Ocean wave hindcast, ongoing and updated monthly from 1979 to present. The 1979-2010 data was generated using the WaveWatch III v4.08 wave model forced with NCEP CFSR hourly winds and daily sea ice (see http://doi.org/10.4225/08/523168703DCC5). January 2011 - May 2013 was generated using the WaveWatch III v4.08 wave model forced with NCEP CFSv2 hourly winds and daily sea ice (see http://doi.org/10.4225/08/52817E2858340). June 2013 onward was generated using the WaveWatch III v4.18 wave model forced with NCEP CFSv2 hourly winds and daily sea ice. The dataset contains spectral wave output at 3683 points, as well as gridded outputs on a global 0.4 degree (24 arcminute) grid, with nested Australian and western Pacific subgrids of 10 and 4 arcminutes resolution. For further information, see Durrant, T., Greenslade, D., Hemer, M. and Trenham, C. 2014. A Global Wave Hindcast focussed on the Central and South Pacific CAWCR Technical Report No. 070. N.B. January 1979 is a "model spin-up" month and data from this month should not be used for research purposes. Spectral wave parameters output: time; station; longitude; latitude; frequency; frequency1; frequency2 (centre, upper and lower bands); direction; Efth (sea surface wave directional variance spectral density); depth; u10m; udir (wind speed and direction 10m above surface); curr; currdir (sea water speed and direction). Gridded parameters output: longitude; latitude; time; MAPSTA (status map) ; U10; V10 (Eastward and Northward wind); CI (sea ice area fraction) ; hs (significant wave height); wl (mean wave length) ; t02 (mean wave period Tm02); t (mean period Tm01); tm0m1(mean period Tm0-1); CgE (wave energy flux); fp (peak wave frequency); dir (mean wave direction); spr (directional spread); dp (peak direction); hs0; hs1; hs2; hs3 (significant wave height partitions); tp0; tp1; tp2; tp3 (peak period partitions); lp0; lp1; lp2; lp3 (mean wave length partitions); th0; th1; th2; th3 (mean wave direction partitions); si0; si1; si2; si3 (directional spread partitions); ws0; ws1; ws2; ws3 (wind sea fraction partitions); wsf (wind sea fraction); pnr (number of wave partitions); dtd (dynamic time step); uust; vust (eastward, northward friction velocities); cha (Charnock coefficient); faw (wind to wave energy flux); utaw; vtaw (eastward, northward wave supported wind stress); utwa; vtwa (eastward, northward wave to wind stress); wcc (whitecap coverage); Sxx; Syy; Sxy (radiation stress components); utwo; vtwo (eastward, northward wave to ocean stress); uuss; vuss (eastward, northward surface stokes drift). Please note that the licensee/user is required to acknowledge the source of this data on the following terms: 'Source: Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO © 2013'. Apart from dealings under the Copyright Act 1968, the licensee shall not reproduce (electronically or otherwise), modify or supply (by sale or otherwise) this data without written permission. Please contact CSIRO CSIROEnquiries@csiro.au or BoM climatedata@bom.gov.au for more information. Lineage: The hindcast was performed using the WAVEWATCH III(TM) model, 1970 - May 2013 used version 4.08, June 2013 onward used version 4.18. The model was run on a 0.4 x 0.4° global grid with a series of nested grids of 10 arcminutes (~18km) down to 4 arcminutes (~7km) in the Western Pacific and Australian regions. Wave spectra were discretised over 29 frequencies exponentially spaced from 0.038 Hz to 0.5 Hz and 24 directions with a constant 15° directional resolution. For 1979 - 2010 all grids were forced with Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) surface winds at 0.3° spatial and hourly temporal resolution. For 2011 onward all grids were forced with Climate Forecast System Reanalysis v.2 (CFSv2) surface winds at 0.2° spatial and hourly temporal resolution. Hourly sea ice concentrations from the CFSR and CFSv2 data sets for the respective time periods were also used to define the ice edge. Data output in NetCDF4 format.

CAWCR Wave Hindcast pre-June 2013 ERRATA Issued 21/09/2020. Wave data pre-June 2013 was created with an early release of WAVEWATCHIII (v4.08). Note that pre-June 2013 variable 't' should not be used. Pre-June 2013, Variable ‘t’, named mean wave period using the first spectral moment is a duplicate of variable ‘tm0m1’ mean wave period using the first inverse spectral moment. Post-June 2013 (inclusive), Variables ‘t01’ represent mean wave period using the first spectral moment, and ‘t0m1’ represents mean wave period using the first inverse spectral moment with no issues. Several other variable names changes took place during the upgrade.

Measured and derived wave parameters from data collected by a wave monitoring buoy anchored at Mooloolaba. This site is jointly operated by the Department of Environment and Science and the Department of Transport and Main Roads.
For more information please refer to www.qld.gov.au/waves.

Field names;
Hs - Significant wave height, an average of the highest third of the waves in a record (26.6 minute recording period).
Hmax - The maximum wave height in the record.
Tz - The zero upcrossing wave period.
Tp - The peak energy wave period.
Peak Direction - Direction (related to true north) from which the peak period waves are coming from.
SST- Sea Surface Temperature as measured in the bottom of the hull of buoys.

land and oceanic climate variables. The data cover the Earth on a 31km grid and resolve the atmosphere using 137 levels from the surface up to a height of 80km. ERA5 includes information about uncertainties for all variables at reduced spatial and temporal resolutions.

Measurements are made with a Battelle Seaology pCO2 monitoring system (ASVCO2) is similar to the system described in Sutton et al. (2014). A Seabird Prawler CTD (for Seawater Temperature and Salinity) is mounted on the keel, where the Dissolved Oxygen is measured by an Aanderaa optode. The pH is measured using a custom design pH sensor (SCRIPPS) based on a DuraFET sensor using either the internal of external reference (pHin, pHext). The seawater sensor intakes for the ASVCO2 , the Prawler CTD, the Aanderaa optode and the pH sensor are located at about 1m water depth. The CO2 measurement uses a bubble equilibrator (Sutton et al., 2014), where the air from the equilibrator headspace is circulated through a LI-COR 820 non-dispersive infrared detector (NDIR) for measurement of CO2. The system carries out an automated measurement sequence typically every 1 hour. At the beginning of each measurement sequence, the NDIR undergoes a two point calibration with a zero CO2 gas and a high CO2 standard span gas (typically 450-550 micromol/mol), which bracket the range of CO2 mole fractions in seawater and air. The zero CO2 gas is generated by cycling air through a soda lime chamber and silica gel to remove CO2 and water vapour, respectively. The CO2 span gas is prepared by the NOAA Earth Systems Research Laboratory in the USA and calibrated on the WMO X2007 scale with a standard deviation of 0.06 micromol/mol (http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccl/airstandard.html). Each measurement cycle of zero and span gas, equilibrator headspace, and air takes 20 minutes with the equilibrator headspace measurement occurring at about 17 minutes followed by the air measurement. The pressure measurements are considered the same for the equilibrator headspace gas and air measurements due to the design of the ASVCO2 system (Sutton et al., 2014) as are the temperature and salinity of the surface seawater and the equilibrator measured by the Seabird Prawler. The data from the ASVCO2, the Prawler CTD, and the pH sensor are transmitted through iridium, typically every 4 hours, whereas the optode data is received via Saildrone as part of 6 hourly netcdf files. The data is part of the calculations for fCO2 and gets added into the processed netcdf files.

A. J. Sutton, C. L. Sabine, S. Maenner-Jones, N. Lawrence-Slavas, C. Meinig, R. A. Feely, J. T. Mathis, S. Musielewicz, R. Bott, P. D. McLain, H. J. Fought, and A. Kozyr (2014) A high-frequency atmospheric and seawater pCO2 data set from 14 open-ocean sites using a moored autonomous system. Earth System Science Data, 6, 353-366. doi:10.5194/essd-6-353-2014.

Relevant carbon component details: make, model, serial number, firmware version, settings:

Sensor | Make | Model | Serial Number | Calibration fCO2 sensor | Battelle | ASVCO2 | 0007 | Pre and post deployment calibration; Continuous (see below). T and S sensor | Seabird | Prawler CTD | 0039 | Factory calibrated DO sensor | Aanderaa | optode | 701 | CSIRO calibration lab, pre deployment; burned into sensors.

Auxiliary instruments (see for information in folder ‘Saildrone Auxiliary instruments’)

Sensor | Make | Model | Serial Number | Calibration Anemometer | Gill Instruments | 1590-PK-120 | 172303 | Factory calibrated CTD | Teledyne | CTD-NH | 2605 | Factory calibrated Barometer | Vaisalo Oyi | PTB210A | M4030153 | Factory calibrated Fluorometer | Wetlab | ECO | 1503 | Factory calibrated Air temperature, Rel. Humidity | Heitronics | CT15.10 | 12259 | Factory calibrated

The suitability of areas for offshore wind development in the waters off England, Wales and Northern Ireland is the subject of ongoing assessment by The Crown Estate (TCE). In light of: i. the pace of technological change in the offshore wind sector; ii. the potential for future leasing as a response to UK Net Zero; and, iii. TCE’s responsibility to sustainably maximise the value of the seabed it manages, Everoze has been engaged by TCE to develop an updated methodology for characterising Key Resource Areas reflecting the latest and anticipated future technological developments in the sector out to a deployment date of 2040. A Key Resource Area (KRA) defines areas of seabed suitable for offshore wind development based on technology availability over a given timeframe. It is not intended to capture other factors vital to identifying suitability for development (e.g. other seabed uses, environmental constraints, etc.). These additional sensitivities will be considered in successive stages through further analysis by TCE in due course that build upon the KRA identification. In the context of a maturing sector, the methodology for KRA identification has moved away from classifying areas of seabed as Favourable, Limited and Marginal – as has been the case in previous KRA reviews - and towards identifying Technology Groups which characterise technical solutions for a given set of physical site drivers. This data presents the spatial analysis outputs of the criteria defined in the report by Everoze (Characterisation of Key Resource Areas for Offshore Wind – A Report for The Crown Estate, October 2020) for floating offshore wind and should be used in conjunction with the associated report which provides the context and justification to these spatial outputs. The study was run to the waters off England, Wales and Northern Ireland.Below are the criteria used for each floating wind Technology Group defined:TG1 – Conventional Anchoring-Moderate Sea State – Depth 50-250m, Quaternary Thickness >20m, Hs50 < 14mTG2 – Conventional Anchoring-Onerous Sea State – D 50-250m, QT >20m, Hs50 >14mTG3 – Complex Anchoring-Moderate Sea State – D 50-250m, QT 5-20m – Hs50 <14mTG4 – Complex Anchoring-Onerous Sea State – D 50-250m, QT 5-20m, Hs50 >14mTG5 – Pile/Socket Anchoring-Moderate Sea State – D 50-250m, QT <5m, Hs50 <15mTG6 – Pile/Socket Anchoring-Onerous Sea State – D 50-250m, QT <5m, Hs50 <15mThere is a global 9m/s minimum windspeed adopted. Datasets used in the analysis:Quaternary Thickness – BGSWind Speed – Met Office 2015 UK Offshore Wind ResourceBathymetry – Oceanwise Marine DEM 1 arc sec, and GEBCO World Bathymetry (in areas not covered otherwise)Metocean – ABPmer Hs50This data has been prepared by The Crown Estate using the criteria provided by Everoze Partners Limited in the report ‘Characterisation of Key Resource Areas for Offshore Wind’, October 2020. The data is provided for information purposes only and no party may rely on the accuracy, completeness or fitness of its content for any particular purpose. The Crown Estate makes no representation, assurance, undertaking or warranty in respect of the analysis in the report and thus the associated spatial data outputs