Maize evolution under domestication is a process that continues today. Case studies suggest that Mexican smallholder family farmers, known as campesinos, contribute importantly to this, but their significance has not been explicitly quantified and analyzed as a whole. Here we examine the evolutionary and food security implications of the scale and scope under which campesinos produce maize. We gathered official municipal-level data on maize production under rainfed conditions and identified campesino agriculture as occurring in municipalities with average yields of ≤ 3 t/ha. Environmental conditions vary widely in those municipalities and are associated with a great diversity of maize races, representing 85.3% of native maize samples collected in the country. We estimate that in those municipalities around 1.38 x 1011 genetically different individual plants are subjected to evolution under domestication each season. This implies that 5.24x108 mother plants contribute to the next generation with their standing genetic diversity and rare alleles. Such a large breeding population size also increases the total number of adaptive mutations that may appear and be selected for. We also estimate that campesino agriculture could potentially feed around 54.7 million people in Mexico. These analyses provide insights about the contributions of smallholder agriculture around the world.

Source of data: calculations by the authors using the National Agricultural Survey [33] and FAO [37]. The details on the values with decimal points are shown in the S1 Data.

Comprehensive dataset containing 763 verified Food manufacturing supply businesses in Mexico with complete contact information, ratings, reviews, and location data.

The price per unit in the 'Pet Food' segment of the food market in Mexico was modeled to amount to **** U.S. dollars in 2024. Between 2018 and 2024, the price per unit rose by **** U.S. dollars, though the increase followed an uneven trajectory rather than a consistent upward trend. The price per unit will steadily rise by **** U.S. dollars over the period from 2024 to 2030, reflecting a clear upward trend.Further information about the methodology, more market segments, and metrics can be found on the dedicated Market Insights page on Pet Food.

Source of data: authors’ categorisation based on INEGI [33].

107 Active Global Food Can suppliers, manufacturers list and Global Food Can exporters directory compiled from actual Global export shipments of Food Can.

The Groceries and Food Wholesaling industry in Mexico is dedicated to supplying groceries and food items, including dairy products, fruits and vegetables, meats and sweets, to downstream retailers. Over the five years to 2019, steady gains in both consumer spending and the nation's population have propelled the industry forward. Additionally, remittances from US residents to friends and family in Mexico have increased in recent years, which stabilized consumer purchases. As a result, industry revenue is expected to increase at an annualized rate of 0.9% to MXN $1.0 trillion over the five years to 2019. Operators in this industry vary in size and even the type of products they choose to wholesale; as a result, the industry remains fragmented. Overall performance, therefore, may vary among operators depending on product line specialization. With government programs geared toward encouraging the general population to eat heathier expanding, those wholesaling fruit and vegetable products are likely to experience growth.

The size of the Mexico Plant - Based Food and Beverage Market market was valued at USD XX Million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD XXX Million by 2032, with an expected CAGR of 10.80% during the forecast period. The plant-based food and beverage market in Mexico includes a range of products made from plant-derived ingredients, catering to consumers seeking alternatives to traditional animal-based products. This market encompasses plant-based dairy alternatives, meat substitutes, snacks, and beverages. Mexican consumers are increasingly aware of the health benefits associated with plant-based diets, including lower risks of heart disease and obesity.A significant portion of the Mexican population is lactose intolerant, driving demand for dairy alternatives Recent developments include: In August 2022, NotCo and Starbucks Mexico announced the partnership. Starbucks Mexico Introduces New Plant-based Menu options Made with NotCo Plant-based Products., In October 2021, Heura, a company that produces plant-based meat, expanded its presence in Mexico and now sells its products in Walmart, City Market, Fresko, and La Comer. Heura is dedicated to offering Mexico four distinct SKUs that are healthier and more environmentally friendly., In June 2021, JBS Foods brand Planterra Foods expands into Mexico. The company announced a supply agreement with UNFI. Planterra aims to increase the market for its plant-based burgers, ground, and Mexican Seasoned ground beef products through a partnership with UNFI.. Key drivers for this market are: Increased visibility of vegan and vegetarian lifestyles is influencing consumer choices and expanding market options. Potential restraints include: Plant-based products can be more expensive than their animal-based counterparts, which may limit their appeal in price-sensitive segments of the market.. Notable trends are: Rapid Expansion of Vegan Culture.

Source: calculations by the authors using INEGI [33]. See S4 Table for data by food item and S1 Data for the values with all decimals.

The criteria are based on the sized-based strata defined by the survey [33].

Discover the booming Mexican plant-based food and beverage market! This comprehensive analysis reveals key trends, growth drivers, major players (Unilever, Danone, Beyond Meat), and market projections through 2033. Learn about the opportunities and challenges in this rapidly expanding sector. Recent developments include: In August 2022, NotCo and Starbucks Mexico announced the partnership. Starbucks Mexico Introduces New Plant-based Menu options Made with NotCo Plant-based Products., In October 2021, Heura, a company that produces plant-based meat, expanded its presence in Mexico and now sells its products in Walmart, City Market, Fresko, and La Comer. Heura is dedicated to offering Mexico four distinct SKUs that are healthier and more environmentally friendly., In June 2021, JBS Foods brand Planterra Foods expands into Mexico. The company announced a supply agreement with UNFI. Planterra aims to increase the market for its plant-based burgers, ground, and Mexican Seasoned ground beef products through a partnership with UNFI.. Notable trends are: Rapid Expansion of Vegan Culture.

In 2024, the average volume per capita in the 'Pet Food' segment of the food market in Mexico was modeled to be **** kilograms. Between 2018 and 2024, the figure dropped by **** kilograms, though the decline followed an uneven course rather than a steady trajectory. The forecast shows the average volume per capita will steadily decline by **** kilograms from 2024 to 2030.Further information about the methodology, more market segments, and metrics can be found on the dedicated Market Insights page on Pet Food.

The Food Preservation industry in Mexico is tasked with the conservation of fruits, vegetables, stews and other foods. This can be done through various processes, including freezing, dehydration, canning, pickling and brining. This industry is also engaged in the preservation and creation of juices, fruit concentrates and soup and broth concentrates. There are several food items such as meats and seafood that are not included in this industry, as the process of preserving those food items often requires extensive other processes. Products manufactured by this industry are then distributed to downstream suppliers, such as grocery stores, foodservice operators and grocery wholesalers. Many operators also export their products to other countries. The United States is the largest recipient of the exported goods from this industry, primarily due to geographic convenience and established trade agreements through the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Additionally, several large US companies have food preservation facilities in Mexico, contributing to this relationship.

Access Mexican Food export import data including profitable buyers and suppliers with details like HSN code, Price, Quantity.

United States Imports from Mexico was US$509.96 Billion during 2024, according to the United Nations COMTRADE database on international trade. United States Imports from Mexico - data, historical chart and statistics - was last updated on December of 2025.

The Mexico Food Acidulants Industry size was valued at USD XX Million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD XXX Million by 2032, exhibiting a CAGR of 4.70 % during the forecast periods. The Mexico food acidulants industry is developed to enhance flavor, preserve quality, and guarantee food safety in the food and beverage sector. Few of the key acidulants in use, such as citric, lactic, and phosphoric acid, find their applications in beverages, dairy, confectioneries, and processed foods. The technological advancement improves their effectiveness and application diversity. The long-term impact that the industry has on the supply chain is taste improvement, shelf-life extension, and pH maintenance, all of which contribute to enhanced food quality and increased safety for consumers, coupled with a growing food processing industry in Mexico. Recent developments include: Acquisition of Corbion Purac by Koninklijke DSM N.V. (2020)

, Expansion of ADM's citric acid production facility in Mexico (2021)

, Launch of Tate & Lyle's new line of clean label acidulants (2022) , Growing strategic partnerships between acidulant manufacturers and food processors. Key drivers for this market are: Increasing Demand For Convenience & Processed Food. Potential restraints include: Increased Consumer Awareness On Side-Effects Of Chemical Additives. Notable trends are: Rising Demand for Citric Acid.

Mexico E-Commerce Transactions: Volume: Pets & Animals: Pet Food & Supplies data was reported at 1.000 Unit in 03 Apr 2025. This stayed constant from the previous number of 1.000 Unit for 27 Mar 2025. Mexico E-Commerce Transactions: Volume: Pets & Animals: Pet Food & Supplies data is updated daily, averaging 2.000 Unit from Dec 2018 (Median) to 03 Apr 2025, with 1451 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 26.000 Unit in 05 Jan 2022 and a record low of 1.000 Unit in 03 Apr 2025. Mexico E-Commerce Transactions: Volume: Pets & Animals: Pet Food & Supplies data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Grips Intelligence Inc.. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mexico – Table MX.GI.EC: E-Commerce Transactions: by Category.

The Mexico Cold Chain Logistics market, valued at $4.06 billion in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, driven by a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 12.36% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key factors. The increasing demand for fresh produce, processed foods, pharmaceuticals, and other temperature-sensitive goods, particularly within Mexico's expanding middle class and export-oriented agricultural sector, significantly contributes to market growth. Furthermore, improvements in infrastructure, including enhanced warehousing and transportation networks, are facilitating the efficient movement of perishable goods across the country. Government initiatives promoting food safety and quality standards also play a crucial role, incentivizing investment in advanced cold chain technologies and boosting market adoption. The market is segmented by service (storage, transportation, value-added services), temperature (chilled, frozen, ambient), and application (fruits and vegetables, dairy, fish, meat and poultry, processed food, pharmaceuticals including biopharmaceuticals, bakery and confectionery, other). Key players such as Frialsa Frigoríficos, Friopuerto Veracruz, and Americold Logistics are actively shaping the market landscape through strategic investments and expansion efforts. However, the market also faces certain challenges. Fluctuations in fuel prices and energy costs can impact operational expenses, while the need for ongoing investment in infrastructure development and technology upgrades remains a significant factor. Competition from both established and emerging players is also intense, demanding a continuous focus on innovation and efficiency. Nevertheless, the overall outlook for the Mexico Cold Chain Logistics market remains positive, with the sustained growth expected to be driven by the aforementioned factors and the ongoing expansion of Mexico's economy and its role in global trade. The diverse range of applications served by this market further contributes to its long-term growth prospects. Recent developments include: December 2023: AIT Worldwide Logistics, a global supply chain solutions leader, acquired Mach II Shipping Ltd, a UK-based freight forwarder specializing in the worldwide distribution of pharmaceuticals and related products. The deal includes a subsidiary in the Netherlands and a global network of life sciences partners. In addition to temperature-controlled air freight, Mach 2 (pharma freight) provides outstanding, dedicated road service for high-value life sciences moves throughout Europe with a managed fleet of temperature-controlled vehicles operated by Good Distribution practices and independent contractors., February 2023: The fastest-growing provider of temperature-controlled storage and logistics services in Latin America, Emergent Cold Latin America (Emergent Cold LatAm or the Company), today announced the acquisition of Qualianz, a renowned platform for storage and logistics with operations in Mexico City, Mexico State, Monterrey, Querétaro, and Tijuana.. Key drivers for this market are: Growing Agriculture Product Exports, Increasing Meat Consumption Drives the Market; Increasing Online Grocery Sales. Potential restraints include: Growing Agriculture Product Exports, Increasing Meat Consumption Drives the Market; Increasing Online Grocery Sales. Notable trends are: Growing Agriculture Product Exports.

Abstract

The National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) carried out the National Agricultural Survey 2019 (ENA 2019) to offer statistics on the production of crops and livestock species that are characterized by being the ones that mostly participate in the Gross Domestic Product of the primary sector in Mexico and which, according to the Sustainable Rural Development Law, are those products for which the State seeks the supply, promoting their access to less favored social groups. Likewise, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) considers them essential for food security, agricultural sustainability and rural development.

The ENA 2019 allows to continue obtaining basic and structural statistics of the agricultural and livestock sector, as it is the fourth version of a series of National Agricultural Surveys that INEGI carried out in the years 2012, 2014 and 2017. This survey, in addition to allowing to know The current characteristics of the agricultural production units has been enriched in terms of the results achieved, because, for some priority crops in the Federal Government programs, data was obtained from the small and medium-sized units that have the smallest area planted in the country.

Geographic coverage

National and by Federative Entity.

Analysis unit

For ENA 2019, the Observation Unit is defined as the economic unit made up of one or more pieces of land located in the same municipality, where at least some of them carry out agricultural or forestry activities, under the control of the same administration. If the administration has land located in another municipality, it is considered as another production unit; that is, there will be as many production units as municipalities occupying their land.

Universe

The universe selected for the ENA 2019 was 79,252 production-product units, equivalent to 69,124 production units from which information of interest was obtained. These units come from the Update of the 2016 Agricultural Census Framework (AMCA 2016) and updated with information from the 2017 National Agricultural Survey (ENA 2017). This universe was defined from the 28 products of national interest, 5 of these livestock products being of economic importance for the country.

The products selected for the conformation of the universe of work of the ENA 2019 are 29 products, 24 agricultural: Avocado, Alfalfa, Amaranth, Rice, Cocoa, Coffee, Pumpkin, Sugar Cane, Onion, Chile, Strawberry, Bean, Tomato (Tomato Red), Lemon, White Corn, Yellow Corn, Mango, Apple, Orange, Banana, Sorghum, Soya, Wheat and Grape; while the five species and livestock products were made up of Bovines, Porcine, Poultry, Milk and Egg.

Kind of data

Sample Survey Data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

SAMPLE DESIGN The elements considered for the definition and construction of the sampling scheme of the 2019 National Agricultural Survey (ENA 2019), help determine the size, selection and distribution of the sample; Necessary and substantial elements to define the precision of the information, as well as the analysis of the uptake for the evaluation of the final estimates, through calculations such as the variance and the coefficient of variation.

TARGET POPULATION It is defined by all production units captured in the 2016 Agricultural Census Framework Update (AMCA 2016), updated with information from the 2017 National Agricultural Survey (ENA 2017) for the part of agricultural products and for the part of livestock producers it is taken of the 2007 Agricultural, Livestock and Forestry Census updated with the 2017 ENA that reported, at that time, producing any of the products of interest, classified according to their importance of national and/or state interest.

GEOGRAPHICAL AND SECTOR COVERAGE The survey was designed to obtain information at the national level for the products of interest and for each of the states for their main products.

DOMAIN OF STUDY It refers to subsets of the population under study for which it is intended to obtain information and for which a sample is designed independently for each of them. In this regard, it is worth mentioning that of the 29 products of the ENA 2019 work universe, 26 had a stratified probabilistic design (for purposes of the sample design, corn counts as a single product regardless of whether it is white grain corn or yellow grain corn , reason for which there are 26 and not 27 products); while for poultry and egg products, a non-probabilistic design was considered. The subsets under study are presented below: A. NATIONAL DOMAIN. Each of the 26 products by producer size (large and small and medium producers), obtaining a total of 52 domains, the products considered (Avocado, Alfalfa, Amaranth, Rice, Cattle, Cocoa, Coffee, Pumpkin, Sugarcane, Onion, Chile, Strawberry, Bean, Tomato (Red tomato), Milk, Lemon, Corn, Mango, Apple, Orange, Banana, Pork, Sorghum, Soy, Wheat, Grape). B. PRODUCT-FEDERAL ENTITY DOMAIN. For the main federal entities by producer size, for this case 60 product-federal entity domains were considered. C. DOMAIN PRODUCT-FEDERAL ENTITY-SIZE OF PRODUCTION UNIT BY AREA. (For ten products, the federative entity domain-size of production unit per area is necessary) for this case, 384 domains were considered.

SAMPLING UNIT The observation unit is the Production Unit (UDP), defined as: The economic unit made up of one or more pieces of land located in the same municipality, where at least some of them carry out agricultural or forestry activities, under the control of the same administration. Under this context, the sampling unit is the production-product unit. If the production unit has more than one product or crop, it will be included in two or more study domains.

SAMPLING FRAME It was integrated from two different sources: A. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS: the framework derived from the AMCA 2016, updated with the results of the ENA 2017, was the input for determining the sampling framework of the ENA 2019. B. LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS: the 2007 Agricultural, Livestock and Forestry Census, updated with the results of the 2017 ENA.

STRATIFICATION For agricultural products, the variable of interest for stratification was the planted area in hectares (ha), depending on the characteristics of the crop, from four to six strata. The determination of the ranges of the strata is obtained by the Dalenius-Hodges method. According to William G. Cochran (1977), "for a single feature or variable, the best feature is, of course, the frequency distribution. The next best is probably the frequency distribution, given the number of strata, the equations for determining the best limits between them under Neyman proportional assignment, have been obtained by Dalenius (1957)". For livestock products, the number of heads variable was used.

SAMPLING SCHEME For the products of interest, both large and small and medium producers, the sampling design is stratified probabilistic with simple random selection within each study domain: A. PROBABILISTIC. The selection units had a known, non-zero probability of being selected. B. STRATIFIED. Sampling units with similar characteristics were grouped to form strata. The results of the sample are generalized to the entire population and it is possible to know the precision of the results.

SAMPLE SIZE Different sample sizes were calculated for: A. SAMPLE SIZE FOR DOMAINS AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL (PRODUCT). For products of national interest, the sample size obtained for these domains is 19,320 production-product units; 10,968 for large producers and 8,352 for small and medium producers. B. SAMPLE SIZES FOR DOMAINS AT THE PRODUCT-FEDERAL ENTITY LEVEL. For products of state interest, the sample size obtained for these domains is 19,320 production-product units; 10,968 for large producers and 8,352 for small and medium producers. C. SAMPLE SIZES FOR DOMAINS AT THE PRODUCT-FEDERAL ENTITY-SIZE OF PRODUCTION UNIT LEVEL BY AREA. In this case, the calculation differentiated by producer size was made, in such a way that the sample size for small and medium-sized producers was strengthened, according to the following considerations: Yo. DOMAIN OF LARGE PRODUCERS. The sample size obtained for these domains is 3,255 production-product units. ii. DOMAIN OF SMALL AND MEDIUM PRODUCERS. The sample size obtained for these domains is 7,355 production-product units. D. SAMPLE SIZES FOR LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS Yo. DOMAIN OF LARGE PRODUCERS. For the bovine product, a relative error of 14% was considered for the national design sample. ii. The sample size obtained for these domains is 10,554 units. The interest of bovines is both the number of stocks and milk production.

SAMPLE ALLOCATION. For the three large levels of interest, (National (product), Product-federative entity and Product-federative entity-size of production unit by area). The sample was assigned in each stratum by the Neyman method according to the planted area or number of heads. Except for small and medium-sized producers in the domains at the product-federative entity-size of production unit per area level.

SAMPLE SELECTION It is performed randomly and independently for each study domain. The sample selected for the design is 79,252 production-product units, equivalent to 69,124 production units in which information of interest is obtained.

CALCULATION OF EXPANSION FACTORS Three different types of expansion factors were calculated, which are: A. Production-product unit expansion factors (for each production-product unit) B. Production unit expansion factors (based on design expansion factors for production-product units) C. Producer expansion factors (for each producer, based on design expansion factors for production-product units)

ADJUSTMENT TO EXPANSION FACTORS A. Expansion

22 Active Global Processed,food suppliers, manufacturers list and Global Processed,food exporters directory compiled from actual Global export shipments of Processed,food.