In G20 countries, the share of the population that earned at least the equivalent of the highest 10 percent of global income earners as of 2022 in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms varies from over two thirds in Australia to only *** percent in Indonesia. The United States recorded the second-highest upper-class share of the G20 countries. However, looking at for instance China, approximately ** percent of the population counts as middle class or above, whereas just ***** percent counts as upper class or higher.

Key information about Australia Household Income per Capita

• Australia Annual Household Income per Capita reached 30,914.027 USD in Jun 2020, compared with the previous value of 34,767.371 USD in Jun 2018.
• Australia Annual Household Income per Capita data is updated yearly, available from Jun 1995 to Jun 2020, with an averaged value of 25,207.153 USD.
• The data reached an all-time high of 43,819.349 USD in Jun 2012 and a record low of 15,753.318 USD in Jun 2001.
• In the latest reports, Retail Sales of Australia grew 4.217 % YoY in May 2023.

CEIC calculates Annual Household Income per Capita from annual Weekly Average Household Income multiplied by 52, annual Number of Household and quarterly Total Population and converts it into USD. The Australian Bureau of Statistics provides Average Household Income in local currency, Number of Household and Total Population. Federal Reserve Board average market exchange rate is used for currency conversions. Household Income per Capita is in annual frequency, ending in June of each year. Household Income per Capita prior to 2008 based on 2017-2018 price.

Middle-income trap refers to the economic growth strategies that transition low-income countries into middle-income ones but fail to transition the middle-income countries into high-income countries. We observe the existence of a middle-income trap for upper-middle- and lower middle-income countries. We examine the reasons for the middle-income trap using the Bayesian model averaging (BMA) and generalized method of moments (GMM). We also explore the transformation of middle-income economies into high-income economies using logistic, probit and Limited Information Maximum Likelihood (LIML) regression analyses. Random forest analysis is also used to check the robustness of the findings. BMA analysis shows that education plays an enabling role in high-income countries in determining economic growth, whereas the full poten tial of education is not fully utilized in middle-income countries. GMM estimations show that the education coefficient is positive and significant for high-income and middle-income countries. This implies that education plays a decisive positive role in achieving economic growth and gives a path to escape from the middle-income trap. However, the education coefficient for middle-income countries is approximately half that of high-income countries. Therefore, the findings of this study call for additional investment and focused strategies relating to human capital endowments

In financial year 2020, over 460 thousand households in Australia had a gross weekly household income of 6,000 Australian dollars or more. On the other end of the spectrum, over 30,000 households had a negative income and around over 32,000 had no income.

Australia Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: Europe & Central Asia data was reported at 0.276 % in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.256 % for 2022. Australia Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: Europe & Central Asia data is updated yearly, averaging 0.307 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2023, with 64 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.767 % in 1963 and a record low of 0.015 % in 1978. Australia Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: Europe & Central Asia data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.World Bank.WDI: Exports. Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Europe and Central Asia are the sum of merchandise exports from the reporting economy to low- and middle-income economies in the Europe and Central Asia region according to World Bank classification of economies. Data are as a percentage of total merchandise exports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.;World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.;Weighted average;

Australia Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Sub-Saharan Africa data was reported at 0.742 % in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.860 % for 2022. Australia Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Sub-Saharan Africa data is updated yearly, averaging 0.988 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2023, with 64 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.421 % in 2012 and a record low of 0.231 % in 1992. Australia Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Sub-Saharan Africa data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.World Bank.WDI: Imports. Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in Sub-Saharan Africa are the sum of merchandise imports by the reporting economy from low- and middle-income economies in the Sub-Saharan Africa region according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are expressed as a percentage of total merchandise imports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.;World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.;Weighted average;

Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies outside region (% of total merchandise imports) in Australia was reported at 6.0179 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Australia - Merchandise imports from developing economies outside region (% of total merchandise imports) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on September of 2025.

The Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey is a household-based panel study which began in 2001. The survey is conducted for the (Federal) Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs (FaHCSIA). The Nielsen Company conducted the fieldwork from 2001 to 2008; Roy Morgan Research 2009-. The primary objective of HILDA is to support questions falling into three broad areas: -Income dynamics - focusing on how households respond to policy changes aimed at improving financial incentives, and interactions between changes in family status and poverty. -Labour market dynamics - focusing on low-to-middle income households, female participation, and work to retirement transitions; and -Family dynamics - focusing on family formation, well-being and separation, along with post-separation arrangements for children, and on links between income support and family formation and breakdown. HILDA has the following key features: -It collects information about economic and subjective well-being, labour market dynamics and family dynamics. -Special questionnaire modules are included each wave. -The wave 1 panel consisted of 7,682 households and 19,914 individuals. -Interviews are conducted annually with all adult members of each household. -The panel members are followed over time. -The funding has been guaranteed for twelve waves, though the survey is designed to continue for longer than this. -Academic and other researchers can apply to use the General Release datasets for their research (see Access conditions). As of October 2011 nine waves of data are available to researchers. User Manuals at http://melbourneinstitute.com/hilda/doc/doc_hildamanual.html

Australia Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: South Asia data was reported at 2.749 % in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 3.010 % for 2022. Australia Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: South Asia data is updated yearly, averaging 1.131 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2023, with 64 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.855 % in 1961 and a record low of 0.759 % in 1985. Australia Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: South Asia data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.World Bank.WDI: Imports. Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in South Asia are the sum of merchandise imports by the reporting economy from low- and middle-income economies in the South Asia region according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are expressed as a percentage of total merchandise imports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.;World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.;Weighted average;

Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in Middle East & North Africa (% of total merchandise imports) in Australia was reported at 0.27805 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Australia - Merchandise imports from developing economies in Middle East & North Africa (% of total merchandise imports) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on September of 2025.

Australia Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: East Asia & Pacific data was reported at 46.863 % in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 39.930 % for 2022. Australia Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: East Asia & Pacific data is updated yearly, averaging 14.118 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2023, with 64 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 46.863 % in 2023 and a record low of 5.705 % in 1960. Australia Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: East Asia & Pacific data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.World Bank.WDI: Exports. Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in East Asia and Pacific are the sum of merchandise exports from the reporting economy to low- and middle-income economies in the East Asia and Pacific region according to World Bank classification of economies. Data are as a percentage of total merchandise exports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.;World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.;Weighted average;

Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies outside region (% of total merchandise exports) in Australia was reported at 7.201 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Australia - Merchandise exports to developing economies outside region (% of total merchandise exports) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on September of 2025.

Educational campaigning has received little attention in the literature. This study investigates long-term and organised urban campaigns that are collectively lobbying the Victorian State Government in Australia, for a new public high school to be constructed in their suburb. A public high school is also known as a state school, government school, or an ordinary comprehensive school. It receives the majority of its funding from the State and Federal Australian Government, and is generally regarded as ‘free’ education, in comparison to a private school. Whilst the campaigners frame their requests as for a ‘public school’, their primary appeal is for a local school in their community. This study questions how collective campaigning for a locale-specific public school is influenced by geography, class and identity. In order to explore these campaigns, I draw on formative studies of middle-class school choice from an Australian and United Kingdom perspective (Campbell, Proctor, & Sherington, 2009; Reay, Crozier, & James, 2011). To think about the role of geography and space in these processes of choice, I look to apply Harvey’s (1973) theory of absolute, relational and relative space. I use Bourdieu (1999b) as a sociological lens that is attentive to “site effects” and it is through this lens that I think about class as a “collection of properties” (Bourdieu, 1984, p. 106), actualised via mechanisms of identity and representation (Hall, 1996; Rose, 1996a, 1996b). This study redresses three distinct gaps in the literature: first, I focus attention on a contemporary middle-class choice strategy—that is, collective campaigning for a public school. Research within this field is significantly under-developed, despite this choice strategy being on the rise. Second, previous research argues that certain middle-class choosers regard the local public school as “inferior” in some way (Reay, et al., 2011, p. 111), merely acting as a “safety net” (Campbell, et al., 2009, p. 5) and connected to the working-class chooser (Reay & Ball, 1997). The campaigners are characteristic of the middle-class school chooser, but they are purposefully and strategically seeking out the local public school. Therefore, this study looks to build on work by Reay, et al. (2011) in thinking about “against-the-grain school choice”, specifically within the Australian context. Third, this study uses visual and graphic methods in order to examine the influence of geography in the education market (Taylor, 2001). I see the visualisation of space and schooling that I offer in this dissertation as a key theoretical contribution of this study. I draw on a number of data sets, both qualitative and quantitative, to explore the research questions. I interviewed campaigners and attended campaign meetings as participant observer; I collected statistical data from fifteen different suburbs and schools, and conducted comparative analyses of each. These analyses are displayed by using visual graphs. This study uses maps created by a professional graphic designer and photographs by a professional photographer; I draw on publications by the campaigners themselves, such as surveys, reports and social media; but also, interviews with campaigners that are published in local or state newspapers. The multiple data sets enable an immersive and rich graphic ethnography. This study contributes by building on understandings of how particular sociological cohorts of choosers are engaging with, and choosing, the urban public school in Australia. It is relevant for policy making, in that it comes at a time of increasing privatisation and a move toward independent public schools. This study identifies cohorts of choosers that are employing individual and collective political strategies to obtain a specific school, and it identifies this cohort via explicit class-based characteristics and their school choice behaviours. I look to use fresh theoretical and methodological approaches that emphasise space and geography, theorising geo-identity and the pseudo-private school.

Australia Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: South Asia data was reported at 5.176 % in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 5.545 % for 2022. Australia Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: South Asia data is updated yearly, averaging 2.851 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2023, with 64 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 8.224 % in 2009 and a record low of 1.103 % in 1973. Australia Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: South Asia data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.World Bank.WDI: Exports. Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in South Asia are the sum of merchandise exports from the reporting economy to low- and middle-income economies in the South Asia region according to World Bank classification of economies. Data are as a percentage of total merchandise exports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.;World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.;Weighted average;

This interview is part of the Women, Risk and Aids Project (1989-90) archive which was created as part of the Reanimating Data Project (2018-20).Anonymised transcript of interview with Justine, who is living with her girlfriend and co-parenting their child. She talks about the gay scene in Sydney and the sexual norms that it allowed. Justine has had some patchy use of contraception throughout her sexual relationships, relying mainly on the pill, and has contracted STDs. Her sex education in Australia was quite poor, especially around things like abortion that were taught by pro-life religious groups. AIDS information came from the gay community itself, gay media and through her job in the council - she wouldn't trust the 'regular' news. It has been quite a worry for her, especially as she is socialising within gay communities. Justine came out while at school, and faced a lot of homophobia, but saw it as an opportunity to challenge restrictive social norms in her suburban community. She's not sure what she'd like to do in the future, but does not envisage staying with her current partner for a long time.

Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Middle East & North Africa (% of total merchandise exports) in Australia was reported at 0.44017 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Australia - Merchandise exports to developing economies in Middle East & North Africa (% of total merchandise exports) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on September of 2025.

Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in South Asia (% of total merchandise exports) in Australia was reported at 5.1762 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Australia - Merchandise exports to developing economies in South Asia (% of total merchandise exports) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on September of 2025.

Australia Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: East Asia & Pacific data was reported at 39.958 % in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 40.365 % for 2022. Australia Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: East Asia & Pacific data is updated yearly, averaging 11.395 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2023, with 64 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 40.665 % in 2020 and a record low of 3.151 % in 1975. Australia Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: East Asia & Pacific data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.World Bank.WDI: Imports. Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in East Asia and Pacific are the sum of merchandise imports by the reporting economy from low- and middle-income economies in the East Asia and Pacific region according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are expressed as a percentage of total merchandise imports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.;World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.;Weighted average;

Australia Biohacking Market growth is driven by increasing internet penetration, wellness trends, and growing middle-class income levels.

Percentage refers to proportion of total NSAID sales in all countries studied. HMIC (high-/high middle-income countries): Australia, China, China (Hong Kong), Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, UK/England, Canada; LMIC (low-/low middle-income countries): Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan, Philippines, Vietnam.aDiclofenac, etoricoxib.