Abstract

The population and housing census (PHC) is the unique source of reliable and comprehensive data about the size of population and also on major socio-economic & socio-demographic characteristics of the country. It provides data on geographic and administrative distribution of population and household in addition to the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of all the people in the country. Generally, it provides for comparing and projecting demographic data, social and economic characteristics, as well as household and housing conditions at all levels of the country’s administrative units and dimensions: national, regional, districts and localities. The data from the census is classified, tabulated and disseminated so that researchers, administrators, policy makers and development partners can use the information in formulating and implementing various multi-sectorial development programs at the national and community levels. Data on all key variables namely area, household, population, economic activity, literacy and education, fertility and child survival, housing conditions and sanitation are collected and available in the census data. The 2021 PHC in Ghana had an overarching goal of generating updated demographic, social and economic data, housing characteristics and dwelling conditions to support national development planning activities.

Geographic coverage

National Coverage , Region , District

Analysis unit

• Individuals
• Households
• Emigrants
• Absentee population
• Mortality
• Type of residence (households and non household)

Universe

All persons who spent census night (midnight of 27th June 2021) in Ghana

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Sampling procedure

This 10% sample data for the 2021 PHC is representative at the district/subdistrict level and also by the urban rural classification.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

GSS developed two categories of instruments for the 2021 PHC: the listing form and the enumeration instruments. The listing form was only one, while the enumeration instruments comprised six questionnaires, designated as PHC 1A, PHC 1B, PHC 1C, PHC 1D, PHC 1E and PHC 1F. The PHC 1A was the most comprehensive with the others being its subsets.

1. Listing Form: The listing form was developed to collect data on type of structures, level of completion, whether occupied or vacant and use(s) of the structures. It was also used to collect information about the availability, number and types of toilet facilities in the structures. It was also used to capture the number of households in a structure, number of persons in households and the sex of the persons residing in the households if occupied. Finally, the listing form was used to capture data on non-household populations such as the population in institutions, floating population and sex of the non-household populations.

2. PHC 1A: The PHC 1A questionnaire was used to collect data from all households in the country. Primarily, it was used to capture household members and visitors who spent the Census Night in the dwelling of the household, and their relationship with the head of the household. It was also used to collect data on homeless households. Members of the households who were absent were enumerated at the place where they had spent the Census Night. The questionnaire was also used to collect the following household information: emigration; socio-demographic characteristics (sex, age, place of birth and enumeration, survival status of parents, literacy and education; economic activities; difficulty in performing activities; ownership and usage of information, technology and communication facilities; fertility; mortality; housing characteristics and conditions and sanitation.

3. PHC 1B: The PHC 1B questionnaire was used to collect data from persons in stable institutions comprising boarding houses, hostels and prisons who were present on Census Night. Other information that was captured with this instrument are socio-demographic characteristics, literacy and education, economic activities, difficulty in performing activities; ownership and usage of information, technology and communication facilities; fertility; mortality; housing characteristics and conditions and sanitation.

4. PHC 1C: The PHC 1C questionnaire was used to collect data from persons in “unstable” institutions such as hospitals and prayer camps who were present at these places on Census Night. The instrument was used to capture only the socio-demographic characteristics of individuals.

5. PHC 1D: The PHC 1D questionnaire was used to collect data from the floating population. This constitutes persons who were found at airports, seaports, lorry stations and similar locations waiting for or embarking on long-distance travel, as well as outdoor sleepers on Census Night. The instrument captured the socio-demographic information of individuals.

6. PHC 1E: All persons who spent the Census Night at hotels, motels and guest houses were enumerated using the PHC 1E. The content of the questionnaire was similar to that of the PHC 1D.

7. PHC 1F: The PHC 1F questionnaire was administered to diplomats in the country.

Cleaning operations

The Census data editing was implemented at three levels: 1. data editing by enumerators and supervisors during data collection 2. data editing was done at the regional level by the regional data quality monitors during data collection 3. Final data editing was done at the national level using the batch edits in CSPro and STATA Data editing and cleaning was mainly digital.

Response rate

100 percent

Data appraisal

A post Enumeration Survey (PES) was conducted to assess the extent of coverage and content error.

Abstract

The Annual Household Income and Expenditure Survey (AHIES) is the first nationally representative high-frequency household panel survey in Ghana. The AHIES is being conducted to obtain quarterly and annual data on household final consumption expenditure and a wide scope of demographic, economic and welfare variables including statistics on labour, food security, multi-dimensional poverty and health status for research, policy, and planning. Some of the key macroeconomic indicators to be generated include quarterly GDP, regional GDP, quarterly unemployment, underemployment, inequality, consumption expenditure poverty, multidimensional poverty and food security. The data from the AHIES is classified, tabulated and disseminated so that researchers, administrators, policy makers and development partners can use the information in formulating and implementing various development programs at the national and community levels and also to monitor targets under the Sustainable Development Goals.

Geographic coverage

Nation-wide

Analysis unit

-Individuals -Households

Universe

The universe covers the population living within individual households in Ghana. However, such population which is defined as institutionalised population as persons living at elderly houses, rest homes, correction facilities, military baracks, and hospitals with special characteristics, nursery,and also nomadic population are excluded

Sampling procedure

Sampling Procedure With the sampling procedure, 10,800 households in 600 EAs, consisting of 304 (50.67%) urban and 296 (49.33%) rural households were drawn from the 2021 Population and Housing Census listing frame to form the secondary sampling units. A random sampling methodology was adopted to select eighteen (18) households per selected EAs in all regions to form the full sample for the fieldwork to be able to produce regionally representative expenditures for GDP.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [CAPI]

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Abstract

The primary objective of the survey is to monitor Ghana's progress towards the achievement of the mid-decade goals set out at the World Summit for Children in September 1999, by providing information on many key indicators of development: Education, Water and Sanitation, Immunization, Iodine Deficiency Disorder (IDD), Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI), Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT), Breastfeeding and Vitamin A supplementation.

Geographic coverage

National

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Abstract

The Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS) is a national sample survey designed to provide information on fertility, family planning and health in Ghana. The survey, which was conducted by the Statistical Service of Ghana, is part of a worldwide programme coordinated by the Institute for Resource Development/Macro Systems, Inc., in more than 40 countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America.

The short-term objectives of the Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS) are to provide policymakers and those implementing policy with current data on fertility levels, knowledge and use of contraception, reproductive intentions of women 15-49, and health indicators. The information will also serve as the basis for monitoring and evaluating programmes initiated by the government such as the extended programme on immunization, child nutrition, and the family planning programme. The long-term objectives are to enhance the country's ability to undertake surveys of excellent technical quality that seek to measure changes in fertility levels, health status (particularly of children), and the extent of contraceptive knowledge and use. Finally, the results of the survey will form part of an international data base for researchers investigating topics related to the above issues.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Household
• Children under five years
• Women age 15-49
• Men

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

The 150 clusters from which a representative sample of women aged 15-49 was selected from a subsample of the 200 clusters used for the Ghana Living Standards Survey (GLSS). All census Enumeration Areas (EAs) were first stratified by ecological zones into 3 strata, namely Coastal Savanna, Forest, and Northern Savanna. These were further stratified into urban, semi-urban, and rural EAs. The EAs (in some cases, segments of EAs) were then selected with probability proportional to the number of households. All households in the selected EAs were subsequently listed.

Note: See detailed description of sample design in APPENDIX B of the survey report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face

Research instrument

Three different types of questionnaires were used for the GDHS. These were the household, individual and the husband questionnaires. The household and the individual questionnaires were adapted from the Model "B" Questionnaire for the DHS program. The GDHS is one of the few surveys in which special effort was made to collect information from husbands of interviewed women on such topics as fertility preferences, knowledge and use of contraception, and environmental and health related issues.

All usual members and visitors in the selected households were listed on the household questionnaire. Recorded in the household questionnaire were data on the age and sex of all listed persons in addition to information on fostering for children aged 0-14. Eligible women and eligible husbands were also identified in the household questionnaire.

The individual questionnaire was used to collect data on eligible women. Eligible women were definedas those aged 15-49 years who spent the night prior to the household interview in the selected household, irrespective of whether they were usual members of the household or not. Items of information collected in this questionnaire are as follows: 1) Respondent's Background 2) Reproductive Behavior 3) Knowledge and Use of Contraception 4) Health and Breastfeeding 5) Marriage 6) Fertility Preferences 7) Husband's Background and Women's Work 8) Weight and Height of Children Aged 3-36 Months.

In half of the selected clusters a husband's questionnaire was used to collect data on eligible husbands. Eligible husbands were defined as those who were co-resident with their wives and whose wives had been successfully interviewed. Data on the husband's background, contraceptive knowledge and use, as well as fertility preferences were collected.

All three questionnaires were translated into seven local languages, namely, Twi, Fante, Nzema, Ga, Ewe, Hausa and Dagbani. All the GDHS interviewers were able to conduct interviews in English and at least one local language. The questionnaires were pretested from mid-October to early November 1987. Five teams were used for the pretest fieldwork. These included 19 persons who were trained for 11 days.

Cleaning operations

Completed questionnaires were collected weekly from the regions by the field coordinators. Coding, data entry and machine editing went on concurrently at the Ghana Statistical Service in Accra as the fieldwork progressed. Coding and data entry were started in March 1988 and were completed by the end of June 1988. Preliminary tabulations were produced by mid-July 1988, and by August 1988 preliminary results of the survey were published.

Response rate

Of the 4966 households selected, 4406 were successfully interviewed. Excluding 9 percent of households that were vacant, absent, etc., the household response rate is 98 percent.

Out of 4574 eligible women in the household schedule, 4488 were interviewed successfully. The response rate at the individual level is 98 percent. Of the 997 eligible husbands, 943 were successfully interviewed, representing a response rate of 95 percent.

Sampling error estimates

The results from sample surveys are affected by two types of errors: non-sampling error and sampling error. The former is due to mistakes in implementing the field activities, such as failing to locate and interview the correct household, errors in asking questions, data entry errors, etc. While numerous steps were taken to minimize this sort of error in the GDHS, non-sampling errors are impossible to avoid entirely, and are difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of women selected in the GDHS is only one of many samples of the same size that could have been drawn from the population using the same design. Each sample would have yielded slightly different results from the sample actually selected. The variability observed among all possible samples constitutes sampling error, which can be estimated from survey results (though not measured exactly).

Sampling error is usually measured in terms of the "standard error" (SE) of a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance of the statistic across all possible samples of equal size and design. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which one can be reasonably sure the true value of the variable for the whole population falls. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that same statistic as measured in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic.

If simple random sampling had been used to select women for the GDHS, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the GDHS sample design used three stages and clusters of households, and it was necessary to use more complex formulas. Therefore, the computer package CLUSTERS, developed for the World Fertility Survey, and was used to compute sampling errors.

Note: See detailed estimate of sampling error calculation in APPENDIX C of the survey report.

Abstract

The Ghana Enterprise Survey was conducted in June 2007. Data from 616 establishments in private manufacturing and services sectors were analyzed.

The objective of the survey is to obtain feedback from enterprises in client countries on the state of the private sector as well as to help in building a panel of enterprise data that will make it possible to track changes in the business environment over time, thus allowing, for example, impact assessments of reforms. Through face-to-face interviews with firms in the manufacturing and services sectors, the survey assesses the constraints to private sector growth and creates statistically significant business environment indicators that are comparable across countries.

The standard Enterprise Survey topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs/labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, competition, capacity utilization, land and permits, taxation, informality, business-government relations, innovation and technology, and performance measures. Over 90% of the questions objectively ascertain characteristics of a country’s business environment. The remaining questions assess the survey respondents’ opinions on what are the obstacles to firm growth and performance.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

The primary sampling unit of the study is the establishment. An establishment is a physical location where business is carried out and where industrial operations take place or services are provided. A firm may be composed of one or more establishments. For example, a brewery may have several bottling plants and several establishments for distribution. For the purposes of this survey an establishment must make its own financial decisions and have its own financial statements separate from those of the firm. An establishment must also have its own management and control over its payroll.

Universe

The whole population, or the universe, covered in the Enterprise Surveys is the non-agricultural economy. It comprises: all manufacturing sectors according to the ISIC Revision 3.1 group classification (group D), construction sector (group F), services sector (groups G and H), and transport, storage, and communications sector (group I). Note that this population definition excludes the following sectors: financial intermediation (group J), real estate and renting activities (group K, except sub-sector 72, IT, which was added to the population under study), and all public or utilities sectors.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample for registered establishments in Ghana was selected using stratified random sampling. Three levels of stratification were used in the Ghana sample: firm sector, firm size and region.

The survey targeted establishments located in Accra, Kumasi, Takoradi, and Tamale in the following industries (according to ISIC, revision 3.1): all manufacturing sectors (group D), construction (group F), retail and wholesale services (sub-groups 52 and 51 of group G), hotels and restaurants (group H), transport, storage, and communications (group I), and computer and related activities (sub-group 72 of group K).

Size stratification was defined following the standardized definition used for the Enterprise Surveys: micro (1 to 4 employees), small (5 to 19 employees), medium (20 to 99 employees), and large (more than 99 employees). For stratification purposes, the number of employees was defined on the basis of reported permanent full-time workers.

A satisfactory list of establishments was sourced from the Ghana Statistical Service. This list was used to set the target sample size for each stratum. During the survey period, the master list was updated as new information regarding establishments that had closed or were out-of-scope was gathered. The final population size in all strata and locations was 22123, with the vast majority of establishments operating in the micro and manufacturing strata.

In Ghana, the survey included panel data collected from establishments surveyed in the 2003 Oxford Investment Climate Survey (ICS) of Ghana. That survey included establishments in all four manufacturing strata distributed across the entire country. In order to collect the largest possible set of panel data, an attempt was made to contact and survey every establishment in the panel, provided it was located in one of the four cities covered by this survey, it operated in the universe under study, and that the number of panel firms of a certain size in a given industry in a given city did not exceed the number of establishments in the corresponding sample structure. The remainder of the sample (including the entire rest of universe and retail sample in each city) was selected at random from the master list by a computer program.

In this survey, the micro establishment stratum covers all establishments of the targeted categories of economic activity with less than 5 employees. Due to difficulty to obtain trustworthy information from official sources about micro establishments, the implementing agency (EEC Canada) selected an aerial sampling approach to estimate the population of establishments and select the sample in this stratum for all regions of the survey.

First, to randomly select individual micro establishments for surveying, the following procedure was followed: i) select districts and specific zones of each district where there was a high concentration of micro establishments; ii) count all micro establishments in these specific zones; iii) based on this count, create a virtual list and select establishments at random from that virtual list; and iv) based on the ratio between the number selected in each specific zone and the total population in that zone, create and apply a skip rule for selecting establishments in that zone.

The districts and the specific zones were selected at first according to national sources. The implementing team then went in the field to verify these national sources and to count micro establishments. Once the count for each zone was completed, the numbers were sent back to EEC head office in Montreal.

At the head office, the count by zone was converted into one list of sequential numbers for the whole survey region, and a computer program performed a random selection of the determined number of establishments from the list. Then, based on the number that the computer selected in each specific zone, a skip rule was defined to select micro establishments to survey in that zone. The skip rule for each zone was sent back to the EEC field team.

In Ghana, enumerators were sent to each zone with instructions to how to apply the skip rule defined for that zone as well as how to select replacements in the event of a refusal or other cause of non-participation.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The current survey instruments are available: - Core Questionnaire + Manufacturing Module [ISIC Rev.3.1: 15-37] - Core Questionnaire + Retail Module [ISIC Rev.3.1: 52] - Core Questionnaire [ISIC Rev.3.1: 45, 50, 51, 55, 60-64, 72] - Micro Establishments Questionnaire (for establishments with 1 to 4 employees).

The "Core Questionnaire" is the heart of the Enterprise Survey and contains the survey questions asked of all firms across the world. There are also two other survey instruments - the "Core Questionnaire + Manufacturing Module" and the "Core Questionnaire + Retail Module." The survey is fielded via three instruments in order to not ask questions that are irrelevant to specific types of firms, e.g. a question that relates to production and nonproduction workers should not be asked of a retail firm. In addition to questions that are asked across countries, all surveys are customized and contain country-specific questions. An example of customization would be including tourism-related questions that are asked in certain countries when tourism is an existing or potential sector of economic growth.

The survey topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs/labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, competition, capacity utilization, land and permits, taxation, informality, business-government relations, innovation and technology, registration, and performance measures. The questionnaire also assesses the survey respondents' opinions on what are the obstacles to firm growth and performance.

Abstract

Different countries have different health outcomes that are in part due to the way respective health systems perform. Regardless of the type of health system, individuals will have health and non-health expectations in terms of how the institution responds to their needs. In many countries, however, health systems do not perform effectively and this is in part due to lack of information on health system performance, and on the different service providers.

The aim of the WHO World Health Survey is to provide empirical data to the national health information systems so that there is a better monitoring of health of the people, responsiveness of health systems and measurement of health-related parameters.

The overall aims of the survey is to examine the way populations report their health, understand how people value health states, measure the performance of health systems in relation to responsiveness and gather information on modes and extents of payment for health encounters through a nationally representative population based community survey. In addition, it addresses various areas such as health care expenditures, adult mortality, birth history, various risk factors, assessment of main chronic health conditions and the coverage of health interventions, in specific additional modules.

The objectives of the survey programme are to: 1. develop a means of providing valid, reliable and comparable information, at low cost, to supplement the information provided by routine health information systems. 2. build the evidence base necessary for policy-makers to monitor if health systems are achieving the desired goals, and to assess if additional investment in health is achieving the desired outcomes. 3. provide policy-makers with the evidence they need to adjust their policies, strategies and programmes as necessary.

Geographic coverage

The survey sampling frame must cover 100% of the country's eligible population, meaning that the entire national territory must be included. This does not mean that every province or territory need be represented in the survey sample but, rather, that all must have a chance (known probability) of being included in the survey sample.

There may be exceptional circumstances that preclude 100% national coverage. Certain areas in certain countries may be impossible to include due to reasons such as accessibility or conflict. All such exceptions must be discussed with WHO sampling experts. If any region must be excluded, it must constitute a coherent area, such as a particular province or region. For example if ¾ of region D in country X is not accessible due to war, the entire region D will be excluded from analysis.

Analysis unit

Households and individuals

Universe

The WHS will include all male and female adults (18 years of age and older) who are not out of the country during the survey period. It should be noted that this includes the population who may be institutionalized for health reasons at the time of the survey: all persons who would have fit the definition of household member at the time of their institutionalisation are included in the eligible population.

If the randomly selected individual is institutionalized short-term (e.g. a 3-day stay at a hospital) the interviewer must return to the household when the individual will have come back to interview him/her. If the randomly selected individual is institutionalized long term (e.g. has been in a nursing home the last 8 years), the interviewer must travel to that institution to interview him/her.

The target population includes any adult, male or female age 18 or over living in private households. Populations in group quarters, on military reservations, or in other non-household living arrangements will not be eligible for the study. People who are in an institution due to a health condition (such as a hospital, hospice, nursing home, home for the aged, etc.) at the time of the visit to the household are interviewed either in the institution or upon their return to their household if this is within a period of two weeks from the first visit to the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

SAMPLING GUIDELINES FOR WHS

Surveys in the WHS program must employ a probability sampling design. This means that every single individual in the sampling frame has a known and non-zero chance of being selected into the survey sample. While a Single Stage Random Sample is ideal if feasible, it is recognized that most sites will carry out Multi-stage Cluster Sampling.

The WHS sampling frame should cover 100% of the eligible population in the surveyed country. This means that every eligible person in the country has a chance of being included in the survey sample. It also means that particular ethnic groups or geographical areas may not be excluded from the sampling frame.

The sample size of the WHS in each country is 5000 persons (exceptions considered on a by-country basis). An adequate number of persons must be drawn from the sampling frame to account for an estimated amount of non-response (refusal to participate, empty houses etc.). The highest estimate of potential non-response and empty households should be used to ensure that the desired sample size is reached at the end of the survey period. This is very important because if, at the end of data collection, the required sample size of 5000 has not been reached additional persons must be selected randomly into the survey sample from the sampling frame. This is both costly and technically complicated (if this situation is to occur, consult WHO sampling experts for assistance), and best avoided by proper planning before data collection begins.

All steps of sampling, including justification for stratification, cluster sizes, probabilities of selection, weights at each stage of selection, and the computer program used for randomization must be communicated to WHO

STRATIFICATION

Stratification is the process by which the population is divided into subgroups. Sampling will then be conducted separately in each subgroup. Strata or subgroups are chosen because evidence is available that they are related to the outcome (e.g. health, responsiveness, mortality, coverage etc.). The strata chosen will vary by country and reflect local conditions. Some examples of factors that can be stratified on are geography (e.g. North, Central, South), level of urbanization (e.g. urban, rural), socio-economic zones, provinces (especially if health administration is primarily under the jurisdiction of provincial authorities), or presence of health facility in area. Strata to be used must be identified by each country and the reasons for selection explicitly justified.

Stratification is strongly recommended at the first stage of sampling. Once the strata have been chosen and justified, all stages of selection will be conducted separately in each stratum. We recommend stratifying on 3-5 factors. It is optimum to have half as many strata (note the difference between stratifying variables, which may be such variables as gender, socio-economic status, province/region etc. and strata, which are the combination of variable categories, for example Male, High socio-economic status, Xingtao Province would be a stratum).

Strata should be as homogenous as possible within and as heterogeneous as possible between. This means that strata should be formulated in such a way that individuals belonging to a stratum should be as similar to each other with respect to key variables as possible and as different as possible from individuals belonging to a different stratum. This maximises the efficiency of stratification in reducing sampling variance.

MULTI-STAGE CLUSTER SELECTION

A cluster is a naturally occurring unit or grouping within the population (e.g. enumeration areas, cities, universities, provinces, hospitals etc.); it is a unit for which the administrative level has clear, nonoverlapping boundaries. Cluster sampling is useful because it avoids having to compile exhaustive lists of every single person in the population. Clusters should be as heterogeneous as possible within and as homogenous as possible between (note that this is the opposite criterion as that for strata). Clusters should be as small as possible (i.e. large administrative units such as Provinces or States are not good clusters) but not so small as to be homogenous.

In cluster sampling, a number of clusters are randomly selected from a list of clusters. Then, either all members of the chosen cluster or a random selection from among them are included in the sample. Multistage sampling is an extension of cluster sampling where a hierarchy of clusters are chosen going from larger to smaller.

In order to carry out multi-stage sampling, one needs to know only the population sizes of the sampling units. For the smallest sampling unit above the elementary unit however, a complete list of all elementary units (households) is needed; in order to be able to randomly select among all households in the TSU, a list of all those households is required. This information may be available from the most recent population census. If the last census was >3 years ago or the information furnished by it was of poor quality or unreliable, the survey staff will have the task of enumerating all households in the smallest randomly selected sampling unit. It is very important to budget for this step if it is necessary and ensure that all households are properly enumerated in order that a representative sample is obtained.

It is always best to have as many clusters in the PSU as possible. The reason for this is that the fewer the number of respondents in each PSU, the lower will be the clustering effect which

Abstract

The Ghana Living Standards Survey Round Six (GLSS6) like previous rounds focuses on the household as the key socio-economic unit and provides valuable information on the living conditions and well-being of households in Ghana. This report summarizes the main findings of the sixth round of the GLSS which was conducted by the Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) from 18th October 2012 to 17th October 2013.

A nationally representative sample of 18,000 households in 1,200 enumeration areas was covered in the survey. Of this number, 16,772 were successfully enumerated leading to a response rate of 93.2 percent. Detailed information collected on Demographic characteristics of households, Education, Health, Employment, Migration and Tourism, Housing conditions, Household Agriculture, Household Expenditure, Income and their components and Access to Financial Services, Credit and Assets, Governance Peace and Security.

The main objectives of the sixth round of the Ghana living Standards Survey Round Six are to: . Provide information on the patterns of household consumption and expenditure at a lower level of disaggregation. . Serve as the basis for the construction of a new basket for the next re-basing of the Consumer Price Index. . Provide information for up-dating the country's National Accounts. . Provide information on household access to and use of financial services. . Estimate the number of persons in the labour force (Employed, Under-employed and Unemployed) and their distribution by sex, major age-groups, educational level, disability status, geographical and rural/ urban spread, as well as the ecological manifestations of these. . Estimate the number of child workers (or children in employment) aged 5-17 years, and its distribution by sex, major age-groups, educational status, geographical, ecological and rural/urban spread, etc.

Publications of the GLSS 6 survey include * GLSS 6 Main Report * Poverty Profile in Ghana, 2005 - 2013 * GLSS 6 Labour Force Report * GLSS 6 Child Labour Report * GLSS 6 Governance Peace and Security Report * GLSS 6 Water Quality Testing Report. * GLSS 6 Community Report

Geographic coverage

Nationally Region

Analysis unit

Individuals, Households, Communities

Universe

The survey covered all household members

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sixth round of the Ghana Living Standards Survey (GLSS6), like the previous rounds, was designed to provide nationally and regionally representative indicators. It applied the same sampling methodology, the same questionnaires and covered the same broad range of topics such as education, health, employment, housing conditions, migration and tourism among others.

To cater for the needs of the Savannah Accelerated Development Authority (SADA) areas and also provide nationally representative quarterly labour force statistics, the number of primary sampling units (PSUs) and households were increased from 580 and 8,700 to 1,200 and 18,000 respectively - an increase of about 107% over the GLSS5 figures. (See Appendix 1 Tables A1 and A2).

A two-stage stratified sampling design was adopted. At the first stage, 1,200 enumeration areas (EAs) were selected to form the PSUs. The PSUs were allocated into the 10 regions using probability proportional to population size (PPS). The EAs were further divided into urban and rural localities of residence. A complete listing of households in the selected PSUs was undertaken to form the secondary sampling units (SSUs). At the second stage, 15 households from each PSU were selected systematically. Hence the total sample size came to 18,000 households nationwide. (Refer to Appendix 1 in main GLSSS 6 report.)

Sampling deviation

No deviation from the sample

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Six different questionnaires were used for the GLSS 6 survey: PART A, PART B, SECTION 10, COMMUNITY , PRICE and GOVERNANCE PEACE AND SECURITY questionnaires:

PART A Questionnaire comprise: Section 1: Household roster collecting information on age, sex, marital status, nationality, religion etc. Section 2: Education- General education, Educational carreer, Literacy and Apprenticeship. Section 3: Health - Health conditions, Preventive health, Immunisation, Post natal care, Fertility, Contraceptive use and HIV awareness and Health insurance. Section 4: Employment and time use, activity status and characteristics of main and secondary jobs, underemployment, unemployment,
employment search and housekeeping activities for last 7days and 12 months. Section 5: Migration, Domestic and Outbound tourism. Section 6: Identification of household members for agriculture and Non farm enterprises. Section 7: Housing characteristics (type of dwelling, utilities and housing expenses), Information technology.

PART B Questionnaire sought information on : Section 8: Agricultural assets, Land, Livestock and Equipment, Farm details, Harvest and disposal of crops, Seasonality of sales and purchases of key staples, Other agricultural income in cash and kind, Processing of agricultural produce and Consumption of own produce. Section 9: Household expenditure on food and non food, frequently purchased and less frequently purchased items, Availability of selected consumer items. Section 11: Income transfer and receipts by households, Income and miscellaneous income and expenditure, Migration and Remitances of returned
and current migrants , Improvement to dwelling Section 12: Credit, assets, consumer goods and Savings.

SECTION 10 Questionnaire sought information on Basic characteristics of non farm enterprises, Wage earnings, Employment, Revenue of enterprises, (closing stock, sales and exports), Wholesale and retail activities, Preparation of meals, Other revenue, Expenditure of enterprises and assets of enterprises.

COMMUNITY Questionnaire: Section 1: Demographic information of the community ( total population, ethnic groupings etc) Section 2: Economy and infrastructure Section 3: Education Section 4: Health Section 5: Agriculture

PRICE Questionnaire consist of Food and Non food quantity and prices of selected items.

GOVERNANCE PEACE AND SECURITY Questionnaire sought information on ; Part A: Theft, Robery and Burglary, Part B: Sexual offences Part C: Violence and Security Part D: Safety Part E: Peace and Social Cohesion Part F: Political Engagement Part G: Governance- Effectiveness of Government agencies

Cleaning operations

Data editing took place at a number of stages throughout the processing, including: a) Office editing and coding by field editors b) Using range checks during data capture c) Structure , range and completeness checks d) Secondary editing using batch editing rules developed in CSPro 4.1 e) Consistency check in all sections using STATA

Response rate

A nationally representative sample of 18,000 households in 1,200 enumeration areas was covered in the survey. Of this number, 16,772 were successfully enumerated leading to a response rate of 93.2 percent

Sampling error estimates

Sampling errors were calculated for some key variables. Refer to the GLSS 6 Main Report Appendix 1 attached to external resources for sampling error estimates.

Abstract

The 2008 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS) is a national survey covering all ten regions of the country. The survey was designed to collect, analyse, and disseminate information on housing and household characteristics, education, maternal health and child health, nutrition, family planning, gender, and knowledge and behaviour related to HIV/AIDS. It included, for the first time, a module on domestic violence as one of the topics of investigation.

The 2008 GDHS is designed to provide data to monitor the population and health situation in Ghana. This is the fifth round in a series of national level population and health surveys conducted in Ghana under the worldwide Demographic and Health Surveys programme. Specifically, the 2008 GDHS has the primary objective of providing current and reliable information on fertility levels, marriage, sexual activity, fertility preferences, awareness and use of family planning methods, breastfeeding practices, nutritional status of women and young children, childhood mortality, maternal and child health, domestic violence, and awareness and behaviour regarding AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The information collected in the 2008 GDHS will provide updated estimates of basic demographic and health indicators covered in the earlier rounds of 1988, 1993, 1998, and 2003 surveys.

The long-term objective of the survey includes strengthening the technical capacity of major government institutions, including the Ghana Statistical Service (GSS). The 2008 GDHS also provides comparable data for long-term trend analysis in Ghana, since the surveys were implemented by the same organisation, using similar data collection procedures. It also adds to the international database on demographic and health–related information for research purposes.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Household
• Children under five years
• Women age 15-49
• Men age 15-59

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

The 2008 GDHS was a household-based survey, implemented in a representative probability sample of more than 12,000 households selected nationwide. This sample was selected in such a manner as to allow for separate estimates of key indicators for each of the 10 regions in Ghana, as well as for urban and rural areas separately.

The 2008 GDHS utilised a two-stage sample design. The first stage involved selecting sample points or clusters from an updated master sampling frame constructed from the 2000 Ghana Population and Housing Census. A total of 412 clusters were selected from the master sampling frame. The clusters were selected using systematic sampling with probability proportional to size. A complete household listing operation was conducted from June to July 2008 in all the selected clusters to provide a sampling frame for the second stage selection of households.

The second stage of selection involved the systematic sampling of 30 of the households listed in each cluster. The primary objectives of the second stage of selection were to ensure adequate numbers of completed individual interviews to provide estimates for key indicators with acceptable precision and to provide a sample large enough to identify adequate numbers of under-five deaths to provide data on causes of death.

Data were not collected in one of the selected clusters due to security reasons, resulting in a final sample of 12,323 selected households. Weights were calculated taking into consideration cluster, household, and individual non-responses, so the representations were not distorted.

Note: See detailed description of sample design in APPENDIX A of the survey report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Three questionnaires were used for the 2008 GDHS: the Household Questionnaire, the Women’s Questionnaire and the Men’s Questionnaire. The content of these questionnaires was based on model questionnaires developed by the MEASURE DHS programme and the 2003 GDHS Questionnaires.

A questionnaire design workshop organised by GSS was held in Accra to obtain input from the Ministry of Health and other stakeholders on the design of the 2008 GDHS Questionnaires. Based on the questionnaires used for the 2003 GDHS, the workshop and several other informal meetings with various local and international organisations, the DHS model questionnaires were modified to reflect relevant issues in population, family planning, domestic violence, HIV/AIDS, malaria and other health issues in Ghana. These questionnaires were translated from English into three major local languages, namely Akan, Ga, and Ewe. The questionnaires were pre-tested in July 2008. The lessons learnt from the pre-test were used to finalise the survey instruments and logistical arrangements.

The Household Questionnaire was used to list all the usual members and visitors in the selected households. Some basic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed, including age, sex, education, and relationship to the head of the household. The main purpose of the Household Questionnaire was to identify women and men who were eligible for the individual interview. The Household Questionnaire collected information on characteristics of the household’s dwelling unit, such as the source of water, type of toilet facilities, materials used for the floor and roof of the house, ownership of various durable goods, and ownership and use of mosquito nets. The Household Questionnaire was also used to record height and weight measurements, consent for, and the results of, haemoglobin measurements for women age 15-49 and children under five years. The haemoglobin testing procedure is described in detail in the next section.

The Household Questionnaire was also used to record all deaths of household members that occurred since January 2003. Based on this information, in each household that reported the death of a child under age five years since January 2005,3 field editors administered a Verbal Autopsy Questionnaire. Data on child mortality based on the verbal autopsy will be presented in a separate publication.

The Women’s Questionnaire was used to collect information from all women age 15-49 in half of selected households. These women were asked questions about themselves and their children born in the five years since 2003 on the following topics: education, residential history, media exposure, reproductive history, knowledge and use of family planning methods, fertility preferences, antenatal and delivery care, breastfeeding and infant and young child feeding practices, vaccinations and childhood illnesses, marriage and sexual activity, woman’s work and husband’s background characteristics, childhood mortality, awareness and behaviour about AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), awareness of TB and other health issues, and domestic violence.

The Women’s Questionnaire included a series of questions to obtain information on women’s exposure to malaria during their most recent pregnancy in the five years preceding the survey and the treatment for malaria. In addition, women were asked if any of their children born in the five years preceding the survey had fever, whether these children were treated for malaria and the type of treatment they received.

The Men’s Questionnaire was administered to all men age 15-59 living in half of the selected households in the GDHS sample. The Men’s Questionnaire collected much of the same information found in the Women’s Questionnaire, but was shorter because it did not contain a reproductive history or questions on maternal and child health or nutrition.

Cleaning operations

The processing of the GDHS results began shortly after the fieldwork commenced. Completed questionnaires were returned periodically from the field to the GSS office in Accra, where they were entered and edited by data processing personnel who were specially trained for this task. Data were entered using CSPro, a programme specially developed for use in DHS surveys. All data were entered twice (100 percent verification). The concurrent processing of the data was a distinct advantage for data quality, because GSS had the opportunity to advise field teams of problems detected during data entry. The data entry and editing phase of the survey was completed in February 2009.

Response rate

A total of 12,323 households were selected in the sample, of which 11,913 were occupied at the time of the fieldwork. This difference between selected and occupied households occurred mainly because some of the selected structures were found to be vacant or destroyed. The number of occupied households successfully interviewed was 11,778, yielding a household response rate of 99 percent.

In the households selected for individual interview in the survey (50 percent of the total 2008 GDHS sample), a total of 5,096 eligible women were identified; interviews were completed with 4,916 of these women, yielding a response rate of 97 percent. In the same households, a total of 4,769 eligible men were identified and interviews were completed with 4,568 of these men, yielding a response rate of 96 percent. The response rates are slightly lower among men than women.

The principal reason for non-response among both eligible women and men was the failure to find individuals at home despite repeated visits to the household. The lower response rate for men reflects the more frequent and longer absences of men from the household

Note: See summarized response rates by place of residence in Table 1.1 of the survey report.

Sampling error

Abstract

The survey provides measures of: - Ownership of mosquito nets and ITNs - Use of nets and treated nets by vulnerable groups: children under five, pregnant women, and women of reproductive age - Net treatment practices - Characteristics of nets owned - Knowledge and beliefs about mosquitoes and malaria - Perceptions of treated and untreated mosquito nets - Consumer preferences regarding mosquito nets - Use of mosquito control products

Geographic coverage

Five sites: Accra, Keta, Kumasi, Wa and Tamale.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

1500 households

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face

Abstract

The Ghana International Merchandise Trade Data 2022 serves a comprehensive repository of information detailing Ghana's imports and exports for the year 2022. The dataset's primary objectives include informing evidence-based policies and facilitating comprehensive research on trade dynamics. Sourced from the Customs Division of the Ghana Revenue Authority, the dataset follows the International Merchandise Trade Statistics Manual of the United Nations, ensuring methodological rigor. This structured dataset containing key indicators like trade values, partner countries, and commodity codes, presents an invaluable resource for understanding Ghana's trade patterns.

Geographic coverage

National coverage of all international trade with the rest of the world

Analysis unit

Countries, commodities

Universe

All exports and imports under the general trade system, as outlined in the International Merchandise Trade Statistics Manual of the United Nations.

Mode of data collection

Other [oth]

Abstract

The objective of this statistical report is to inidicate the total number of births and deaths registered for the period 2013. Rgistered births data for all the 10 regions were captured in this report.The results indicate that a total of 475731 births were registered representing 64 per cent coverage.

Geographic coverage

National Regional District

Analysis unit

Individual birth records

Universe

Individual informant

Kind of data

Event/transaction data [evn]

Sampling procedure

All children born between age 0 to less than 12 months

Sampling deviation

No deviation reported

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Two questinnaire were used, the birth and death registration formA and the birth and death registration form B

Cleaning operations

Manual and electronic verification

Response rate

The respond rate was 64%

Sampling error estimates

Not reported

Data appraisal

No other forms of data appraisal

Abstract

The 2002 Ghana Service Provision Assessment (GSPA) is a survey designed to obtain information about the general performance of facilities that offer maternal, child, and reproductive health services, as well as services for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV/AIDS. From a representative sample of public and nongovernment facilities, information was collected to provide a picture of the strengths and weaknesses of the service delivery environment for each assessed service. The information on health services and health service providers from the GSPA survey will enable policymakers and program administrators to develop effective strategies for improving health service utilization and coverage and prioritizing recources in ways that will lead to improved health outcomes.

The GSPA survey provides representative regional and national information on both government and nongovernment facilities. The findings complement the household-based health information from the 1998 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (Ghana Statistical Service and Macro International, 1999). This survey provided information on the health of the population and the utilization of health services.

The primary objectives of the GSPA survey were the following: • To describe the preparedness of government and nongovernment health facilities in Ghana to provide quality child and reproductive health services • To describe the preparedness of government and nongovernment health facilities in Ghana to provide quality services for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV/AIDS • To identify gaps in the support services, resources, or the processes used in providing client services that may affect the ability of facilities to provide quality services • To describe the processes used in providing child, maternal, and reproductive health services and the extent to which accepted standards for quality service provision are followed • To provide comparisons on findings between regions in Ghana and, at a national level, between different types of facilities as well as those operated by different authorities (i.e., government or nongovernment) • To describe the extent to which clients understand what they must do to follow up on the service received so that the best health outcome is achieved.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

Facilities

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sample

A representative sample of facilities; a sample of health service providers at each facility; and a sample of sick child, family planning, antenatal, and STI clients were selected.

Note: See detailed sampling information in the final report which is presented in this documentation.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Four types of survey instruments were used for data collection: • Facility Resources Questionnaire on resources, infrastructure and support services. The Facility Resources Questionnaire was designed to obtain information on the facilities’ preparedness to provide each of the priority services. The questionnaire was used to collect information on the availability of specific items (including their location and functional status), components of support systems (such as logistics, maintenance, and management), and facility infrastructure, including the environment in which the services are delivered. The resources assessed were those necessary to provide a level of service that meets generally accepted standards. The support services are those that are commonly acknowledged as essential management tools for maintaining health services.

• Provider interview. Providers of health services were interviewed for information on their qualifications (training, experience, continued in-service training), the supervision they had received, and their perceptions of the service delivery environment.

• Observation protocols tailored to the service being provided. Observations of consultations for sick children, antenatal care, family planning, and STIs were conducted to assess the extent to which service providers adhered to standards based on generally accepted procedures and examinations and the content of information exchanged between the provider and the client (history, symptoms, and counselling) were components of the observation.

• Exit interview with the client who was observed receiving a service. The exit interview assessed the client’s understanding of the consultation or examination as well as his or her recollection of instructions received on treatment and preventive behaviour. The ability to recall key messages increases the likelihood that a client will be able to successfully follow treatment protocols and implement preventive behaviours that optimize health outcomes. Information was also collected on the client’s perception of the service delivery environment.

These instruments were based on generic questionnaires developed in the MEASURE DHS+ project and were adapted after consulting with technical specialists from the MoH, USAID, and NGOs knowledgeable about the health services and service programme priorities covered by the GSPA survey.

Abstract

At the micro level, the People's Security Survey (PSS), a household survey that seeks to track the seven forms of work-related security comprising decent work, as well as highlighting people's aspirations and sense of social justice. This survey instrument is the most experimental of the three major sources of information collected by the IFP|SES Programme. Between 2000 and 2003, 15 surveys were conducted and four are in process [Namibia, Mozambique, Sri lanka and Morocco]. Because of the fact that the instrument was being developed, and for budgetary reasons, the samples and survey design varied. In some countries, a national representative survey was conducted; in others, representative samples were drawn only from selected regions or from urban areas only. In Gujarat, India, a disproportionately large sample of women workers was chosen. And in Pakistan the sample was very specific, focusing only on workers in the transport sector in Karachi City.

Geographic coverage

3 regions. Rural and Urban.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

3000 Individuals

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face

Abstract

The 2010 Census was undertaken to update current information on the size, sex, age, composition and other characteristics of Ghana's population and to ascertain the specific changes in these characteristics which had taken place since the last census was conducted in 2000. The Census was expected to ensure the continuation of a time series of demographic and socio-economic benchmark data at the national and sub-national levels and enhance the capability-building programme of the Statistical Service.

The main objective of the 2010 Population and Housing Census was to update the statistical information on the characteristics of the population of Ghana.

The 2010 Population and Housing Census is the second time a full-scale housing census was conducted with a population census in one single operation.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Households (including household emigrants, ameneties and agricultural activities) Individuals (including females 12 years and older and females 12-54 years) communities (including education, health and sanitation facilities)

Universe

The 2010 census covered a de-facto population count of Ghana on Census Night (26th September 2010). These were all usual residents, infants sick as well as the mentally challenged, inmates of institutions. out-door sleepers and all persons who spend census night within the boarders of Ghana, semi-stable floating population enumeration was done immediately after midnight of Census Night. Enumeration was done on Census Night of fishermen, other persons at sea and other persons in Field Camps.

All types of housing structures were listed a week before the census night.

All enumeration of institutional population was done a week before the Census Night

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Sampling procedure

There was no sampling

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

PHC-1A: Household questionnaire - admistered to household population. This questionnaire includes modules on Household roster, Usual household members absent, Emigration, Population, Mortality, ICT, Agriculture and Housing

PHC-1A Usual Members Absent Continuation Sheet

PHC-1A Emigration Continuation Sheet

PHC-1B: Group quarter questionnaire - administered to homeless households and group quarter population. This excludes usual members absent, emigration, mortality, ICT at household level, agricultural and housing modules.

PHC-1C: Group quarter questionnaire which was administered to individual members and later transferred to PHC-1B questionnaire

PHC-3: EA Result Sheet - Captured summary information on population by sex and the number of localities in each Enumeration Area (EA).

PHC-4: Final Summary Sheet - Captured summary information on the number of residential structures, number of households, population by sex and household and non-household population and the availability of telecommunication, education, health and toilet facilities in the locality.

Cleaning operations

The Census data editing was implemented at three levels: 1. Field editing by interviewers and supervisors 2. Office editing and coding of occupation and industry 3. Data cleaning and imputation

Data editing was partly manual and partly automatic. Occupation and Industry coding was done by the Field Supervisors but they were edited in the office after the field work. The questionnaire reference numbers were also reviewed as part of the preparatory activities before scanning.

Response rate

100 per cent

Sampling error estimates

There was no sampling.

Data appraisal

A post Enumeration Survey (PES) was conducted to assess the extent of coverage and content error. ( See Adminstrative Report )

Abstract

The Ghana Living Standards Survey (GLSS) is a nationwide survey carried out by the Government of Ghana (Ghana Statistical Service) with the support of the World Bank (Social Dimensions of Adjustment Project Unit). The objective of the survey is to provide data to the government for measuring the living standards of the population and the progress made in raising them. The survey data will permit a more effective formulation and implementation of policies designed to improve the welfare of the population.

The GLSS was launched in September 1987 and is currently planned to be undertaken over a five-year period. The five interval ensures that a steady stream of data becomes available to monitor the impact of the Government's Economic Recovery Program, including the Program of Actions to Mitigate the Social Costs of Adjustment (PAMSCAD). GLSS provides data on various aspects of the GHanaian household economic and social activities and the interactions between these activities. Data are collected at three levels; the individual level, the household level and community level. The results from the household questionnaire administered to 1525 households over the six month period from september 1987 to march 1988. These results provides a first and useful look at key economic indicators however, because the data base does not cover a complete twelve month period, inferences from this sample should be made with caution.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

Household

Universe

The survey covered all household members of all age and sex category who reside in Ghana.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The methodology that was used reflects the purpose of the survey. To balance the desire for a large, representative sample with the expense of a long, detailed survey instrument, a sample size of 3,200 households was selected. The households were to be chosen in such a manner that each household had an equal probability of being selected. At the same time, the logistics of locating the households and conducting all interviews within a specific time frame required that the households be grouped into "workloads" of 16 households each. A final concern was that all three of the country's ecological zones (coastal, forest and savannah), and each of urban, semi-urban and rural areas (population greater than 5000, 1500 to 5000, and less than 1500, respectively) form the same proportion in the sample as they do in the national population.

To achieve the three objectives simultaneously, a stratified selection process was used. For the 1984 Census, all of Ghana was divided into approximately 13,000 enumeration areas (EAs). From this list it was determined what proportion of the 200 GLSS workloads should be selected from each of the nine zone/urban categories. Two hundred sampling areas were then selected from the enumeration areas in the sub-divided list. For each enumeration area, the probability of being selected was proportional to the number of households contained in that area.

After the 200 sampling areas were selected, households in those areas were enumerated in 1987. Therefore it was possible to take into account changes in the number of households and preserve the self-weighting nature of the sample. The 200 workloads were assigned among the 200 sampling areas with probability equal to the number of households in that area in 1987 divided by the number of households in that area in 1984 and multiplied by the total number of households in 1984 divided by the total number of households in 1987. That is, sampling areas that had greater than average increases in size had a greater than one chance of being selected. Thus, each sampling area was assigned zero, one, two, or even three workloads of sixteen households. The households (sixteen selected and four replacement for each workload) were then chosen randomly from the household list for each sampling area. The resulting list is 3200 households and 800 replacement households in something less than 200 sampling areas (specifically 178 in 1987-88 and 170 in 1988-89). Each group of 16, 32 or 48 households within a sampling area is referred to as a cluster in the GLSS data sets and in this document.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The household survey contains modules (sections) to collect data on household demographic structure, housing conditions, schooling, health, employment, migration, expenditure and income, household non-agricultural businesses, agricultural activities, fertility and contraceptive use, savings and credit, and anthropometric (height and weight) measures.

The community questionnaire collected data on the population of the community, a list of principal ethnic groups and religions, the length of time the community has existed and whether or not it has grown, principal economic activities, access to a motorable road, electricity, pipe-borne water, restaurant or food stall, post office, bank, daily market and public transport, employment, migration for jobs, existence of community development projects, schools and how far from the community, information is obtained on whether it is public or private, data on distance and travel time to the nearest of each of several types of health post, dispensary, pharmacy, maternity home, family planning clinic, type of crops grown in the community, how often and when they are planted and harvested, and how the harvest is generally sold.

Price questionnaire collected information on prices from up to three vendors i.e. food, pharmaceutical and other non-food items.

Cleaning operations

The quality control of the data collection occurs at three instances. First, on the field, the supervisor randormly visits 25% of the households already surveyed to verify the answers to some key questions. In addition the supervisor periodically attends interviews conducted by each interviewer. Second, in the regional office, the data entry computer package used performs consistency checks, so that inconsistencies and errors in data collected during the first round are immediately reported to the interviewers for verification during the second round. Finally, daily supervisory checks of the data entry process are performed.

Abstract

The Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) and the World Bank Development Economics Research Group (DECRG) partnered to implement the survey. The purpose was to find out household's access to and use of available financial services.This was a follow-up to an earlier test of survey designs regarding household access to financial services. The underlying premise is that the identity of a respondent can affect the quality and completeness of the information provided, especially when that respondent is providing information about other household members.

The survey will examine whether questions about specific products (e.g. credit cards, life insurance policies, savings clubs) elicit more complete information than questions asking whether a respondent uses services from a type of provider (e.g. commercial bank, credit union).

To derive the data necessary for these tests, the Financial Service Survey incorporated an experimental design in which one of three versions of the survey instrument (questionnaire) was randomly administered to each household. Individual household members were also randomly selected to respond to some sections of the questionnaire.

Geographic coverage

National Regional District, Municipal, Metropolitan

Analysis unit

Individuals

Universe

The survey covered all adult household members (usual residents) aged 15 years and older.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The most recently visited enumeration areas (EAs) for the Ghana Living Standards Survey Round 5 (GLSS5) were targeted for the survey. This is because the characteristics of these households may not have changed much, and they were more likely to recollect information they had already provided. All the 120 EAs visited in the 10th and 11th cycles of the GLSS5 were included in the survey, with an additional 34 EAs selected from the 60 EAs visited in the 9th cycle. Households within the 154 EAs were listed and 15 selected randomly from each EA yielding a total of 2,310 households.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Three types of questionnaires were used in the survey:

1. Group 1 Questionnaire - All questions in the three (3) sections were administered to all household members aged 15 years and older. It collected information on background characteristics, the use of financial services and products and actions and attitudes towards accessing and using financial services and products.

2. Group 2 Questionnaire - Sections 1 and 2 of this questionnaire were administered to all household members aged 15 years and older. Sections 3 and 4 were administered to household members randomly selected using the Kish Grid based on given criteria.

3. Group 3 Questionnaire - All questions in section (1) were administered to heads of household and one randomly selected household member and covered background characteristics. Section two (2) was administered to heads of household and covered the use of financial services. Sections 3 and 4 were administered to a randomly selected household member and covered the use of financial services and products and actions and attitudes towards access and use of financial services and products.

All the questionnaires were in English and whenever necessary, the interview was conducted in a language of the respondent's choice. An interpreter was also used where the interviewer was not proficient in the respondent's choice of language.

Cleaning operations

The GSS data editing occurs at three levels:

1. Field editing by interviewers and supervisors
2. Office editing
3. Data cleaning and imputation

Response rate

Out of the 2,310 households selected for the survey, 2,292 were identified and successfully enumerated. This yielded a response rate of 99.2 percent.

Abstract

The Ghana Statistical Service, in collaboration with the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) and the Navrongo Health Research Centre of the Ghana Health Service, conducted the fourth round of the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS 2011), with funding and technical support from UNICEF, USAID, US President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI) and ICF Macro in Calverton, Maryland, USA. The main objective of the survey was to provide up-to-date information for assessing the health situation of the population, particularly women and children in Ghana.

MICS 2011 is a nationally representative household sample survey of 12,150 households in 810 enumeration areas (EAs). The survey is expected to provide estimates of all key health indicators at the national and regional levels, as well as for urban and rural areas. Moreover, four of the 10 regions that are of particular importance for UNICEF’s programmes will be disproportionally oversampled so as to provide some data at the district level. The four oversampled regions are Central, Northern, Upper East, and Upper West.

MICS 2011 uses four main questionnaires: a Household Questionnaire, a Woman’s Questionnaire for women age 15-49, a Man’s Questionnaire for men age 15-59, and a Child’s Questionnaire for children under five year (with questions posed to the child’s primary caretaker). Major topics covered in these questionnaires include household characteristics, characteristics of respondents, child mortality, child nutritional status, breastfeeding, Vitamin A supplementation, birth registration, birth weight, immunization, salt iodization, oral rehydration treatment, care seeking and antibiotic treatment of pneumonia, , the proportion of households with insecticide treated nets (ITNs), the proportion of the population that sleep under ITNs, solid fuel use, water and sanitation, contraception, antenatal care, delivery and postnatal care, child ,school attendance, literacy, child discipline, female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C), domestic violence (DV), sexual behaviour, HIV/AIDS and the prevalence of malaria parasites and anaemia among children aged 6-59 months. Consequently, blood samples of all children age 6-59 months will be collected for the malaria and anaemia tests. Although malaria indicators (e.g., bednet ownership and use, coverage of intermittent preventive treatment and treatment of childhood fever) will be collected in all households, the malaria and anaemia testing components will be implemented in all households in six regions, but confined to every second household in the four over-sampled regions.

It is hoped that the findings from MICS 2011 would provide up-to-date information on progress made towards targets set by the Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy (GPRS II), the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and other national and international programmes aimed at promoting the welfare of women and children. The results are also expected to help policy planners improve on access and quality of health-related services in the country.

The MICS 2011 data collection was carried out over a period of three months (September 15 -December 14, 2011) by 20 field teams spread across the country. In order to help achieve the objectives of the survey, enumeration areas (EAs) were selected in some towns and communities within the various districts. In each of these EAs, 15 households were visited and interviewed by a field team comprising of a Supervisor (team leader), 1 Field Editor, 3 Interviewers, 1 Biomarker Technician, and a driver.

Geographic coverage

National Regional

Analysis unit

Households and Individuals

Universe

The survey covered 810 enumeration areas and 12,150 households across the country. In terms of eligibility, it covered the following households members:

1. All women age 15-49 years
2. All men age 15-49 years
3. All children under 5 years
4. All household members

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample for the MICS 2006 was designed to provide estimates on a large number of indicators on the health status of women, men, and children at the national level, for urban and rural areas, as well as for the 10 administrative regions in the country.

The list of enumeration areas (EAs) from the 2010 Ghana Population and Housing Census (PHC) served as a frame for the MICS sample. The frame was first stratified into the 10 administrative regions in the country, then into urban and rural EAs.

Sampling deviation

No deviation from the original sample design was made

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Four main questionnaires were used for the MICS 2011 data collection:

1. Household information: Individual members, head of household, sex, age, marital status, relation to head of household, education, water and sanitation, working children, child discipline, disability and salt iodization
2. Children under 5 years: breastfeeding, care of illness, malaria, immunization, anthropometry, anaemia and malaria testing
3. Women 15-49 years: infant/child mortality, tetanus toxoid, maternal and newborn health, marriage/union, contraception, female genital mutilation, attitude towards domestic violence, sexual behavior, and HIV/AIDS
4. Men 15-49 years: reproduction, marriage, sexual behavior, HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted infections and attitudes toward domestic violence

Cleaning operations

Data editing is a very important measure to enhance data quality. In the MICS survey, data editing occured at three levels:

1. Field editing by editors and supervisors - In all the clusters that data were collected, ediors and supervisors revisited households and collected information which was either left out, uncompleted or responses which were not clear. Thus, data were validated in the field
2. Office editing-The purpose of office editing which was carried out under the MICS survey was to ensure that field data collection had conformed to the laid-down principles and procedures. Necessary codes, names, values were provided
3. Data cleaning and imputation - This stage offered the data processing personnel the opportunity to run further checks that ensured consistency. In a situation where inconsistencies were huge, field monitors were sent back to the field for verification of data that had been collected and thereafter, the necessary corrections made
4. Individual data files were also checked for completeness and consistency.

Data appraisal

Using SPSS software, basic data consistency checks were made and the necessary gaps were filled.

Abstract

The Ghana Statistical Service, in collaboration with the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) and the Navrongo Health Research Centre of the Ghana Health Service, conducted the fourth round of the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS 2011), with funding and technical support from UNICEF, USAID, US President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI) and ICF Macro in Calverton, Maryland, USA. The main objective of the survey was to provide up-to-date information for assessing the health situation of the population, particularly women and children in Ghana.

MICS 2011 is a nationally representative household sample survey of 12,150 households in 810 enumeration areas (EAs). The survey is expected to provide estimates of all key health indicators at the national and regional levels, as well as for urban and rural areas. Moreover, four of the 10 regions that are of particular importance for UNICEF’s programmes will be disproportionally oversampled so as to provide some data at the district level. The four oversampled regions are Central, Northern, Upper East, and Upper West.

MICS 2011 uses four main questionnaires: a Household Questionnaire, a Woman’s Questionnaire for women age 15-49, a Man’s Questionnaire for men age 15-59, and a Child’s Questionnaire for children under five year (with questions posed to the child’s primary caretaker). Major topics covered in these questionnaires include household characteristics, characteristics of respondents, child mortality, child nutritional status, breastfeeding, Vitamin A supplementation, birth registration, birth weight, immunization, salt iodization, oral rehydration treatment, care seeking and antibiotic treatment of pneumonia, , the proportion of households with insecticide treated nets (ITNs), the proportion of the population that sleep under ITNs, solid fuel use, water and sanitation, contraception, antenatal care, delivery and postnatal care, child ,school attendance, literacy, child discipline, female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C), domestic violence (DV), sexual behaviour, HIV/AIDS and the prevalence of malaria parasites and anaemia among children aged 6-59 months. Consequently, blood samples of all children age 6-59 months will be collected for the malaria and anaemia tests. Although malaria indicators (e.g., bednet ownership and use, coverage of intermittent preventive treatment and treatment of childhood fever) will be collected in all households, the malaria and anaemia testing components will be implemented in all households in six regions, but confined to every second household in the four over-sampled regions.

It is hoped that the findings from MICS 2011 would provide up-to-date information on progress made towards targets set by the Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy (GPRS II), the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and other national and international programmes aimed at promoting the welfare of women and children. The results are also expected to help policy planners improve on access and quality of health-related services in the country.

The MICS 2011 data collection was carried out over a period of three months (September 15 -December 14, 2011) by 20 field teams spread across the country. In order to help achieve the objectives of the survey, enumeration areas (EAs) were selected in some towns and communities within the various districts. In each of these EAs, 15 households were visited and interviewed by a field team comprising of a Supervisor (team leader), 1 Field Editor, 3 Interviewers, 1 Biomarker Technician, and a driver.

Geographic coverage

National Regional

Analysis unit

Households and Individuals

Universe

The survey covered 810 enumeration areas and 12,150 households across the country. In terms of eligibility, it covered the following households members:

1. All women age 15-49 years
2. All men age 15-49 years
3. All children under 5 years
4. All household members

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample for the MICS 2006 was designed to provide estimates on a large number of indicators on the health status of women, men, and children at the national level, for urban and rural areas, as well as for the 10 administrative regions in the country.

The list of enumeration areas (EAs) from the 2010 Ghana Population and Housing Census (PHC) served as a frame for the MICS sample. The frame was first stratified into the 10 administrative regions in the country, then into urban and rural EAs.

Sampling deviation

No deviation from the original sample design was made

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Four main questionnaires were used for the MICS 2011 data collection:

1. Household information: Individual members, head of household, sex, age, marital status, relation to head of household, education, water and sanitation, working children, child discipline, disability and salt iodization
2. Children under 5 years: breastfeeding, care of illness, malaria, immunization, anthropometry, anaemia and malaria testing
3. Women 15-49 years: infant/child mortality, tetanus toxoid, maternal and newborn health, marriage/union, contraception, female genital mutilation, attitude towards domestic violence, sexual behavior, and HIV/AIDS
4. Men 15-49 years: reproduction, marriage, sexual behavior, HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted infections and attitudes toward domestic violence

Cleaning operations

Data editing is a very important measure to enhance data quality. In the MICS survey, data editing occured at three levels:

1. Field editing by editors and supervisors - In all the clusters that data were collected, ediors and supervisors revisited households and collected information which was either left out, uncompleted or responses which were not clear. Thus, data were validated in the field
2. Office editing-The purpose of office editing which was carried out under the MICS survey was to ensure that field data collection had conformed to the laid-down principles and procedures. Necessary codes, names, values were provided
3. Data cleaning and imputation - This stage offered the data processing personnel the opportunity to run further checks that ensured consistency. In a situation where inconsistencies were huge, field monitors were sent back to the field for verification of data that had been collected and thereafter, the necessary corrections made
4. Individual data files were also checked for completeness and consistency.

Response rate

Of the 12,150 households selected for the sample, 11,970 were contacted for interviews. Of these, 11,92 5were interviewed, giving a response rate of about 100 percent. In the households interviewed, 10,963 women aged 15–49 years were identi?ed. Of these, 10,627 were duly interviewed, producing a response rate of 97 per cent. Concerning children under the age of 5 years, 7,626 were identi?ed, for whom responses were obtained from their mother or caregiver in 7,550 complete interviews, giving a response rate of 99 percent. For the male survey, 3,511 men aged 15-59 years were identi?ed, and 3,321 successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 95 percent.

Data appraisal

Using SPSS software, basic data consistency checks were made and the necessary gaps were filled.

Abstract

The Ghana Living Standards Survey (GLSS) was first conducted in 1987-1988. This nationwide survey gathered individual and household level data using a multi-purpose household questionnaire. Community level data were collected using a Community questionnaire in rural areas and a price questionnaire was used in both urban and rural areas. In 1988-89 the household, community and price questionnaires were repeated. Additional community level data were collected through a health and family planning facilities questionnaire, a pharmacy questionnaire, and a school questionnaire. Additional household and individual level data relevant to education were also collected, including testing of household members' mathematics, reading and abstract thinking skills.

The household survey contains modules (sections) to collect data on household demographic structure, housing conditions, schooling, health, employment, migration, expenditure and income, household non-agricultural businesses, agricultural activities, fertility and contraceptive use, savings and credit, and anthropometric (height and weight) measures. Half of the households in the 1988-89 phase also participated in the collection of cognitive test scores.

The individual designated by the household members as the household head provided responses to questions on general household information, or indicated which member would know the answer. If the household head was not available, a member of the household who was able to provide information on household affairs was selected. In most sections of the questionnaire, each member of the household was asked to respond for himself or herself, except that parents were allowed to respond for younger children.

The household questionnaire was completed in two interviews two weeks apart: Sections 0-8, 16A, 17A and 17C were conducted in the first interview.1 Sections 9-15, 16B and 17B were conducted in the second interview. The survey was designed so that more sensitive issues such as fertility and savings were discussed near the end. The content of each module is described in details in 'GH88BIF' document.

Geographic coverage

National Regional

Analysis unit

Individual, Household, Community, Health Facility, Pharmacy and School

Universe

The survey covered all household members in the nationally representative sample. Different sections of the instruments have individual universes.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The methodology that was chosen reflects the purpose of the survey. To balance the desire for a large, representative sample with the expense of a long, detailed survey instrument, a sample size of 3,200 households was selected. The households were to be chosen in such a manner that each household had an equal probability of being selected. At the same time, the logistics of locating the households and conducting all interviews within a specific time frame required that the households be grouped into "workloads" of 16 households each. A final concern was that all three of the country's ecological zones (coastal, forest and savannah), and each of urban, semi-urban and rural areas (population greater than 5000, 1500 to 5000, and less than 1500, respectively) form the same proportion in the sample as they do in the national population.

To achieve the three objectives simultaneously, a stratified selection process was used. For the 1984 Census, all of Ghana was divided into approximately 13,000 enumeration areas (EAs). From this list it was determined what proportion of the 200 GLSS workloads should be selected from each of the nine zone/urban categories. Two hundred sampling areas were then selected from the enumeration areas in the sub-divided list. For each enumeration area, the probability of being selected was proportional to the number of households contained in that area.

After the 200 sampling areas were selected, households in those areas were enumerated in 1987. Therefore it was possible to take into account changes in the number of households and preserve the self-weighting nature of the sample. The 200 workloads were assigned among the 200 sampling areas with probability equal to the number of households in that area in 1987 divided by the number of households in that area in 1984 and multiplied by the total number of households in 1984 divided by the total number of households in 1987. That is, sampling areas that had greater than average increases in size had a greater than one chance of being selected.

Thus, each sampling area was assigned zero, one, two, or even three workloads of sixteen households. The households (sixteen selected and four replacement for each workload) were then chosen randomly from the household list for each sampling area. The resulting list is 3200 households and 800 replacement households in something less than 200 sampling areas (specifically 178 in 1987-88 and 170 in 1988-89). Each group of 16, 32 or 48 households within a sampling area is referred to as a cluster in the GLSS data sets and in this document.

A detailed description of the sample design could be found in the Basic Information Document in external resource.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

1. Household
2. Community
3. Price
4. Health and Family Planning Services
5. Drugstores, Pharmacies and Drug Vendors
6. Primary School
7. Middle/Junior Secondary School
8. Education module

Cleaning operations

The GSS data editing occurs at three levels:

1. Field editing by interviewers and supervisors
2. Office editing
3. Data cleaning and imputation

Response rate

The data contain 170 clusters, 3,192 households and 14,924 individuals. All intended clusters were surveyed, and only eight households were missed out of the 3200.

Data appraisal

The data entry was decentralized. Responses from all household questionnaires were entered in regional offices in the week between the two rounds of interviews. The data entry program performed range and consistency checks on all responses and produced lists of questions that needed to be readministered for each household in the cluster. This allowed for correction of first interview discrepancies during the second round. Each team conducted both rounds of interviews, entered the responses for 32 households, and had one week off in each five week period.