The Hurricane Satellite (HURSAT) from Microwave (MW) observations of tropical cyclones worldwide data consist of raw satellite observations. The data derive from the global constellation of geostationary satellites (GOES, Meteosat, MS, and FY2 series) spanning 1987 through 2009. Passive microwave observations provide significant information content given that most clouds are transparent at microwave wavelengths. The HURSAT-MW data set is constructed in largely the same manner as HURSAT-B1. Each time a Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellite passes over a tropical cyclone, Special Sensing Microwave Imager (SSMI) data are mapped to an equal angle grid (fixed latitude/longitude) centered on the temporally interpolated storm location. HURSAT-MW provides brightness temperatures for all 7 SSMI channels. No product retrievals (e.g., rain rate, total column water vapor, ...) are provided in the data, but are possible (e.g., view the imagery derived from the data). The satellite data were then gridded to 8km, with grid centers fixed on the tropical cyclone center of circulation at 6-hour intervals. Data include hurricanes from the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean Basins. Data are provided in a convenient NetCDF format which is self-documenting and follows standard storage and metadata conventions. Version 5 supersedes all other versions.

This dataset contains Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR) data from the NOAA N42 aircraft collected as part of the Hurricane Rainband and Intensity Change Experiment (RAINEX). It includes data collected during hurricanes Dennis, Ophelia, Rita, and Wilma. These data are in NetCDF format.

This dataset contains Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR) data from the NOAA N43 aircraft collected as part of the Hurricane Rainband and Intensity Change Experiment (RAINEX). It includes data collected during hurricanes Katrina, Ophelia, and Rita. These data are in NetCDF format.

The Hurricane and Severe Storm Sentinel (HS3) Hurricane Imaging Radiometer (HIRAD) was collected by the Hurricane Imaging Radiometer (HIRAD), which was a multi-band passive microwave radiometer operating between 4-6.6 GHz. It used a novel interferometric aperture synthesis technique to produce high resolution wide swath observations without any mechanical scanning of the antenna. The instrument was designed to measure ocean surface wind speed in tropical storms and hurricanes. Developed in collaboration between scientists and engineers at National Aeronautics and Space Administration Marshall Space Flight Center (NASA MSFC), the University of Central Florida, and the University of Michigan, the instrument was first flown on a NASA high altitude aircraft in the Genesis and Rapid Intensification Processes (GRIP) Experiment in 2010 and was then flown for the Hurricane and Severe Storm Sentinel (HS3) in 2012-2014.

The GRIP Hurricane Imaging Radiometer (HIRAD) dataset was collected by the HIRAD instrument, which is a hurricane imaging, single-polarization passive C-band radiometer with both cross-track and along-track resolution that measures strong ocean surface winds through heavy rain from an aircraft or space-based platform. Its swath width is approximately 60 degrees in either direction. V0 data contains brightness temperature measurements taken at a 5 GHz frequency. Rain rate and wind speed files for Hurricane Earl have been added to the collection. HIRAD data was collected for storms Earl and Karl during the Genesis and Rapid Intensification Processes (GRIP) experiment from September 1, 2010 through September 16, 2010. The major goal was to better understandhow tropical storms form and develop into major hurricanes. NASA used the DC-8 aircraft, the WB-57 aircraft and the Global Hawk Unmanned AirborneSystem (UAS), configuredwith a suite of in situ and remote sensing instruments that were used to observe and characterize the lifecycle of hurricanes.

This data set contains the Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR) data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) P-3 aircraft flights into the tropical systems of interest to the Tropical Cyclone Intensity (TCI) field project. The primary parameters included are the surface wind speed and rain rate. The storms included are Erika from the 2015 Atlantic region, Patricia from the 2015 East Pacific region, and Matthew from the 2016 Atlantic region. These data are in Net Common Data form (NetCDF format) and were collected from the NOAA Hurricane Research Division (HRD) archives.

The Hurricane and Severe Storm Sentinel (HS3) Global Hawk High Altitude MMIC Sounding Radiometer (HAMSR) dataset includes measurements gathered by the HAMSR instrument during the HS3 campaign. Goals for HS3 included: assessing the relative roles of large-scale environment and storm-scale internal processes; and addressing the controversial role of the Saharan Air Layer (SAL) in tropical storm formation and intensification as well as the role of deep convection in the inner-core region of storms. HAMSR has 25 spectral channels which are split into 3 bands: an 8-channel band centered 53-GHz, used to infer the 3-D distribution of temperature; a 10-channel band centered at 118 GHz, used for secondary temperature sounding and assessment of scattering; and a 7-channel band centered at 183 GHz, used to measure water vapor (humidity) and cloud liquid water content in the atmosphere. This dataset also contains measurements that can be used to infer the 3-dimensional distribution of temperature, water vapor, and cloud liquid water profiles in the atmosphere, even in the presence of clouds. HAMSR is mounted in payload zone 3 near the nose of the Global Hawk NASA aircraft. Data is available in netCDF/CF format.

The TCSP ER-2 Microwave Temperature Profiler (MTP) dataset was collected by the ER-2 Microwave Temperature Profiler (MTP), which is a passive microwave radiometer which measures the thermal emission from oxygen molecules in the atmosphere for a selection of elevation angles (normally 10 between +60 and -58 degrees). The current observing frequencies are 55.5, 56.6 and 58.8 GHz. Measured 'brightness temperature' versus elevation angle is converted to air temperature versus altitude using a modified statistical retrieval procedure with a Bayesian component. An altitude temperature profile (ATP) is produced in this manner every 13 seconds or approximately 3 km along the flight path. The ATP can be used to produce a color-coded temperature curtain (CTC) of the temperature field which the ER2 has flown through, and to identify the tropopause _location. ATPs can also be used to locate altitudes where the air is cold enough to condense nitric acid or water vapor to form polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). The TCSP mission collected data for research and documentation of cyclogenesis, the interaction of temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind and air pressure that creates ideal birthing conditions for tropical storms, hurricanes and related phenomena. The goal of this mission was to help us better understand how hurricanes and other tropical storms are formed and intensify.

The GRIP Hurricane Imaging Radiometer (HIRAD) V1 dataset contains measurements of brightness temperature taken at 4, 5, 6 and 6.6 GHz, as well as MERRA 2 m wind speed data and JPL MUR Sea Surface Temperature data. The data is provided in netCDF format. The data were collected during the Genesis and Rapid Intensification Processes (GRIP) experiment from September 1, 2010 through September 16, 2010 for storms EARL and KARL. Rain rate and wind speed files may be obtained from the V0 HIRAD dataset. The major goal was to better understandhow tropical storms form and develop into major hurricanes. NASA used the DC-8 aircraft, the WB-57 aircraft and the Global Hawk Unmanned AirborneSystem (UAS), configuredwith a suite of in situ and remote sensing instruments that were used to observe and characterize the lifecycle of hurricanes.HIRAD is a hurricane imaging, single-polarization passive C-band radiometer with both cross-track and along-track resolution that measures strong ocean surface winds through heavy rain from an aircraft or space-based platform. Its swath width is approximately 60 degrees in either direction.

This data set contains the Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR) data from the United States Air Force (USAF) C-130 aircraft flights into the tropical systems of interest to the Tropical Cyclone Intensity (TCI) field project. The primary parameters included are the surface wind speed and rain rate. The storms included are Erika and Joaquin from the 2015 Atlantic region, Marty and Patricia from the 2015 East Pacific region, and Matthew from the 2016 Atlantic region. These data are in Network Common Data Form (NetCDF) and were collected from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA) Hurricane Research Division (HRD) archives.

The CAMEX-3 ER-2 NPOESS Aircraft Sounder Testbed - Microwave Temperature Sounder (NAST-MTS) dataset contains navigation records and microwave spectral radiance measurements taken of tropical cyclones and hurricanes during the third Convection and Moisture Experiment (CAMEX-3). The NAST-MTS contains two microwave radiometer systems covering the spectral ranges of 50 to 56 GHz and provides atmospheric temperature profiles from the flight altitude to the surface.

A prerequisite for a successful development of a multi-mission wind dataset is to ensure good inter-calibration of the different extreme wind datasets to be integrated in the product. Since the operational hurricane community is working with the in-situ dropsondes as wind speed reference, which are in turn used to calibrate the NOAA Hurricane Hunter Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR) wind data, MAXSS has used the latter to ensure extreme-wind inter-calibration among the following scatterometer and radiometer systems: the Advanced Scatterometers onboard the Metop series (i.e., ASCAT-A, -B, and -C), the scatterometers onboard Oceansat-2 (OSCAT) and ScatSat-1 (OSCAT-2), and onboard the HY-2 series (HSCAT-A, -B); the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 onboard GCOM-W1(AMSR-2), the multi-frequency polarimetric radiometer (Windsat), and the L-band radiometers onboard the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) missions.

In summary, a two-step strategy has been followed to adjust the high and extreme wind speeds derived from the mentioned scatterometer and radiometer systems, available in the period 2009-2020. First, the C-band ASCATs have been adjusted against collocated storm-motion centric SFMR wind data. Then, both SFMR winds and ASCAT adjusted winds have been used to adjust all the other satellite wind systems. In doing so, a good inter-calibration between all the systems is ensured not only under tropical cyclone (TC) conditions, but also elsewhere.

This dataset was produced in the frame of the ESA funded Marine Atmosphere eXtreme Satellite Synergy (MAXSS) project. The primary objective of the ESA Marine Atmosphere eXtreme Satellite Synergy (MAXSS) project is to provide guidance and innovative methodologies to maximize the synergetic use of available Earth Observation data (satellite, in situ) to improve understanding about the multi-scale dynamical characteristics of extreme air-sea interaction.

The GRIP High-Altitude MMIC Sounding Radiometer (HAMSR) dataset was collectd by the High Altitude monolithic microwave integrated Circuit (MMIC) Sounding Radiometer (HAMSR) is a microwave atmospheric sounder developed by JPL under the NASA Instrument Incubator Program. The new HAMSR with 183GHz LNA receiver reduces noise to less than a 0.1K level improving observations of small-scale water vapor. HAMSR has 25 spectral channels which are split into 3 bands: an 8-channel band centered 53-GHz, used to infer the 3-D distribution of temperature; a 10-channel band centered at 118 GHz, used for secondary temperature sounding and assessment of scattering; and a 7-channel band centered at 183 GHz, used to measure water vapor (humidity) and cloud liquid water content in the atmosphere. The major goal was to better understand how tropical storms form and develop into major hurricanes. NASA used the DC-8 aircraft, the WB-57 aircraft and the Global Hawk Unmanned Airborne System (UAS), configured with a suite of in situ and remote sensing instruments that were used to observe and characterize the life cycle of hurricanes.

description: The Advanced Microwave Precipitation Radiometer (AMPR) was deployed during the Third Convection and Moisture Experiment (CAMEX-3). AMPR data were collected at four microwave frequencies (10.7, 19.35, 37.1 and 85.5 GHz) for the period of 31 July 1999 through 27 September 1999. The CAMEX-3 mission was to study hurricanes over land and ocean in the U.S., Gulf of Mexico, Carribean, and Western Atlantic Ocean in coordination with multiple aircraft and research-quality radar, lightning, radiosonde and raingage sites.; abstract: The Advanced Microwave Precipitation Radiometer (AMPR) was deployed during the Third Convection and Moisture Experiment (CAMEX-3). AMPR data were collected at four microwave frequencies (10.7, 19.35, 37.1 and 85.5 GHz) for the period of 31 July 1999 through 27 September 1999. The CAMEX-3 mission was to study hurricanes over land and ocean in the U.S., Gulf of Mexico, Carribean, and Western Atlantic Ocean in coordination with multiple aircraft and research-quality radar, lightning, radiosonde and raingage sites.

description: The Advanced Microwave Precipitation Radiometer (AMPR) was deployed during the First Kwajelein Experiment (KWAJEX). AMPR data were collected at four microwave frequencies (10.7, 19.35, 37.1 and 85.5 GHz) for the period of 30 July - 14 Sep 1999. The CAMEX-3 mission was to study hurricanes over land and ocean in the U.S., Gulf of Mexico, Carribean, and Western Atlantic Ocean in coordination with multiple aircraft and research-quality radar, lightning, radiosonde and raingage sites.; abstract: The Advanced Microwave Precipitation Radiometer (AMPR) was deployed during the First Kwajelein Experiment (KWAJEX). AMPR data were collected at four microwave frequencies (10.7, 19.35, 37.1 and 85.5 GHz) for the period of 30 July - 14 Sep 1999. The CAMEX-3 mission was to study hurricanes over land and ocean in the U.S., Gulf of Mexico, Carribean, and Western Atlantic Ocean in coordination with multiple aircraft and research-quality radar, lightning, radiosonde and raingage sites.

This data layer was created by spatially joining the data layers listed below to identify assisted housing exposure to inundation from flood hazards. It should be noted that consideration of parcel elevation is implicit in the spatial extent of high tide flooding, storm surge and sea level rise projections due to the use of digital elevation models in calculating these projections. Elevation of building structures above ground however, is not considered. Storm surge exposure is divided into low (categories 4 & 5) and high frequency (categories 1-3) groups. Each group is assigned a value of one (1.25). This grouping was determined based on the frequency of occurrence of hurricane direct hits to Florida over the period of 1851 to 2018 (https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E19.html).Each development is assigned a composite exposure value calculated by summing the presence of potential flood hazards, with a maximum score of (10). Development vulnerability, rounded to the nearest whole number to simplify the categorical classification, is as follows:"None" = 0 composite exposure"Low" = 1 - 3 composite exposure"Medium" = 3 - 7 composite exposure"High" = 7 - 10 composite exposureThe Assisted Housing Inventory (AHI) data was sourced from the Florida Housing Data Clearinghouse on April 25, 2019. (http://flhousingdata.shimberg.ufl.edu/)The base data layer is “FLORIDA PARCEL DATA STATEWIDE – 2018”, obtained from FGDL (fgdl.org). Metadata for this layer can be found here: https://www.fgdl.org/metadataexplorer/full_metadata.jsp?docId=%7BEB713FDC-4D44-48ED-A45E-86BE37CCB201%7D&loggedIn=false.The building footprint data was sourced from Microsoft as a geojson file and converted to a feature data layer. (https://github.com/microsoft/USBuildingFootprints)Floodplain data is “FLOOD HAZARD ZONES OF THE DIGITAL FLOOD INSURANCE RATE MAP (DFIRM) IN THE STATE OF FLORIDA - NOVEMBER 2018”, obtained from FGDL (fgdl.org). Metadata for this layer can be found here: https://www.fgdl.org/metadataexplorer/full_metadata.jsp?docId=%7BE4C26645-C636-4E14-BDF9-26DA5AD4F41C%7D&loggedIn=false.High tide flooding is derived from “coastal flood frequency” data layers obtained from NOAA Digital Coast (https://coast.noaa.gov/slrdata/).Storm surge data were obtained from the NOAA National Hurricane Center, and depicts projected surge inundation based on SLOSH modeling and coastal digital elevation models (DEMs). The data and metadata can be found here: https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/nationalsurge/.Sea level rise (SLR) projections were obtained from NOAA Digital Coast (https://coast.noaa.gov/slrdata/). The intermediate high projections were chosen to be consistent with the FEMA National Flood Insurance Program, and the time periods for consistency with financing and subsidies for affordable housing.Satellite imagery of flooded land area post Hurricane Irma September, 2017) were sourced from Atmospheric and Environmental Research (AER; https://www.aer.com/). This is an experimental flooded land composite satellite data product derived from the NASA Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer group of sensors (AMSR-E, AMSR2: https://earthdata.nasa.gov/about/sips/sips-amsr-e-2), the Global Precipitation Measurement Microwave Imager (GMI: https://pmm.nasa.gov/gpm/flight-project/gmi), and the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I: https://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/SSMI). It should be noted that this product was used to provide an interim indication of interior land areas prone to flooding. (Atmospheric and Environmental Research, 2017, ARC Flood Extent Depiction Algorithm Description Document, AFED Version V03R01, Document Revision R03, Lexington, MA. 56pp.)

description: The Conically-Scanning Two-look Airborne Radiometer (C-STAR) was deployed during the Fourth Convection and Moisture Experiment (CAMEX-4). C-STAR data were collected at 37GHz (in the microwave part of the electromagnetic spectrum) for the period of 8 Aug 2001 through 24 Sept 2001. The CAMEX-4 missions studied hurricanes over land and ocean in the U.S., Gulf of Mexico, Carribean, and Western Atlantic Ocean, and made use of multiple aircraft and research-quality radar, lightning, and radiosonde sites.; abstract: The Conically-Scanning Two-look Airborne Radiometer (C-STAR) was deployed during the Fourth Convection and Moisture Experiment (CAMEX-4). C-STAR data were collected at 37GHz (in the microwave part of the electromagnetic spectrum) for the period of 8 Aug 2001 through 24 Sept 2001. The CAMEX-4 missions studied hurricanes over land and ocean in the U.S., Gulf of Mexico, Carribean, and Western Atlantic Ocean, and made use of multiple aircraft and research-quality radar, lightning, and radiosonde sites.

The TRMM Cyclone Precipitation Feature (TCPF) Database - Level 1 provides Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)-based tropical cyclone data in a common framework for hurricane science research. This dataset aggregated observations from each of the TRMM instruments for each satellite orbit that was coincident with a tropical cyclone in any of the six TC-prone ocean basins. These swath data were co-located and subsetted to a 20-degree longitude by 20-degree latitude bounding box centered on the tropical storm, which is typically large enough to observe the various sizes of TCs and their immediate environments. The TCPF Level 1 dataset was created by researchers at Florida International University (FIU) and the University of Utah (UU) from the UU TRMM Precipitation Feature database. The TCPF database was built by extracting those precipitation features that are identified as tropical cyclones (TC) using the TC best-track data provided by National Hurricane Center or the US Navy's Joint Typhoon Warning Center.

The High Altitude MMIC Sounding Radiometer (HAMSR) is a 25-channel microwave atmospheric sounder operating as a cross-track scanner. There are three bands: an 8-channel band near 50-GHz, used for primary temperature sounding; a 10-channel band near 118 GHz, used for secondary temperature sounding and assessment of scattering; a 7-channel band near 183 GHz, used for water vapor sounding. The instrument is continuously self-calibrating using internal calibration targets. Radiometric sensitivity at the composite sampling cells provided in the archive is typically 0.1 and ranges up to 0.25 K for the stratospheric channels. Calibration accuracy is estimated at better than 1 K for temperature sounding and better than 2 K for water vapor sounding. Temperature weighting function peaks are distributed between the surface and the flight altitude. HAMSR was mounted in a wing pod of a NASA ER-2 research aircraft. The TCSP mission collected data for research and documentation of cyclogenesis, the interaction of temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind and air pressure that creates ideal birthing conditions for tropical storms, hurricanes and related phenomena. The goal of this mission was to help us better understand how hurricanes and other tropical storms are formed and intensify. Regular image processing was available beginning on 12 July. The scan schedule was maintained through the end of July.

The High Altitude MMIC Sounding Radiometer (HAMSR) EPOCH dataset includes measurements gathered by the HAMSR instrument during the East Pacific Origins and Characteristics of Hurricanes (EPOCH) project. EPOCH was a NASA program manager training opportunity directed at training NASA young scientists in conceiving, planning, and executing a major airborne science field program. The goals of the EPOCH project were to sample tropical cyclogenesis or intensification of an Eastern Pacific hurricane and to train the next generation of NASA Airborne Science Program leadership. HAMSR has 25 spectral channels which are split into 3 bands to provide measurements that can be used to infer the 3 dimensional distribution of temperature, water vapor, and cloud liquid water profiles in the atmosphere, even in the presence of clouds. HAMSR is mounted in payload zone 3 near the nose of the Global Hawk NASA aircraft. Data is available from August 9, 2017 through August 31, 2017 in netCDF-3 format.