Two out of every three persons in Chiapas lived under the poverty line in 2022, making it the federal entity with the largest share of poor population in Mexico. On average, about 36 percent of the Mexican population was living in poverty that year.

Chiapas was the state in Mexico with the highest average extreme poverty rate in 2022. It was estimated that almost three out of ten people in Chiapas lived in a situation of extreme poverty. In contrast, Baja California was the state with the lowest extreme poverty rate, with 0.8 percent, well below the national average, which stood at 7.1 percent. The share of population living in poverty in Mexico amounted to 36.3 percent in 2022.

Chiapas was the state in Mexico with the highest number of people living in extreme poverty in 2022. It was estimated that more than 1.6 million people in Chiapas lived in a situation of extreme poverty, out of a total of 9.1 million people at the national level. On the other hand, Baja California Sur was the state with the lowest number of people living in extreme poverty, with 6,400. Baja California Sur was also among the Mexican state with the lowest number of people living in poverty.

In 2022, approximately 4.7 percent of the Mexican population were living on less than 3.20 U.S. dollars per day, a considerable decrease in comparison to the previous year. Furthermore, unemployment rate in this Latin American country during this period was at 3.2 percent. Poverty is considerably higher in the South In 2022, the three states with the highest poverty rate in the Aztec country were Chiapas, Guerrero, and Oaxaca, all in the southern region. In contrast, the top eight federal entities with the lowest were all in the North. The clear division is further accentuated by the Northern Border Free Zone, which encompasses 43 municipalities in the Mexico-U.S. border with higher minimum wages and lower taxes. Poverty in states such as Chiapas reaches over 67 percent, which means two out of three residents are under the poverty line and almost one out of three under extreme poverty conditions.
A country troubled by inequality Poverty and inequality are no news in Mexico. In the most recent data, around 80 percent of the total wealth of the country was concentrated in the top 10 percent of the population. Moreover, the bottom 50 percent had a negative share, meaning that half of the Mexican population had more debts than assets. But inequality does not only encompass wealth distribution, but Mexico also has a problem regarding gender inequality. The government has failed to achieve many of its goals to reduce the gap between genders.

The state of Mexico was the Mexican state with the highest number of people living in poverty in 2022. It was estimated that more than 7.4 million people residing in the state of Mexico lived in a situation of poverty. On the other hand, Baja California Sur was the state with the lowest number of people living in poverty, with 112,000. Regarding extreme poverty, Chiapas was the state in Mexico with the highest average that year.

The extreme poverty rate in Mexico accounted for less than one tenth of the country's population between 2012 and 2022. In the latter, it was estimated that 7.1 percent of the population of Mexico lived in a situation of extreme poverty, an considerable decrease when compared to 2020. Further, Chiapas was the state in Mexico with the highest average extreme poverty rate in 2022.

The number of people living in poverty in Mexico accounted for over 36 percent of the country's population in 2020. In that year, it was estimated that more than 46 million people in Mexico lived in a situation of poverty, a significant decrease of nearly nine millions when compared with 2020. During 2022, Chiapas was the state in Mexico with the highest poverty rate.

In 2022, Chiapas was the Mexican state with the highest share of population considered socially vulnerable due to a lack of access to health services. Around 66.1 percent of the people living in the southern state were considered in that situation, while Baja California Sur had the lowest rate, at 17.3 percent.

A Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model in a bottom-up approach - based on microfoundations - and a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for the regional economy of Chiapas are built. Methodology: This research applies a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model. It is a system of equations that describes an entire economy and all the interactions between productive sectors, commodity and factor markets, and institutions. All of the equations are solved simultaneously to find an economy-wide equilibrium in which demand and supply quantities are equal in every market at a certain level of prices (Burfisher, 2011). Two of the features of this model are that, on one hand, it implements a “bottom-up” approach, that is, it is focused on individual markets and economic agents. On the other hand, it is partially synthetic. In other words, most parameters can be calibrated with data from the SAM. Data framework: A Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) is a balanced square matrix that represents all income and expenditure flows between productive sectors, markets, and economic agents of an economy at a given period of time (Müller, Perez & Hubertus, 2009). It is based on the double entry bookkeeping in accounting, which requires that total revenue equals total expenditure in each single account included in the SAM (Breisinger, Thomas & Thurlow, 2010). The main features of the Chiapas SAM are that production activities are broken down in 10 sectors, according to the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). There is one commodity per economic activity. Factors of production are disaggregated into formal and informal labor, and capital. Direct taxes are broken up into activity tax, social security contributions, household and corporate income taxes, ‘tenencia’ tax (ownership tax, i.e. a tax associated with the possession or use of vehicles), and regional payroll tax (‘nomina’). Indirect taxes, in turn, are value-added, sales and export taxes, and import tariffs. Subsidies on production by economic activity are also included. Households are disaggregated by income quintiles. Social transfers are split in non-conditional (Procampo, universal pension, PAL-Sin Hambre , temporary employment program, and the regional program Amanecer ) and Oportunidades. The latter is also broken down into its five components: food, elderly, education, child, and energy. The introduction of conditional cash transfers in the SAM is particularly relevant because it allows assessing the impact of changes in their amount and distribution on household income, poverty reduction, income inequality, and economic growth at the regional level. Data sources: - National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI): 2012 National Employment and Occupation Survey 2013 Chiapas Statistical Yearbook 2012 National Household Income-Expenditure Survey 2012 Chiapas Statistical Perspective 2003-2012 Goods and Services Accounts (SCNM) 2003-2012 Institutional Sector Accounts (SCNM) 2008 Input-Output Table 2008 Supply and Use Tables - Chiapas State Committee of Statistical and Geographical Information (CEIEG): 2012 Chiapas Employment and Occupation Survey 2012 Chiapas Monthly Statistical Reports of IMSS-insured Workers - Federal Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare (STYPS): 2012 IMSS-registered Daily Salary by Economic Activity 2012 IMSS-insured Workers Quality/Lineage: With the raw data a Social Accounting Matrix for the regional economy of Chiapas was built Features: - Oportunidades broken down by component - Other non-conditional social transfers such as Procampo, PAL-Sin Hambre, Employment program, Universal pension, and the regional program 'Amanecer' - Informal wages - Satellites tables of formal and informal employment - Productive activities according to the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) used in Mexico, Canada, and the United States of America - 10 economic activities - 10 Commodities (one per economic activity) - Factors of production: formal and informal labor and capital Purpose: 1. To assess the opportunity cost of financing "Oportunidades", Mexico's conditional cash transfers program, and its implications for rural development and rural economic growth in the regional setting of Chiapas. Moreover, 2. Pro-growth and pro-poor tax structures are also evaluated by applying standard economic analysis tools and modeling to substantially raise the federal non-oil tax revenue to finance social policy for poverty and inequality reduction. Dissertation: Viveros Añorve, J. L. (2015): The opportunity cost of financing "Oportunidades": a general equilibrium assessment for poverty reduction in Mexico. Ph.D. dissertation. Center for Development Research, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bonn

This report presents the results of an assessment of poverty conditions in Mexico, and the Government strategies to reduce poverty. It constitutes the first phase of a longer-term work program on poverty reduction in Mexico, that the Bank is undertaking, in collaboration with the Government during the period 2003-2006. The current situation in the country is mixed, with respect to poverty. In terms of well-being, Mexico has experienced major progress in some dimensions - notably related to basic service access - but much weaker progress on others - notably on the income of the poor. Despite the gains between 1996 and 2002,and in particular, for the extreme poor, poverty remains widespread, and is only slightly below the levels prevailing before the 1994195 crisis. The report relates to government strategy, and its strengths. The CONTIGO framework is excellent as a conceptual framework, especially in its attempt to integrate the multiple dimensions of well-being, and public action into a life-cycle approach. There are notable successes in specific programs -with "Oportunidades" (i.e., "Opportunities") unusual in its combination of highly effective targeting, and broad reach amongst the extreme poor. The emphasis on evaluation is commendable, while the recent introduction of the Ley de Desarrollo Social (Social Development Law) is a potentially valuable attempt to institutionalize the social development strategy, and in particular, provide more continuity across government administrations. But challenges still remain. The quality of services is a major issue in many sectors, for although social policies for the extreme poor are well developed, policies for their income growth are not. There is a broader pending agenda for the moderate poor, especially with respect to improving the productivity of the self-employed, and informal enterprises. Most of the extreme and moderate poor fall outside the formal social protection system, and face significant risks, i.e., health, unemployment or lack of income in old age. And there are a wide range of institutional issues to be tackled - from strengthening accountability, especially under decentralized structures, to social incorporation of excluded groups - as well as linking of rigorous evaluation to results-based management. Section A of the report discusses poverty conditions, Section B reviews government strategy, and, Section C provides brief concluding comments on public action, and future analysis.

In Mexico, only 27.1 percent of the population were considered neither poor nor vulnerable in 2022. Coahuila was the state in Mexico with the highest share of people who don't suffer from poverty or other social deprivations, reaching 47 percent, whereas Chiapas was the state with the lowest rate, with 8.1 percent. In that same year, Chiapas was the Mexican state with the highest number of people living under extreme poverty.

The poverty rate in Mexico accounted for almost 36 percent of the country's population in 2022, a decrease of 7.6 percentage points when compared with the rate from 2020. The state of Mexico was the state with the highest number of people living in poverty in 2022.

U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts statistics for Mexico city, Missouri. QuickFacts data are derived from: Population Estimates, American Community Survey, Census of Population and Housing, Current Population Survey, Small Area Health Insurance Estimates, Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates, State and County Housing Unit Estimates, County Business Patterns, Nonemployer Statistics, Economic Census, Survey of Business Owners, Building Permits.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze organizational, political and economic changes resulting from the decentralization of the health system for those in Mexico without health insurance. METHODS: Three states, selected by considering the percentage of the population living in poverty, the political party in power and their stage of decentralization (the first was in 1984 and the second in 1997) were included. Interviews were conducted during 2007 with key informants from the state health care services, users of health care services, and community leaders. Data were analyzed from an anthropological and economic perspective. RESULTS: Decentralization occurred in a heterogeneous way in each state, with responsibilities being transferred from federal to state level but without breaking the dependence on the central-federal level. The reforms driven from the federal level to create a scheme based on a principle of financial subsidies and democratization of the health system face challenges for their political and organizational consolidation. CONCLUSIONS: The anthropological approach adopted in this analysis shows the relevance of considering organizational, economic and political factors as key components of the decentralization process.

U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts statistics for Mexico town, Oswego County, New York. QuickFacts data are derived from: Population Estimates, American Community Survey, Census of Population and Housing, Current Population Survey, Small Area Health Insurance Estimates, Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates, State and County Housing Unit Estimates, County Business Patterns, Nonemployer Statistics, Economic Census, Survey of Business Owners, Building Permits.

Baja California was the state in Mexico with the highest share of population considered vulnerable due to social deprivation in 2022. It was estimated that 38.1 percent of the people living in the state suffered from social deprivation. On the other hand, Tlaxcala was the state with the lowest rate of socially deprived population, with 21 percent. That same year, Chiapas was the Mexican state with the highest number of people living in extreme poverty.

This data collection consists of modified records from CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING, 1970 [UNITED STATES]: PUBLIC USE SAMPLES (ICPSR 0018). The original records consisted of 120-character household records and 120-character person records, whereas the new modified records are rectangular (each person record is combined with the corresponding household record) with a length of 188, after the deletion of some items. Additional information was added to the data records, including typical educational requirement for current occupation, occupational prestige score, and group identification code. This version also differs from the original public use census samples in other ways: all ages for all respondents were included, 1 percent of the majority from each 1970 file was included, 10 percent of the Black population in each file was included, and Mexican Americans outside the five southwestern states of Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas were included, but were identified as "other Hispanics." Other variables provide information on the housing unit, such as occupancy and vacancy status of house, tenure, value of property, commercial use, rent, ratio of property value to family income, availability of plumbing facilities, sewage disposal, complete kitchen facilities, flush toilet, water, and telephone. Data are also provided on household characteristics such as the size of family, the presence of roomers, boarders, or lodgers, and household relationships. Other demographic variables specify age, sex, place of birth, income, marital status, race, citizenship, and ratio of family income to poverty cutoff level. This collection was made available by the National Chicano Research Network of the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. See the related collections, CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING [UNITED STATES], 1970 PUBLIC USE SAMPLE: MODIFIED 1/1000 15% STATE SAMPLES (ICPSR 7923), and CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING [UNITED STATES], 1970 PUBLIC USE SAMPLE: MERGED FAMILY HOUSEHOLD DATA RECORDS FOR 42 SMSAS (ICPSR 7759).

In 2022, Guerrero was the Mexican state with the highest share of population considered vulnerable due to a lack of adequate housing. Over 26 percent of the inhabitants in Guerrero were considered to live in poor housing conditions or without enough space, while Nuevo Leon had the lowest rate, at 3.2 percent. Guerrero was the second state in Mexico with the highest average extreme poverty rate only behind Chiapas.

The Mexico Peace Index ranks states on a scale from * to *, with * being the most peaceful. The index comprises crime, violence, and policing indicators. In 2024, Colima received the worst score with **** points, followed by Baja California with **** points. On the other hand, Yucatán was considered the most peaceful state in the country that year.

The moderate poverty rate in Mexico amounted to more than one third of the country's population in 2020. In that year, it was estimated that more than 35.4 percent of the Mexican population lived in a situation of moderate poverty, an increase when compared with the rate registered in 2018. Chiapas was the state in Mexico with the highest poverty rate that year.