the nutritional status of children under five and of their mothers using anthropometric measurements.

The TDHS information is intended to assist policy makers and administrators in evaluating existing programs and in designing new strategies for improving family planning and health services in Turkey.

MAIN RESULTS

Fertility in Turkey is continuing to decline. If Turkish women maintain current fertility rates during their reproductive years, they can expect to have all average of 2.7 children by the end of their reproductive years. The highest fertility rate is observed for the age group 20-24. There are marked regional differences in fertility rates, ranging from 4.4 children per woman in the East to 2.0 children per woman in the West. Fertility also varies widely by urban-rural residence and by education level. A woman living in rural areas will have almost one child more than a woman living in an urban area. Women who have no education have almost one child more than women who have a primary-level education and 2.5 children more than women with secondary-level education.

The first requirement of success ill family planning is the knowledge of family planning methods. Knowledge of any method is almost universal among Turkish women and almost all those who know a method also know the source of the method. Eighty percent of currently married women have used a method sometime in their life. One third of currently married women report ever using the IUD. Overall, 63 percent of currently married women are currently using a method. The majority of these women are modern method users (35 percent), but a very substantial proportion use traditional methods (28 percent). the IUD is the most commonly used modern method (I 9 percent), allowed by the condom (7 percent) and the pill (5 percent). Regional differences are substantial. The level of current use is 42 percent in tile East, 72 percent in tile West and more than 60 percent in tile other three regions. "File common complaints about tile methods are side effects and health concerns; these are especially prevalent for the pill and IUD.

One of the major child health indicators is immunisation coverage. Among children age 12-23 months, the coverage rates for BCG and the first two doses of DPT and polio were about 90 percent, with most of the children receiving those vaccines before age one. The results indicate that 65 percent of the children had received all vaccinations at some time before the survey. On a regional basis, coverage is significantly lower in the Eastern region (41 percent), followed by the Northern and Central regions (61 percent and 65 percent, respectively). Acute respiratory infections (ARI) and diarrhea are the two most prevalent diseases of children under age five in Turkey. In the two weeks preceding the survey, the prevalence of ARI was 12 percent and the prevalence of diarrhea was 25 percent for children under age five. Among children with diarrhea 56 percent were given more fluids than usual.

Breastfeeding in Turkey is widespread. Almost all Turkish children (95 percent) are breastfed for some period of time. The median duration of breastfeeding is 12 months, but supplementary foods and liquids are introduced at an early age. One-third of children are being given supplementary food as early as one month of age and by the age of 2-3 months, half of the children are already being given supplementary foods or liquids.

By age five, almost one-filth of children arc stunted (short for their age), compared to an international reference population. Stunting is more prevalent in rural areas, in the East, among children of mothers with little or no education, among children who are of higher birth order, and among those born less than 24 months after a prior birth. Overall, wasting is not a problem. Two percent of children are wasted (thin for their height), and I I percent of children under five are underweight for their age. The survey results show that obesity is d problem among mothers. According to Body Mass Index (BMI) calculations, 51 percent of mothers are overweight, of which 19 percent are obese.

Geographic coverage

The Turkish Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) is a national sample survey.

Analysis unit

• Household
• Women age 12-49
• Children under five

Universe

The population covered by the 1993 DHS is defined as the universe of all ever-married women age 12-49 who were present in the household on the night before the interview were eligible for the survey.

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

The sample for the TDHS was designed to provide estimates of population and health indicators, including fertility and mortality rates for the nation as a whole, fOr urban and rural areas, and for the five major regions of the country. A weighted, multistage, stratified cluster sampling approach was used in the selection of the TDHS sample.

Sample selection was undertaken in three stages. The sampling units at the first stage were settlements that differed in population size. The frame for the selection of the primary sampling units (PSUs) was prepared using the results of the 1990 Population Census. The urban frame included provinces and district centres and settlements with populations of more than 10,000; the rural frame included subdistricts and villages with populations of less than 10,000. Adjustments were made to consider the growth in some areas right up to survey time. In addition to the rural-urban and regional stratifications, settlements were classified in seven groups according to population size.

The second stage of selection involved the list of quarters (administrative divisions of varying size) for each urban settlement, provided by the State Institute of Statistics (SIS). Every selected quarter was subdivided according tothe number of divisions(approximately 100 households)assigned to it. In rural areas, a selected village was taken as a single quarter, and wherever necessary, it was divided into subdivisions of approximately 100 households. In cases where the number of households in a selected village was less than 100 households, the nearest village was selected to complete the 100 households during the listing activity, which is described below.

After the selection of the secondary sampling units (SSUs), a household listing was obtained for each by the TDHS listing teams. The listing activity was carried out in May and June. From the household lists, a systematic random sample of households was chosen for the TDHS. All ever-married women age 12-49 who were present in the household on the night before the interview were eligible for the survey.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face

Research instrument

Two questionnaires were used in the main fieldwork for the TDHS: the Household Questionnaire and the Individual Questionnaire for ever-married women of reproductive age. The questionnaires were based on the model survey instruments developed in the DHS program and on the questionnaires that had been employed in previous Turkish population and health surveys. The questionnaires were adapted to obtain data needed for program planning in Turkey during consultations with population and health agencies. Both questionnaires were developed in English and translated into Turkish.

a) The Household Questionnaire was used to enumerate all usual members of and visitors to the selected households and to collect information relating to the socioeconomic position of the households. In the first part of the Household Questionnaire, basic information was collected on the age, sex, educational attainment, marital status and relationship to the head of household for each person listed as a household member

In a time of global change, having an understanding of the nature of biotic and abiotic factors that drive a species’ range may be the sharpest tool in the arsenal of conservation and management of threatened species. However, such information is lacking for most tropical and epiphytic species due to the complexity of life history, the roles of stochastic events, and the diversity of habitat across the span of a distribution. In this study, we conducted repeated censuses across the core and peripheral range of Trichocentrum undulatum, a threatened orchid that is found throughout the island of Cuba (species core range) and southern Florida (the northern peripheral range). We used demographic matrix modeling as well as stochastic simulations to investigate the impacts of herbivory, hurricanes, and logging (in Cuba) on projected population growth rates (? and ?s) among sites. Methods Field methods Censuses took place between 2013 and 2021. The longest census period was that of the Peripheral population with a total of nine years (2013–2021). All four populations in Cuba used in demographic modeling that were censused more than once: Core 1 site (2016–2019, four years), Core 2 site (2018–2019, two years), Core 3 (2016 and 2018 two years), and Core 4 (2018–2019, two years) (Appendix S1: Table S1). In November 2017, Hurricane Irma hit parts of Cuba and southern Florida, impacting the Peripheral population. The Core 5 population (censused on 2016 and 2018) was small (N=17) with low survival on the second census due to logging. Three additional populations in Cuba were visited only once, Core 6, Core 7, and Core 8 (Table 1). Sites with one census or with a small sample size (Core 5) were not included in the life history and matrix model analyses of this paper due to the lack of population transition information, but they were included in the analysis on the correlation between herbivory and fruit rate, as well as the use of mortality observations from logging for modeling. All Cuban sites were located between Western and Central Cuba, spanning four provinces: Mayabeque (Core 1), Pinar del Rio (Core 2 and Core 6), Matanzas (Core 3 and Core 5), and Sancti Spiritus (Core 4, Core 7, Core 8). At each population of T. undulatum presented in this study, individuals were studied within ~1-km strips where T. undulatum occurrence was deemed representative of the site, mostly occurring along informal forest trails. Once an individual of T. undulatum was located, all trees within a 5-m radius were searched for additional individuals. Since tagging was not permitted, we used a combination of information to track individual plants for the repeated censuses. These include the host species, height of the orchid, DBH of the host tree, and hand-drawn maps. Individual plants were also marked by GPS at the Everglades Peripheral site. If a host tree was found bearing more than one T. undulatum, then we systematically recorded the orchids in order from the lowest to highest as well as used the previous years’ observations in future censuses for individualized notes and size records. We recorded plant size and reproductive variables during each census including: the number of leaves, length of the longest leaf (cm), number of inflorescence stalks, number of flowers, and the number of mature fruits. We also noted any presence of herbivory, such as signs of being bored by M. miamensis, and whether an inflorescence was partially or completely affected by the fly, and whether there was other herbivory, such as D. boisduvalii on leaves. We used logistic regression analysis to examine the effects of year (at the Peripheral site) and sites (all sites) on the presence or absence of inflorescence herbivory at all the sites. Cross tabulation and chi-square analysis were done to examine the associations between whether a plant was able to fruit and the presence of floral herbivory by M. miamensis. The herbivory was scored as either complete or partial. During the orchid population scouting expeditions, we came across a small population in the Matanzas province (Core 5, within 10 km of the Core 3 site) and recorded the demographic information. Although the sampled population was small (N = 17), we were able to observe logging impacts at the site and recorded logging-associated mortality on the subsequent return to the site. Matrix modeling Definition of size-stage classes To assess the life stage transitions and population structures for each plant for each population’s census period we first defined the stage classes for the species. The categorization for each plant’s stage class depended on both its size and reproductive capabilities, a method deemed appropriate for plants (Lefkovitch 1965, Cochran and Ellner 1992). A size index score was calculated for each plant by taking the total number of observed leaves and adding the length of the longest leaf, an indication of accumulated biomass (Borrero et al. 2016). The smallest plant size that attempted to produce an inflorescence is considered the minimum size for an adult plant. Plants were classified by stage based on their size index and flowering capacity as the following: (1) seedlings (or new recruits), i.e., new and small plants with a size index score of less than 6, (2) juveniles, i.e., plants with a size index score of less than 15 with no observed history of flowering, (3) adults, plants with size index scores of 15 or greater. Adult plants of this size or larger are capable of flowering but may not produce an inflorescence in a given year. The orchid’s population matrix models were constructed based on these stages. In general, orchid seedlings are notoriously difficult to observe and easily overlooked in the field due to the small size of protocorms. A newly found juvenile on a subsequent site visit (not the first year) may therefore be considered having previously been a seedling in the preceding year. In this study, we use the discovered “seedlings” as indicatory of recruitment for the populations. Adult plants are able to shrink or transition into the smaller juvenile stage class, but a juvenile cannot shrink to the seedling stage. Matrix elements and population vital rates calculations Annual transition probabilities for every stage class were calculated. A total of 16 site- and year-specific matrices were constructed. When seedling or juvenile sample sizes were < 9, the transitions were estimated using the nearest year or site matrix elements as a proxy. Due to the length of the study and variety of vegetation types with a generally large population size at each site, transition substitutions were made with the average stage transition from all years at the site as priors. If the sample size of the averaged stage was still too small, the averaged transition from a different population located at the same vegetation type was used. We avoided using transition values from populations found in different vegetation types to conserve potential environmental differences. A total of 20% (27/135) of the matrix elements were estimated in this fashion, the majority being seedling stage transitions (19/27) and noted in the Appendices alongside population size (Appendix S1: Table S1). The fertility element transitions from reproductive adults to seedlings were calculated as the number of seedlings produced (and that survived to the census) per adult plant. Deterministic modeling analysis We used integral projection models (IPM) to project the long-term population growth rates for each time period and population. The finite population growth rate (?), stochastic long-term growth rate (?s), and the elasticity were projected for each matrices using R Popbio Package 2.4.4 (Stubben and Milligan 2007, Caswell 2001). The elasticity matrices were summarized by placing each element into one of three categories: fecundity (transition from reproductive adults to seedling stage), growth (all transitions to new and more advanced stage, excluding the fecundity), and stasis (plants that transitioned into the same or a less advanced stage on subsequent census) (Liu et al. 2005). Life table response experiments (LTREs) were conducted to identify the stage transitions that had the greatest effects on observed differences in population growth between select sites and years (i.e., pre-post hurricane impact and site comparisons of same vegetation type). Due to the frequent disturbances that epiphytes in general experience as well as our species’ distribution in hurricane-prone areas, we ran transient dynamic models that assume that the populations censused were not at stable stage distributions (Stott et al. 2011). We calculated three indices for short-term transient dynamics to capture the variation during a 15-year transition period: reactivity, maximum amplification, and amplified inertia. Reactivity measures a population’s growth in a single measured timestep relative to the stable-stage growth, during the simulated transition period. Maximum amplification and amplified inertia are the maximum of future population density and the maximum long-term population density, respectively, relative to a stable-stage population that began at the same initial density (Stott et al. 2011). For these analyses, we used a mean matrix for Core 1, Core 2 Core 3, and Core 4 sites and the population structure of their last census. For the Peripheral site, we averaged the last three matrices post-hurricane disturbance and used the most-recent population structure. We standardized the indices across sites with the assumption of initial population density equal to 1 (Stott et al. 2011). Analysis was done using R Popdemo version 1.3-0 (Stott et al. 2012b). Stochastic simulation We created matrices to simulate the effects of episodic recruitment, hurricane impacts, herbivory, and logging (Appendix S1: Table S2). The Peripheral population is the longest-running site with nine years of censuses (eight

Wildlife Contraception Market Outlook

As per our latest research, the global wildlife contraception market size in 2024 stands at USD 98.2 million, driven by increasing concerns over ecological balance and human-wildlife conflict mitigation. The market is growing at a robust CAGR of 7.4% and is expected to reach USD 186.5 million by 2033. This growth is primarily fueled by the rising need for humane population control solutions, advancements in contraceptive technologies, and expanding implementation across both developed and emerging regions. Furthermore, the market’s expansion is supported by the growing involvement of government agencies, conservation groups, and research institutions dedicated to sustainable wildlife management practices.

One of the key growth factors propelling the wildlife contraception market is the increasing global emphasis on biodiversity conservation and sustainable ecosystem management. As human populations expand and encroach upon natural habitats, conflicts between people and wildlife have intensified, leading to significant ecological and economic consequences. Traditional population control methods, such as culling, have faced criticism for ethical and ecological reasons, prompting a shift toward non-lethal and more sustainable alternatives. Wildlife contraception offers a humane, effective solution to manage animal populations, reduce human-wildlife conflicts, and maintain ecological balance. This paradigm shift is being embraced by wildlife agencies, conservation organizations, and even local governments, all of which are investing in research and deployment of advanced contraceptive methods.

Another major driver of market growth is the rapid advancement in contraceptive technologies tailored for wildlife applications. Innovations such as immunocontraceptives, long-acting hormonal contraceptives, and minimally invasive surgical sterilization techniques have significantly improved the efficacy, safety, and practicality of wildlife contraception. These advancements enable more targeted, species-specific, and long-lasting population control, reducing the need for frequent interventions and minimizing stress on animals. Furthermore, the development of remote delivery systems, such as darting, has made it feasible to implement contraception programs in challenging environments, further enhancing adoption rates across diverse geographic regions and animal populations.

The market is also benefitting from the increasing role of public-private partnerships and international collaborations in wildlife management. Government agencies, conservation groups, and research institutes are pooling resources and expertise to develop and implement comprehensive contraception programs. Funding from global organizations and philanthropic foundations has accelerated research and pilot projects in both developed and developing regions. Additionally, rising public awareness and advocacy for humane wildlife management are influencing policy reforms and regulatory support, further facilitating market growth. The integration of contraception into broader wildlife management frameworks is creating new opportunities for market players, technology providers, and service organizations involved in the sector.

From a regional perspective, North America continues to dominate the wildlife contraception market, accounting for the largest share in 2024, followed by Europe and Asia Pacific. The United States and Canada have been at the forefront of adopting non-lethal population control measures, supported by proactive government policies and significant research investments. Europe is witnessing growing demand due to stringent animal welfare regulations and the presence of numerous conservation organizations. The Asia Pacific region, while currently smaller in market share, is poised for the fastest growth over the forecast period, driven by rapid urbanization, increasing human-wildlife interactions, and rising conservation efforts in countries like India, China, and Australia. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also emerging as important markets, with growing awareness and pilot initiatives being launched to address region-specific wildlife management challenges.