Abstract

The Kazakhstan Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) was conducted in 2015 by the Statistics Committee of the Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan (herein MNE RK).

This is the third MICS Survey in Kazakhstan. The findings from these surveys were used in development and implementation of state programmes in the areas of mother and child health, as well as country programmes of the United Nation Children’s Fund (UNICEF) in Kazakhstan, highlighting the need to improve the statistical data management system with regard to children. Such surveys are crucially important in terms of assessing the state of children and women in Kazakhstan as they provide unique information for development of the national child-centred policy and for international positioning of Kazakhstan. The survey provides statistically sound and internationally comparable data essential for development of evidence base and programmes, and for monitoring country progress towards national goals and global (international) commitments. Among these global commitments are those emanating from international agreements - the World Fit for Children Declaration and its Plan of Action, the goals of the United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS, the Education for All Declaration and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). In addition, the 2015 Kazakhstan MICS results will contribute to establishing a baseline for monitoring the state of women and children in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

OBJECTIVES

• To provide up-to-date information for assessing the situation of children and women in the Republic of Kazakhstan;

• To collect information that will help to improve national policies in the area of childhood and motherhood protection;

• To generate data for the critical assessment of the progress made in various areas, and to put additional efforts in areas that require more attention;

• To collect disaggregated data for the identification of disparities, to allow for evidence based policy-making aimed at social inclusion of the most vulnerable;

• To validate data from other sources and the results of focused interventions;

• To contribute to the generation of baseline data for the post-2015 agenda;

• To contribute to the improvement of data and monitoring systems in the Republic of Kazakhstan and to strengthen technical expertise in the design and implementation of such systems as well as in a better analysis of available data.

Geographic coverage

National level, for urban and rural areas, and for 16 administrative districts (14 regions and 2 cities) of the country: Akmola, Aktobe, Almaty oblast, Atyrau, West Kazakhstan, Zhambyl, Karaganda, Kostanai, Kyzylorda, Mangistau, South Kazakhstan, Pavlodar, North Kazakhstan and East Kazakhstan regions, and two large cities Astana and Almaty. Urban and rural areas in each of the 14 regions and 2 large cities of republican significance - Astana and Almaty - were defined as the sampling strata.

Analysis unit

• Individuals

• Households

Universe

All de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged 15-49 years and all children under 5.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The database and cartographic materials of the 2009 National Population Census (2009 Census) in the Republic of Kazakhstan were used in the process forming the sampling frame. The census enumeration areas (EAs) formed for the Census were used as the primary sampling units (PSUs).

The urban and rural areas within each region were identified as the main sampling strata and the sample was selected in two stages. In total, 30 strata were formed - 16 urban including two large cities and 14 rural. At the first sampling stage within each stratum, 840 census enumeration areas were selected systematically with probability proportional to size. At the second sampling stage, upon conducting a household listing within the selected enumeration areas, a random systematic sample of 20 households was drawn in each sample enumeration area, for a total sample size of 16,800 households.

Out of 840 clusters, which were liable for verification, cluster #338, located in the Karaganda region, was inaccessible due to the fact that this territory is under a long-term lease to the Russian Federation and thus under its jurisdiction.

The sample was stratified by region, urban and rural areas, and is not self-weighted. The sample weights are used for reporting nationally representative results. A more detailed description of the sample design can be found in the Final Report (Appendix A, Sample Design) attached as Related Material.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Three sets of questionnaires were used in the survey: 1) a household questionnaire which was used to collect basic demographic information on all de jure household members (usual residents), the household, and the dwelling; 2) a questionnaire for individual women administered in each household to all women aged 15-49 years; and 3) an under-5 questionnaire, administered to mothers (or primary caretakers) of all children under 5 living in the household that included a form for collecting vaccination records at Health Facilities for children under 3.

The Fertility module was included in order to be able to calculate indicators concerning total fertility rate and adolescent birth rate. From the onset, it was decided that childhood mortality indicators will not be calculated on the basis of this survey. Following the 2013 UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (IGME) mission to Kazakhstan, which assessed that the official registration of births and deaths of children aged 0 to 5 years in the country was in line with international standards, the government made a decision to use infant and child mortality data generated by the official statistics, taking into account the adjustments of the IGME.

The Questionnaire for Children Under Five was administered to mothers (or primary caretakers) of children under 5 years of age living in the households. Normally, the questionnaire was administered to mothers of under-5 children; in cases when the mother was not listed in the household roster, a primary caretaker for the child was identified and interviewed.

An additional form was used for all children aged 0-2 years with a completed Questionnaire for Children Under Five, the Appendix for Data Collection at Health Facility About Immunization, to record vaccinations from the registries at health facilities.

The questionnaires are based on the MICS5 model questionnaires. From the MICS5 model English and Russian versions, the questionnaires were customised for 2015 Kazakhstan MICS and translated into the Kazakh language. The questionnaires in the Kazakh and Russian languages were pre-tested in Astana city and in the urban and rural settlements of Karaganda region in May 2015. Based on the results of the pre-test, modifications were made to the wording and translation of the questionnaires. A copy of the 2015 Kazakhstan MICS questionnaires is provided as Related Material.

In addition to the administration of questionnaires, fieldwork teams tested salt used for cooking in the households for iodine content, observed the place for handwashing, and measured the weight and height of children under 5 years of age.

Cleaning operations

Data entry was done using the CSPro software, Version 5.0. The data entry was done on 10 desktop computers by 10 data entry operators and overseen by 2 office editors (questionnaire administrator and data entry editor), as well as by one data entry supervisor. For quality assurance purposes, all questionnaires were entered twice and internal consistency checks were performed. Procedures and standard programmes developed under the global MICS programme and adapted to the 2015 Kazakhstan MICS questionnaires were used throughout. Data processing began in parallel with data collection on 15 September and was completed in December 2015. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, Version 21. Model syntaxes and tabulation plans developed by UNICEF were customized and used for this purpose.

Response rate

Of the 16,791 households in the sample, 16,605 households were inhabited. Of these, 16,500 households were successfully interviewed: the proportion of interviewed households amounted to 99.4 percent. 12,910 women aged 15-49 years were identified in the interviewed households, of which 12,670 women were successfully interviewed: the proportion of female respondents in interviewed households was 98.1 percent. The list of household members in the household Questionnaire identified 5,561 children under 5. Questionnaires were completed for 5,510 children, which corresponds to 99.1 percent response rate for the interviewed households.

The household response rates in urban and rural areas were more than 99 percent, and by regions - more than 98 percent.

Sampling error estimates

The sample of respondents selected in the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey - 2015 Kazakhstan MICS - is only one of the samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between the estimates from all possible samples. The extent of variation or variability is not known exactly, but can be estimated statistically from the survey data.

The following sampling

Abstract

The Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) is a household survey programme developed by UNICEF to assist countries in filling data gaps for monitoring human development in general and the situation of children and women in particular. MICS is capable of producing statistically sound, internationally comparable estimates of social indicators. The current round of MICS is focused on providing a monitoring tool for the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the World Fit for Children (WFFC), as well as for other major international commitments, such as the United Nations General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) on HIV/AIDS and the Abuja targets for malaria.

Survey Objectives The 2006 Kazakhstan Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey has as its primary objectives: - To provide up-to-date information for assessing the situation of children and women in Kazakhstan - To furnish data needed for monitoring progress toward goals established in the Millennium Declaration, the goals of A World Fit For Children (WFFC), and other internationally agreed upon goals, as a basis for future action; - To contribute to the improvement of data and monitoring systems in Kazakhstan and to strengthen technical expertise in the design, implementation, and analysis of such systems.

Survey Content MICS questionnaires are designed in a modular fashion that can be easily customized to the needs of a country. They consist of a household questionnaire, a questionnaire for women aged 15-49 and a questionnaire for children under the age of five (to be administered to the mother or caretaker). Other than a set of core modules, countries can select which modules they want to include in each questionnaire.

Survey Implementation The survey was carried out by The Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan, with the support and assistance of UNICEF and other partners. Technical assistance and training for the surveys is provided through a series of regional workshops, covering questionnaire content, sampling and survey implementation; data processing; data quality and data analysis; report writing and dissemination.

Geographic coverage

The sample for the Kazakhstan Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) was designed to provide estimates on a large number of indicators on the situation of children and women at the national level, for urban and rural areas, as well as at sub-national level for 16 regions - 14 Oblasts and 2 Cities: - Akmola Oblast - Aktobe Oblast - Almaty Oblast - Atyrau Oblast - West Kazakhstan Oblast - Zhambyl Oblast - Karaganda Oblast - Kostanai Oblast - Kyzylorda Oblast - Mangistau Oblast - South Kazakhstan Oblast - Pavlodar Oblast - North Kazakhstan Oblast - East Kazakhstan Oblast - Astana City - Almaty City

Analysis unit

Households (defined as a group of persons who usually live and eat together)

De jure household members (defined as memers of the household who usually live in the household, which may include people who did not sleep in the household the previous night, but does not include visitors who slept in the household the previous night but do not usually live in the household)

Women aged 15-49

Children aged 0-4

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged 15-49 years resident in the household, and all children aged 0-4 years (under age 5) resident in the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Regions were identified as the main sampling domains and the sample was selected in two stages. The sample was stratified by urban and rural areas (which represent second level territorial and administrative units). 1999 Population Census enumeration areas were selected as Primary Sampling Units (PSUs). The number of primary sampling units (PSUs) for oblast and main cities depended on the total population at the beginning of 2005.

At the first stage, mentioned number of PSUs was randomly selected for each stratum. In general, 625 PSUs were selected within the country. At the second stage, 24 households were systematically selected in each sampled primary sampling unit. Thus, total number of sampled households made 15,000.

The sample was stratified by region and is not self-weighting. For reporting national level results, sample weights are used.

For more information on the sampling design please see the sampling design document under the technical documents folder.

Sampling deviation

No major deviations from the original sample design were made. All sample enumeration areas were accessed and successfully interviewed with good response rates.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The questionnaires for the Kazakhstan MICS were structured questionnaires based on the MICS3 Model Questionnaire with some modifications and additions. A household questionnaire was administered in each household, which collected various information on household members including sex, age, relationship, and orphanhood status. The household questionnaire includes household characteristics, education, child labour, water and sanitation, and salt iodization, with optional modules for child discipline, maternal mortality and durability of housing and Kazakhstan specific modules about UICEF.

In addition to a household questionnaire, questionnaires were administered in each household for women age 15-49 and children under age five. For children, the questionnaire was administered to the mother or caretaker of the child.

The women's questionnaire include women's characteristics, child mortality, maternal and newborn health, marriage and union, contraception, and HIV/AIDS knowledge, with optional modules for domestic violence, and sexual (reproductive) behavior and Kazakhstan specific module for Tuberculosis.

The children's questionnaire includes children's characteristics, birth registration and early learning, breastfeeding, care of illness, immunization, and anthropometry, with an optional module for child development.

The questionnaires are based on the MICS3 model questionnaire; however, some Modules were adapted to Kazakhstan (in particular, Education Module, which was considerably changed). English questionnaires were translated into Russian and Kazakh. Questionnaires were pre-tested in Fabrichnyi (Almaty Oblast) and Kordai (Zhambyl Oblast) settlements in November 2005. Based on the results of the pre-test, modifications were made to the wording and translation of the questionnaires. All questionnaires and modules are provided as external resources.

Cleaning operations

Data editing took place at a number of stages throughout the processing (see Other processing), including: a) Office editing and coding b) During data entry c) Structure checking and completeness d) Secondary editing e) Structural checking of SPSS data files

Detailed documentation of the editing of data can be found in the data processing guidelines

Response rate

Of the 15,000 households selected for the sample, 14,984 were found to be occupied. Of these 14,564 were successfully interviewed for a household response rate of 97.2 percent. In the interviewed households, 14,719 women (age 15-49) were identified. Of these, 14,570 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 99.0 percent. In addition, 4,424 children under age five were listed in the household questionnaire. Of these, questionnaires were completed for 4,416, which correspond to a response rate of 99.8 percent. Overall response rates calculated for the interviews of women 15-49 years of age and children under-5 were 96.2 and 97.0 percents respectively.

Household response rates in rural areas were higher than in urban - 99.4 and 95.6 percent respectively. Overall household response rate throughout the country was high and varied from 91.6 percent in Almaty City up to 99 percent in Zhambyl Oblast.

Sampling error estimates

Estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: 1) non-sampling errors and 2) sampling errors. Non-sampling errors are the results of mistakes made in the implementation of data collection and data processing. Numerous efforts were made during implementation of the 2006 MICS to minimize this type of error, however, non-sampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents to the 2006 MICS is only one of many possible samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each of these samples would yield results that differe somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability in the results of the survey between all possible samples, and, although, the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results. The sampling erros are measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean or percentage), which is the square root of the variance. Confidence intervals are calculated for each statistic within which the true value for the population can be assumed to fall. Plus or minus two standard errors of the statistic is used for key statistics presented in MICS, equivalent to a 95 percent confidence interval.

If the sample of respondents had been a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulae for calculating sampling errors. However, the 2006 MICS sample is the result of a multi-stage stratified design, and consequently needs to use more

Abstract

The Kazakhstan Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS4) was conducted in 2010-2011 by the Agency of Statistics, RK primarily with technical and financial support of the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and co-financing of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). The survey provides valuable information on the situation of children, women and men in Kazakhstan, and was based, in large part, on the needs to monitor progress towards goals and targets emanating from recent international agreements: the Millennium Declaration, adopted by all 191 United Nations Member States in September 2000, and the Plan of Action of a World Fit For Children, adopted by 189 Member States at the United Nations Special Session on Children in May 2002. Both of these commitments build upon promises made by the international community at the 1990 World Summit for Children.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• individuals,
• households.

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged between 15-49 years, all men aged between 15-59 years and all children under 5 living in the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The primary objective of the sample design for the Kazakhstan Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey MICS4 was to produce statistically reliable estimates of most indicators, at the national level, for urban and rural areas at the national level, and for the following regional domains: Akmola, Aktobe, Atyrau, Almaty, East Kazakhstan, Zhambyl, West Kazakhstan, Karaganda, Kostanai, Kyzylorda, Mangistau, Pavlodar, North Kazakhstan, South Kazakhstan Oblasts and Astana and Almaty cities.

Urban and rural areas in each of the 16 regions including Astana and Almaty cities were defined as the sampling strata. A multi-stage, stratified cluster sampling approach was used for the selection of the survey sample.

The target sample size for the Kazakhstan MICS was calculated as 16,380 households. The population of each Oblast was divided into two strata, urban and rural areas, and the sample households were selected in three stages. Within each stratum, enumeration areas (EAs) were selected systematically with probability proportional to size. At the second sampling stage the larger EAs were divided into smaller segments, and one segment was selected in sample EA. After the household listing was carried out within the selected EAs or segments, a sample of 21 households was drawn in each sample EA.

The sampling procedures are more fully described in "Kazakhstan Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2010 - Report" pp.243-250.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The questionnaires for the Generic MICS were structured questionnaires based on the MICS4 model questionnaire with some modifications and additions. Household questionnaires were administered to a knowledgeable adult living in the household. The household questionnaire includes Household Listing Form, Education, Water and Sanitation, Household Characteristics, Child Discipline, and Salt Iodization.

In addition to a household questionnaire, the Questionnaire for Individual Women was administered to all women aged 15-49 years living in the households. The women's questionnaire includes Women's Background, Access to Mass Media and Use of Information/Communication Technology, Child Mortality, Desire for Last Birth, Maternal and Newborn Health, Illness Symptoms, Contraception, Unmet Need, Attitudes Towards Domestic Violence, Marriage/Union, Sexual Behaviour, HIV/AIDS, Tobacco and Alcohol Use, and Domestic Violence.

The Questionnaire for Individual Men was administered to each third man among all men aged 15-59 living in the households. The men's questionnaire includes Men's Background, Access to Mass Media and Use of Information/Communication Technology, Contraception, Attitudes Towards Domestic Violence, Marriage/Union, Sexual Behaviour, HIV/AIDS, Circumcision, Tobacco and Alcohol Use.

The Questionnaire for Children Under-Five was administered to mothers or caretakers of children under 5 years of age1 living in the households. The children's questionnaire includes Age, Birth Registration, Early Childhood Development, Breastfeeding, Care of Illness, Immunization and Anthropometry.

Cleaning operations

The data were entered on 18 computers and carried out by 14 data entry operators and 4 data entry supervisors (including 2 editors) using the CSPro software. In order to ensure quality control, all questionnaires were double entered and internal consistency checks were performed. Procedures and standard programmes developed under the global MICS4 programme and adapted to the Kazakhstan questionnaire were used throughout. Data processing began simultaneously with data collection in November 2010. Data entry was completed in the end of January 2011; processing and editing of the primary database was completed in July – August 2011. In August 2011 the results of preliminary MICS4 analysis were presented to concerned authorities (representatives of various ministries and agencies) as well as international organizations. The tables in certain new modules (for instance on Domestic Violence and Abortions) and the Questionnaire for Individual Men were discussed and corrected with the help of UNICEF international consultants up until the end of 2011.

Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software programme, Version 18, and the model syntax and tabulation plans developed by UNICEF and adapted to the Kazakhstan questionnaires by a software expert from the Information and Computer Centre of the Agency of Statistics, Republic of Kazakhstan.

Response rate

Of the 16,380 households selected for the sample, 16,018 were found to be occupied. Of these, 15,800 were successfully interviewed for a household response rate of 98.6 percent. In the interviewed households 14,228 women (age 15-49) were identified. Of these, 14,014 women were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 98.5 percent. For men (age 15-59), these indicators were 4,043 – listed, 3,846 – successfully interviewed that gives response rate at 95.1 percent. In addition, 5,227 children under-5 were listed in the household questionnaire. Questionnaires were completed for 5,181 of these children, which corresponds to a response rate of 99.1 percent. Overall response rates of 97.2 percent and 97.8 percent are calculated for 15-49-year-old women’s and under-5’s interviews respectively. This response rate calculated for men aged 15-59 was 93.8 percent.

Sampling error estimates

Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between the estimates from all possible samples. The extent of variability is not known exactly, but can be estimated statistically from the survey data.

The following sampling error measures are presented in this appendix for each of the selected indicators: - Standard error (se): Sampling errors are usually measured in terms of standard errors for particular indicators (means, proportions etc). Standard error is the square root of the variance of the estimate. The Taylor linearization method is used for the estimation of standard errors. - Coefficient of variation (se/r) is the ratio of the standard error to the value of the indicator, and is a measure of the relative sampling error. - Design effect (deff) is the ratio of the actual variance of an indicator, under the sampling method used in the survey, to the variance calculated under the assumption of simple random sampling. The square root of the design effect (deft) is used to show the efficiency of the sample design in relation to the precision. A deft value of 1.0 indicates that the sample design is as efficient as a simple random sample, while a deft value above 1.0 indicates the increase in the standard error due to the use of a more complex sample design. - Confidence limits are calculated to show the interval within which the true value for the population can be reasonably assumed to fall, with a specified level of confidence. For any given statistic calculated from the survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error (r + 2.se or r – 2.se) of the statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.

For the calculation of sampling errors from MICS data, SPSS Version 18 Complex Samples module has been used. The results are shown in the tables that follow. In addition to the sampling error measures described above, the tables also include weighted and unweighted counts of denominators for each indicator.

Sampling errors are calculated for indicators of primary interest, for the national level, for the regions, and for urban and rural areas. One of the selected indicators is based on households, 5 are based on household members, 18 are based on women, 10 are based on men, and 17 are based on children under 5. All indicators presented here are in the form of proportions.

Data appraisal

A series of data quality tables are available to review the quality of the data and include the following:

• Age distribution of the household population
• Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women
• Age distribution of eligible and interviewed men
• Percentage of selected households for men interviews and percentage of interviewed men by area and region
• Age distribution of children under 5 in household and children under 5 questionnaires
• Women's completion rates by socio-economic characteristics of

The Kazakhstan Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) was conducted in 2015 by the Statistics Committee of the Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan (herein MNE RK). This is the third MICS Survey in Kazakhstan. The findings from these surveys were used in development and implementation of state programmes in the areas of mother and child health, as well as country programmes of the United Nation Children’s Fund (UNICEF) in Kazakhstan, highlighting the need to improve the statistical data management system with regard to children. Such surveys are crucially important in terms of assessing the state of children and women in Kazakhstan as they provide unique information for development of the national child-centred policy and for international positioning of Kazakhstan. The survey provides statistically sound and internationally comparable data essential for development of evidence base and programmes, and for monitoring country progress towards national goals and global (international) commitments. Among these global commitments are those emanating from international agreements the World Fit for Children Declaration and its Plan of Action, the goals of the United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS, the Education for All Declaration and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). In addition, the 2015 Kazakhstan MICS results will contribute to establishing a baseline for monitoring the state of women and children in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). OBJECTIVES To provide up-to-date information for assessing the situation of children and women in the Republic of Kazakhstan; To collect information that will help to improve national policies in the area of childhood and motherhood protection; To generate data for the critical assessment of the progress made in various areas, and to put additional efforts in areas that require more attention; To collect disaggregated data for the identification of disparities, to allow for evidence based policy-making aimed at social inclusion of the most vulnerable; To validate data from other sources and the results of focused interventions; To contribute to the generation of baseline data for the post-2015 agenda; To contribute to the improvement of data and monitoring systems in the Republic of Kazakhstan and to strengthen technical expertise in the design and implementation of such systems as well as in a better analysis of available data.

Kazakhstan KZ: Women Who Believe a Husband is Justified in Beating His Wife: Any of Five Reasons data was reported at 12.200 % in 2011. This records an increase from the previous number of 10.400 % for 2006. Kazakhstan KZ: Women Who Believe a Husband is Justified in Beating His Wife: Any of Five Reasons data is updated yearly, averaging 11.300 % from Dec 2006 (Median) to 2011, with 2 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 12.200 % in 2011 and a record low of 10.400 % in 2006. Kazakhstan KZ: Women Who Believe a Husband is Justified in Beating His Wife: Any of Five Reasons data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Kazakhstan – Table KZ.World Bank: Health Statistics. Percentage of women ages 15-49 who believe a husband/partner is justified in hitting or beating his wife/partner for any of the following five reasons: argues with him; refuses to have sex; burns the food; goes out without telling him; or when she neglects the children.; ; Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), and other surveys: STATcompiler (http://www.statcompiler.com/) as of November 22, 2016, UNICEF global databases (http://www.data.unicef.org/) as of November 2015. MICS Compiler (http://www.micscompiler.org/) as of June 12, 2016.; ;