The aim is to investigate causal mechanisms of poverty reproduction in the EU. The main emphasis is placed in investigating whether, in what way and to what extent certain characteristics of parental background impact upon an individual’s poverty risk in adulthood. A distinctive feature of the analysis is the statistical control of endogeneity among the observable and non-observable effects of the involved mechanisms. By doing so, it accounts for approximately half of the otherwise unexplained variation in the response variable. The methodology of the analysis is based on a recursive path model, which is constructed under the standardized solution and is adjusted for four clusters in welfare (i.e. Conservative, Liberal, Social-democratic and South-European). The empirical analysis utilizes microdata from the EU-SILC 2011 module on the intergenerational transmission of disadvantages. Hence, it relies on the use of proxies of parental background, such as father’s education and occupation, to compensate for the lack of parental income data. The countries under investigation comprise the old EU member states except for Luxembourg (which is left out of the analysis as an outlier). The empirical findings indicate a pretty strong association between parental background and an offspring’s poverty risk in all welfare clusters except for the social-democratic one where this association is rather negligible. However, the analysis shows that there is hardly any direct causal effect of parental background on an individual’s poverty risk in the EU-14, but there are various indirect effects through individual characteristics. By segregating the analysis based on welfare clusters, however, it appears that there is no statistically significant direct effect in the social-democratic one. On the contrary, the south European and the liberal welfare regime exhibit a statistically significant and quite strong direct effect. The conservative welfare regime stands in between based on that criterion. These findings are expected to enrich the academic discourse and inform the policymaking process on poverty reproduction and social protection in the EU.

Analysis unit

Woman, Birth, Child, Birth, Man, Household Member

Universe

Women age 15-49, Births, Children age 0-4, Men age 15-59, All persons

Kind of data

Demographic and Household Survey [hh/dhs]

Sampling procedure

MICRODATA SOURCE: Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MOHSW) [Lesotho] and ICF Macro.

SAMPLE UNIT: Woman SAMPLE SIZE: 7624

SAMPLE UNIT: Birth SAMPLE SIZE: 14429

SAMPLE UNIT: Child SAMPLE SIZE: 3999

SAMPLE UNIT: Man SAMPLE SIZE: 3317

SAMPLE UNIT: Member SAMPLE SIZE: 44546

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Abstract

The Ghana Socioeconomic Panel Survey is a joint effort between the Economic Growth Centre at Yale University and the Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research (ISSER), at the University of Ghana (Legon, Ghana). The survey is meant to remedy a major constraint on the understanding of development in low-income countries - the absence of detailed, multi-level and long-term scientific data that follows individuals over time and describes both the natural and man-made environment in which the individuals reside. Most data collection efforts are short-term - carried out at one point in time; and limited in scope – collecting information on only a few aspects of the lives of the persons in the study; and when there are multiple rounds of data collection, individuals who leave the study area are dropped. This means that the most mobile people are not included in existing surveys and studies, perhaps substantially biasing inferences about who benefits from and who bears the cost of the development process. The goal of this project is to follow all individuals, or a random subset, over time using a comprehensive set of survey instruments to shed new light on long-run processes of economic development.

The 2009 survey is the first in a series that is intended to include 5 surveys over the next 15-21 years. Surveys will be implemented approximately every 3 years. In subsequent waves of the panel, a sample of moved households and individuals who have moved out of original households to form new households or joined other households originally not in the panel sample, will be interviewed in addition to the original sample. The number of households in the Panel Study thus has the potential of increasing due to the nature of the design; tracking wholly moved and split households.

The principal objective of the panel survey is to provide a comprehensive data base for carrying out a wide range of studies of the medium- and long-term changes, or lack of changes, that take place during the process of development. The information gathered from the survey is expected to inform decision makers in the formulation of economic and social policies to: - Identify target groups for government assistance; - Construct models to stimulate the impact on individual groups of the various policy options and to analyze the impact of decisions that have already been implemented; - Access the economic situation on living conditions of households; and - Provide benchmark data for district assemblies.

Geographic coverage

The survey provides regionally representative data for the 10 regions of Ghana. In all, 5010 households from 334 Enumeration Areas (EAs) were sampled. Fifteen households were selected from each of the EAs. The number of EAs for each region was proportionately allocated based on estimated 2009 population share for each region. EAs for Upper East and Upper West regions, which have relatively smaller population sizes, were over sampled to allow for a reasonable number of households to be interviewed in these regions.

Analysis unit

Households, individuals, agricultural plots, household enterprises

Universe

Nationally representative, regionally representative for all 10 regions.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The survey provides regionally representative data for the 10 regions of Ghana. In all, 5010 households from 334 Enumeration Areas (EAs) were sampled. Fifteen households were selected from each of the EAs. The distribution of the enumeration areas across the regions in Ghana is presented in Table 1. The number of EAs for each region was proportionately allocated based on estimated 2009 population share for each region. EAs for Upper East and Upper West regions, which have relatively smaller population sizes, were over sampled to allow for a reasonable number of households to be interviewed in these regions.

A two-stage stratified sample design was used for the survey. Stratification was based on the regions of Ghana. The first stage involved selecting geographical precincts or clusters from an updated master sampling frame constructed from the 2000 Ghana Population and Housing Census. A total of 334 clusters (census enumeration areas) were selected from the master sampling frame. The clusters were randomly selected from the list of EAs in each region. The selection was based on a simple random sampling technique. A complete household listing was conducted in 2009 in all the selected clusters to provide a sampling frame for the second stage selection of households.

The second stage of selection involved a simple random sampling of 15 of the listed households from each selected cluster. The primary objective of the second stage of selection was to ensure adequate numbers of completed individual interviews to provide estimates for key indicators with acceptable precision at the regional level. Other sampling objectives were to facilitate manageable interviewer workload within each sample area and to reduce the effects of intra-class correlation within a sample area on the variance of the survey estimates.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The information gathered from the survey will assist decision makers in the formulation of economic and social policies to: - Identify target groups for government assistance - Construct models to stimulate the impact on individual groups of the various policy options and to analyze the impact of decisions that have already been implemented - Access the economic situation on living conditions of households - Provide benchmark data for district assemblies

To achieve these objectives, detailed data has been collected in the following subject areas: 1. Demographic characteristics: employment, education, migration

1. Information about non-resident spouses and relatives

2. Assets:

3. Household assets: (i) Livestock (ii) Tools (iii) Durable Goods Financial assets: (i) Borrowing (ii) Lending (iii) In-transfers (iv) Out-transfers (v) Savings

4. Agricultural Production

5. Land information: (i) Plot background (ii) Size (iii) Fallowing information, soil type, irrigation (iv) Investment, ownership, rental status (v) Crops (vi) Chemical inputs (vii) Tractor use (viii) Seeds (ix) Labour inputs

6. Sales and storage: (ii) Revenues from crop production (ii) Crop stores

7. Non-farm Household Enterprise

8. Basic Information and Assets (i) Basic information (ii) Enterprise assets

9. Information about employees (i) Information about all employees (ii) Information about four important employees (iii) Enterprises operating in the past 1 month (iv) Enterprise in a typical month

10. Accounting: General enterprise

11. Accounting: Trade/wholesale enterprise

12. Accounting: Food enterprise

13. Accounting: Services

14. Household Health

15. Insurance

16. Anthropometry

17. Immunization

18. Activities of daily living

19. Miscellaneous health

20. Health in the past 2 weeks

21. Health in the past 12 month

22. Womens' Health

23. Fertility

24. Power

25. Mens' Health

26. Reproductive Health

27. Power

28. Children's Module

29. Young child health - children younger than 5 years old

30. Digit span test- children aged 5-15

31. Raven's Pattern Cognitive Assessment- children aged 5-15

32. Math questions- children aged 9-26

33. English questions- children aged 9-26

34. Psychology/Social Networking

35. Psychology (i) Depression (ii) Subjective social welfare (iii) Regretted consumption (iv) Townsend questions (v) Trust and solidarity (vi) Time use

36. Big 5 personality questions

37. Social networking

38. Information seeking (i) Interaction with organizations (ii) Extension services (iii) Volunteerism

39. Consumption Module

40. Food items consumed

41. Clothing and footwear

42. Expenditure on other items in last 12 months

43. Fuel and other lubricants

44. Housing Characteristics

45. Part A - Rent, water, light, cooking, waste disposal, building materials

46. Part B - Dwelling type, ownership, living conditions, power supply, surroundings

The community inventory documents a broad range of natural and institutional features of the community, including political organizations, financial institutions, the presence of various development programs, and community infrastructure. There was also a questionnaire for Districts and Municipal Assemblies. As of December 2015, Seperate documentation for the Community survey and the data will be made available later.

Cleaning operations

The processing of the survey data began shortly after the fieldwork commenced. The first stage of data processing involved office editing and post-coding. Questionnaires were edited to double-check for completeness and consistency in the questionnaires returned, while the post-coding served to define new response categories to pre-coded question or define a response set for open ended questions. Once the editing and post-coding were done, the questionnaires were passed on for data entry.

The data entry program was designed in CSPro version 4.0. The entry program was designed with the necessary skip patterns and consistency checks to ensure adequate data quality and validity. All questionnaires were entered twice (100 percent verification) and the two files were compared for entry errors which were subsequently verified and corrected with the questionnaires. The data entry was completed in August of 2010. The consolidated data files in CSPro format were then converted to STATA format for further consistency checks and cleaning.

Abstract

The potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia are expected to be severe on Ethiopian households' welfare. To monitor these impacts on households, the team selected a subsample of households that had been interviewed for the Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) in 2019, covering urban and rural areas in all regions of Ethiopia. The 15-minute questionnaire covers a series of topics, such as knowledge of COVID and mitigation measures, access to routine healthcare as public health systems are increasingly under stress, access to educational activities during school closures, employment dynamics, household income and livelihood, income loss and coping strategies, and external assistance.

The survey is implemented using Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing, using a modular approach, which allows for modules to be dropped and/or added in different waves of the survey. Survey data collection started at the end of April 2020 and households are called back every three to four weeks for a total of seven survey rounds to track the impact of the pandemic as it unfolds and inform government action. This provides data to the government and development partners in near real-time, supporting an evidence-based response to the crisis.

The sample of households was drawn from the sample of households interviewed in the 2018/2019 round of the Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey (ESS). The extensive information collected in the ESS, less than one year prior to the pandemic, provides a rich set of background information on the COVID-19 High Frequency Phone Survey of households which can be leveraged to assess the differential impacts of the pandemic in the country.

Geographic coverage

National coverage - rural and urban

Analysis unit

Individual and household

Universe

The survey covered all de jure households excluding prisons, hospitals, military barracks, and school dormitories.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample of the HFPS-HH is a subsample of the 2018/19 Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey (ESS). The ESS is built on a nationally and regionally representative sample of households in Ethiopia. ESS 2018/19 interviewed 6,770 households in urban and rural areas. In the ESS interview, households were asked to provide phone numbers either their own or that of a reference household (i.e. friends or neighbors) so that they can be contacted in the follow-up ESS surveys should they move from their sampled location. At least one valid phone number was obtained for 5,374 households (4,626 owning a phone and 995 with a reference phone number). These households established the sampling frame for the HFPS-HH.

To obtain representative strata at the national, urban, and rural level, the target sample size for the HFPS-HH is 3,300 households; 1,300 in rural and 2,000 households in urban areas. In rural areas, we attempt to call all phone numbers included in the ESS as only 1,413 households owned phones and another 771 households provided reference phone numbers. In urban areas, 3,213 households owned a phone and 224 households provided reference phone numbers. To account for non-response and attrition all the 5,374 households were called in round 1 of the HFPS-HH.

The total number of completed interviews in round one is 3,249 households (978 in rural areas, 2,271 in urban areas). The total number of completed interviews in round two is 3,107 households (940 in rural areas, 2,167 in urban areas). The total number of completed interviews in round three is 3,058 households (934 in rural areas, 2,124 in urban areas). The total number of completed interviews in round four is 2,878 households (838 in rural areas, 2,040 in urban areas). The total number of completed interviews in round five is 2,770 households (775 in rural areas, 1,995 in urban areas). The total number of completed interviews in round six is 2,704 households (760 in rural areas, 1,944 in urban areas). The total number of completed interviews in round seven is 2,537 households (716 in rural areas, 1,1821 in urban areas). The total number of completed interviews in round eight is 2,222 households (576 in rural areas, 1,646 in urban areas). The total number of completed interviews in round nine is 2,077 households (553 in rural areas, 1,524 in urban areas). The total number of completed interviews in round ten is 2,178 households (537 in rural areas, 1,641 in urban areas). The total number of completed interviews in round eleven is 1,982 households (442 in rural areas, 1,540 in urban areas). The total number of completed interviews in round twelve is 888 households (204 in rural areas, 684 in urban areas). The total number of completed interviews in round thirteen is 2,876 households (955 in rural areas, 1,921 in urban areas). The total number of completed interviews in round fourteen is 2,509 households (765 in rural areas, 1,744 in urban areas). The total number of completed interviews in round fifteen is 2,521 households (823 in rural areas, 1,698 in urban areas). The total number of completed interviews in round sixteen is 2,336 households. The total number of completed interviews in round seventeen is 2,357 households. The total number of completed interviews in round eighteen is 2,237 households (701 in rural areas, 1,536 in urban areas). The total number of completed interviews in round nineteen is 2,566 households (806 in rural areas, 1,760 in urban areas).

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Telephone Interview [cati]

Research instrument

The survey questionnaires were administered to all the households in the sample. The questionnaires consisted of the following sections:

Baseline (Round 1) - Household Identification - Interview Information - Household Roster - Knowledge Regarding the Spread of Coronavirus - Behavior and Social Distancing - Access to Basic Services - Employment - Income Loss and Coping - Food Security - Aid and Support/ Social Safety Nets

Round 2 - Household Identification - Household Roster - Access to Basic Services - Employment - Income Loss and Coping - Food Security - Aid and Support/ Social Safety Nets

Round 3 - Household Identification - Household Roster - Behavior and social distancing - Access to Basic Services - Employment - Income Loss and Coping - Food Security - Agriculture - Aid and Support/ Social Safety Nets

Round 4 - Household Identification - Household Roster - Access to Basic Services - Employment - Income Loss and Coping - Food Security - Agriculture - Aid and Support/ Social Safety Nets - Locusts - WASH

Round 5 - Household Identification - Household Roster - Access to Basic Services - Employment - Income Loss and Coping - Aid and Support/ Social Safety Nets - Agriculture - Livestock

Round 6 - Household Identification - Household Roster - Behavior and Social Distancing - Access to Basic Services - Employment - Income Loss and Coping - Aid and Support/ Social Safety Nets - Agriculture - Locusts

Round 7 - Household Identification - Household Roster - Behavior and Social Distancing - Access to Basic Services - Employment - Income Loss and Coping - Aid and Support/ Social Safety Nets - Agriculture - Locusts

Round 8 - Household Identification - Household Roster - Access to Basic Services - Employment - Education and Childcaring - Credit - Migration - Return Migration

Round 9 - Household Identification - Household Roster Update - Access to Basic Services - Employment - Aid and Support/ Social Safety Nets - Agriculture - WASH

Round 10 - Household Identification - Household Roster Update - Access to Basic Services - Employment

Round 11 - Household Identification - Household Roster Update - Access to Basic Services - Employment - Education and Childcaring - Food Insecurity Experience Scale - SWIFT

Round 12 - Household Identification - Household Roster Update - Youth Aspirations and Employment

Round 13 - Household Identification - Household Roster Update - Access to Health Services - Employment - Food Prices

Round 14 - Household Identification - Household Roster Update - Access to Health Services - COVID-19 Vaccine - Employment - Economic Sentiments - Food Prices - Agriculture

Round 15 - Household Identification - Household Roster Update - Access to Health Services - Economic Sentiments - Food Insecurity Experience Scale - Food Prices

Round 16 - Household Identification - Household Roster Update - Access to Health Services - Employment and Non-farm Enterprises - Food and Non-food prices - Shocks and Coping Strategies - Subjective Welfare

Round 17 - Household Identification - Household Roster Update - Access to Health Services for Individual Household Members (Sample A) - Access to Health Services for Households (Sample B) - Food and Non-food prices - Economic Sentiments
- Food Insecurity Experience Scale

Round 18 - Household Identification - Household Roster Update - Access to Health Services for Individual Household Members - Food and Non-food prices - Economic Sentiments (Sample B) - Food Insecurity Experience Scale (Sample A)

Round 19 - Household Identification - Household's Residential Location Verification - Household Roster Update - Food and Non-food Prices - Agriculture Crop - Agriculture Livestock

Cleaning operations

DATA CLEANING At the end of data collection, the raw dataset was cleaned by the Research team. This included formatting, and correcting results based on monitoring issues, enumerator feedback and survey changes. The details are as follows.

Variable naming and labeling: • Variable names were changed to reflect the lowercase question name in the paper survey copy, and a word or two related to the question.

• Variables were labeled