In G20 countries, the share of the population that earned at least the equivalent of the highest 10 percent of global income earners as of 2022 in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms varies from over two thirds in Australia to only *** percent in Indonesia. The United States recorded the second-highest upper-class share of the G20 countries. However, looking at for instance China, approximately ** percent of the population counts as middle class or above, whereas just ***** percent counts as upper class or higher.
Middle-income trap refers to the economic growth strategies that transition low-income countries into middle-income ones but fail to transition the middle-income countries into high-income countries. We observe the existence of a middle-income trap for upper-middle- and lower middle-income countries. We examine the reasons for the middle-income trap using the Bayesian model averaging (BMA) and generalized method of moments (GMM). We also explore the transformation of middle-income economies into high-income economies using logistic, probit and Limited Information Maximum Likelihood (LIML) regression analyses. Random forest analysis is also used to check the robustness of the findings. BMA analysis shows that education plays an enabling role in high-income countries in determining economic growth, whereas the full poten tial of education is not fully utilized in middle-income countries. GMM estimations show that the education coefficient is positive and significant for high-income and middle-income countries. This implies that education plays a decisive positive role in achieving economic growth and gives a path to escape from the middle-income trap. However, the education coefficient for middle-income countries is approximately half that of high-income countries. Therefore, the findings of this study call for additional investment and focused strategies relating to human capital endowments
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Australia Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: Europe & Central Asia data was reported at 0.276 % in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.256 % for 2022. Australia Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: Europe & Central Asia data is updated yearly, averaging 0.307 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2023, with 64 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.767 % in 1963 and a record low of 0.015 % in 1978. Australia Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: Europe & Central Asia data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.World Bank.WDI: Exports. Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Europe and Central Asia are the sum of merchandise exports from the reporting economy to low- and middle-income economies in the Europe and Central Asia region according to World Bank classification of economies. Data are as a percentage of total merchandise exports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.;World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.;Weighted average;
In financial year 2020, over 460 thousand households in Australia had a gross weekly household income of 6,000 Australian dollars or more. On the other end of the spectrum, over 30,000 households had a negative income and around over 32,000 had no income.
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Australia Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Sub-Saharan Africa data was reported at 0.742 % in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.860 % for 2022. Australia Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Sub-Saharan Africa data is updated yearly, averaging 0.988 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2023, with 64 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.421 % in 2012 and a record low of 0.231 % in 1992. Australia Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Sub-Saharan Africa data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.World Bank.WDI: Imports. Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in Sub-Saharan Africa are the sum of merchandise imports by the reporting economy from low- and middle-income economies in the Sub-Saharan Africa region according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are expressed as a percentage of total merchandise imports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.;World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.;Weighted average;
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Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in Middle East & North Africa (% of total merchandise imports) in Australia was reported at 0.27805 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Australia - Merchandise imports from developing economies in Middle East & North Africa (% of total merchandise imports) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on July of 2025.
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Australia Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Latin America & The Caribbean data was reported at 1.783 % in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1.789 % for 2022. Australia Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Latin America & The Caribbean data is updated yearly, averaging 1.010 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2023, with 64 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.912 % in 2017 and a record low of 0.347 % in 1969. Australia Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Latin America & The Caribbean data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.World Bank.WDI: Imports. Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in Latin America and the Caribbean are the sum of merchandise imports by the reporting economy from low- and middle-income economies in the Latin America and the Caribbean region according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are expressed as a percentage of total merchandise imports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.;World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.;Weighted average;
The Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey is a household-based panel study which began in 2001. The survey is conducted for the (Federal) Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs (FaHCSIA). The Nielsen Company conducted the fieldwork from 2001 to 2008; Roy Morgan Research 2009-. The primary objective of HILDA is to support questions falling into three broad areas: -Income dynamics - focusing on how households respond to policy changes aimed at improving financial incentives, and interactions between changes in family status and poverty. -Labour market dynamics - focusing on low-to-middle income households, female participation, and work to retirement transitions; and -Family dynamics - focusing on family formation, well-being and separation, along with post-separation arrangements for children, and on links between income support and family formation and breakdown. HILDA has the following key features: -It collects information about economic and subjective well-being, labour market dynamics and family dynamics. -Special questionnaire modules are included each wave. -The wave 1 panel consisted of 7,682 households and 19,914 individuals. -Interviews are conducted annually with all adult members of each household. -The panel members are followed over time. -The funding has been guaranteed for twelve waves, though the survey is designed to continue for longer than this. -Academic and other researchers can apply to use the General Release datasets for their research (see Access conditions). As of October 2011 nine waves of data are available to researchers. User Manuals at http://melbourneinstitute.com/hilda/doc/doc_hildamanual.html
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Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies outside region (% of total merchandise imports) in Australia was reported at 6.0179 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Australia - Merchandise imports from developing economies outside region (% of total merchandise imports) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on July of 2025.
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Australia Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: East Asia & Pacific data was reported at 39.958 % in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 40.365 % for 2022. Australia Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: East Asia & Pacific data is updated yearly, averaging 11.395 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2023, with 64 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 40.665 % in 2020 and a record low of 3.151 % in 1975. Australia Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: East Asia & Pacific data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.World Bank.WDI: Imports. Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in East Asia and Pacific are the sum of merchandise imports by the reporting economy from low- and middle-income economies in the East Asia and Pacific region according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are expressed as a percentage of total merchandise imports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.;World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.;Weighted average;
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Educational campaigning has received little attention in the literature. This study investigates long-term and organised urban campaigns that are collectively lobbying the Victorian State Government in Australia, for a new public high school to be constructed in their suburb. A public high school is also known as a state school, government school, or an ordinary comprehensive school. It receives the majority of its funding from the State and Federal Australian Government, and is generally regarded as ‘free’ education, in comparison to a private school. Whilst the campaigners frame their requests as for a ‘public school’, their primary appeal is for a local school in their community. This study questions how collective campaigning for a locale-specific public school is influenced by geography, class and identity. In order to explore these campaigns, I draw on formative studies of middle-class school choice from an Australian and United Kingdom perspective (Campbell, Proctor, & Sherington, 2009; Reay, Crozier, & James, 2011). To think about the role of geography and space in these processes of choice, I look to apply Harvey’s (1973) theory of absolute, relational and relative space. I use Bourdieu (1999b) as a sociological lens that is attentive to “site effects” and it is through this lens that I think about class as a “collection of properties” (Bourdieu, 1984, p. 106), actualised via mechanisms of identity and representation (Hall, 1996; Rose, 1996a, 1996b). This study redresses three distinct gaps in the literature: first, I focus attention on a contemporary middle-class choice strategy—that is, collective campaigning for a public school. Research within this field is significantly under-developed, despite this choice strategy being on the rise. Second, previous research argues that certain middle-class choosers regard the local public school as “inferior” in some way (Reay, et al., 2011, p. 111), merely acting as a “safety net” (Campbell, et al., 2009, p. 5) and connected to the working-class chooser (Reay & Ball, 1997). The campaigners are characteristic of the middle-class school chooser, but they are purposefully and strategically seeking out the local public school. Therefore, this study looks to build on work by Reay, et al. (2011) in thinking about “against-the-grain school choice”, specifically within the Australian context. Third, this study uses visual and graphic methods in order to examine the influence of geography in the education market (Taylor, 2001). I see the visualisation of space and schooling that I offer in this dissertation as a key theoretical contribution of this study. I draw on a number of data sets, both qualitative and quantitative, to explore the research questions. I interviewed campaigners and attended campaign meetings as participant observer; I collected statistical data from fifteen different suburbs and schools, and conducted comparative analyses of each. These analyses are displayed by using visual graphs. This study uses maps created by a professional graphic designer and photographs by a professional photographer; I draw on publications by the campaigners themselves, such as surveys, reports and social media; but also, interviews with campaigners that are published in local or state newspapers. The multiple data sets enable an immersive and rich graphic ethnography. This study contributes by building on understandings of how particular sociological cohorts of choosers are engaging with, and choosing, the urban public school in Australia. It is relevant for policy making, in that it comes at a time of increasing privatisation and a move toward independent public schools. This study identifies cohorts of choosers that are employing individual and collective political strategies to obtain a specific school, and it identifies this cohort via explicit class-based characteristics and their school choice behaviours. I look to use fresh theoretical and methodological approaches that emphasise space and geography, theorising geo-identity and the pseudo-private school.
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Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in Latin America & the Caribbean (% of total merchandise imports) in Australia was reported at 1.7825 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Australia - Merchandise imports from developing economies in Latin America & the Caribbean (% of total merchandise imports) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on June of 2025.
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Australia Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: South Asia data was reported at 2.749 % in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 3.010 % for 2022. Australia Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: South Asia data is updated yearly, averaging 1.131 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2023, with 64 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.855 % in 1961 and a record low of 0.759 % in 1985. Australia Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: South Asia data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Australia – Table AU.World Bank.WDI: Imports. Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in South Asia are the sum of merchandise imports by the reporting economy from low- and middle-income economies in the South Asia region according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are expressed as a percentage of total merchandise imports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.;World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.;Weighted average;
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Key information about Australia Household Income per Capita
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Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies outside region (% of total merchandise exports) in Australia was reported at 7.201 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Australia - Merchandise exports to developing economies outside region (% of total merchandise exports) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on June of 2025.
Sydney had the highest median house value compared to other capital cities in Australia as of April 2025, with a value of over 1.47 million Australian dollars. Brisbane similarly had relatively high average residential housing values, passing Canberra and Melbourne to top the pricing markets for real estate across the country alongside Sydney. Housing affordability in Australia Throughout 2024, the average price of residential dwellings remained high across Australia, with several capital cities breaking price records. Rising house prices continue to be an issue for potential homeowners, with many low- and middle-income earners priced out of the market. In the fourth quarter of 2024, Australia’s house price-to-income ratio declined slightly to 119.2 index points. With the share of household income spent on mortgage repayments increasing alongside the disparity in supply and demand, inflating construction costs, and low borrowing capacity, the homeownership dream has become an unattainable prospect for the average person in Australia. Does the rental market offer better prospects? Renting for prolonged periods has become inevitable for many Australians due to the country’s largely inaccessible property ladder. However, record low vacancy rates and elevated median weekly house and unit rent prices within Australia’s rental market are making renting a less appealing prospect. In financial year 2024, households in the Greater Sydney metropolitan area reported spending around 30 percent of their household income on rent.
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This interview is part of the Women, Risk and Aids Project (1989-90) archive which was created as part of the Reanimating Data Project (2018-20).Original transcript of interview with Justine, who is living with her girlfriend and co-parenting their child. She talks about the gay scene in Sydney and the sexual norms that it allowed. Justine has had some patchy use of contraception throughout her sexual relationships, relying mainly on the pill, and has contracted STDs. Her sex education in Australia was quite poor, especially around things like abortion that were taught by pro-life religious groups. AIDS information came from the gay community itself, gay media and through her job in the council - she wouldn't trust the 'regular' news. It has been quite a worry for her, especially as she is socialising within gay communities. Justine came out while at school, and faced a lot of homophobia, but saw it as an opportunity to challenge restrictive social norms in her suburban community. She's not sure what she'd like to do in the future, but does not envisage staying with her current partner for a long time.
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Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Middle East & North Africa (% of total merchandise exports) in Australia was reported at 0.44017 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Australia - Merchandise exports to developing economies in Middle East & North Africa (% of total merchandise exports) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on July of 2025.
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The Australian taxi industry, currently valued at approximately $3.73 billion (2025 estimated), is experiencing robust growth, projected to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.60% from 2025 to 2033. This growth is fueled by several key factors. Increasing urbanization and population density in major Australian cities like Sydney and Melbourne are driving demand for convenient and efficient transportation solutions. The rising adoption of smartphone technology and the increasing popularity of ride-hailing apps like Uber and Ola are significantly impacting the industry, shifting consumer preferences towards online booking options. Furthermore, the expanding middle class with increased disposable income contributes to higher spending on transportation services, boosting the market. However, the industry faces challenges such as stringent government regulations regarding licensing and fares, intense competition from ride-sharing platforms, and fluctuating fuel prices which impact operational costs. The segmentation of the market reveals a strong preference for online bookings, with a growing demand for SUVs/MPVs reflecting changing consumer needs. Companies like Uber Technologies Inc., Ola, and local players like Legion Cabs and GoCatch are key players vying for market share, adapting to technological advancements and consumer expectations. The competitive landscape fosters innovation, resulting in improved service offerings, technological integrations and more competitive pricing strategies. The future of the Australian taxi industry is dynamic. While the dominance of ride-hailing apps continues to shape the market, traditional taxi services are also adapting, often incorporating technological upgrades to enhance customer experience and operational efficiency. The industry’s growth trajectory will depend on successfully navigating regulatory hurdles, maintaining cost-effectiveness in a competitive landscape, and continuing to meet evolving consumer preferences. Further diversification of services, such as airport transfers and specialized transportation, will be crucial for sustained growth. Regional variations in market penetration exist; larger metropolitan areas naturally experience greater demand and higher adoption of technology compared to more rural regions. The industry's ability to leverage technological innovations to offer efficient, safe, and affordable services will be key to sustained success. This comprehensive report provides a detailed analysis of the Australian taxi industry, covering the period from 2019 to 2033. It leverages historical data (2019-2024), focusing on the base year 2025 and forecasting market trends until 2033. The report examines key market players, including Uber Technologies Inc, Taxi Apps Pty Ltd (GoCatch), GM Cabs, and others, offering invaluable insights for investors, businesses, and policymakers. With a focus on high-growth segments, including ride-hailing and ridesharing services, this report is essential for understanding the dynamic landscape of the Australian taxi market. Recent developments include: October 2022: Ingenico, the most trusted technological partner for payment acceptance, and Live Payments, one of Australia's leading payment service providers, announced their cooperation for long-term strategic partnerships to equip retailers and taxis with seamless and convenient payment and commerce solutions., October 2022: Uber announced the addition of the 500 Polestar 2s from Australia's largest provider of vehicle subscriptions to the rideshare segment. It announced its plans to offer them as the backbone of new electric rideshare from 2023 called Custom Electric for the taxi services in Sydney., April 2023: GM Cabs, the integral taxi service in Australia with a network of 30,000 taxis, announced the official launch of Taxi-Share 2023, a progressive and hybrid taxi service that combines the best of taxis and rideshare under the GM Cabs brand.. Key drivers for this market are: Growing Tourism Industry in Australia. Potential restraints include: Varying Government Regulations on Taxi Services. Notable trends are: Online Booking Holds the Highest Share.
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Australia Biohacking Market growth is driven by increasing internet penetration, wellness trends, and growing middle-class income levels.
In G20 countries, the share of the population that earned at least the equivalent of the highest 10 percent of global income earners as of 2022 in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms varies from over two thirds in Australia to only *** percent in Indonesia. The United States recorded the second-highest upper-class share of the G20 countries. However, looking at for instance China, approximately ** percent of the population counts as middle class or above, whereas just ***** percent counts as upper class or higher.