The MNIST database of handwritten digits.

To use this dataset:

import tensorflow_datasets as tfds

ds = tfds.load('mnist', split='train')
for ex in ds.take(4):
 print(ex)

See the guide for more informations on tensorflow_datasets.

https://storage.googleapis.com/tfds-data/visualization/fig/mnist-3.0.1.png" alt="Visualization" width="500px">

The MNIST database (Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology database) is a large collection of handwritten digits. It has a training set of 60,000 examples, and a test set of 10,000 examples. It is a subset of a larger NIST Special Database 3 (digits written by employees of the United States Census Bureau) and Special Database 1 (digits written by high school students) which contain monochrome images of handwritten digits. The digits have been size-normalized and centered in a fixed-size image. The original black and white (bilevel) images from NIST were size normalized to fit in a 20x20 pixel box while preserving their aspect ratio. The resulting images contain grey levels as a result of the anti-aliasing technique used by the normalization algorithm. the images were centered in a 28x28 image by computing the center of mass of the pixels, and translating the image so as to position this point at the center of the 28x28 field.

Context

Handwritten image data is easy to find in languages such as English and Japanese, but not for many Indian languages including Hindi. While trying to create an MNIST like personal project, I stumbled upon a Hindi Handwritten characters dataset by Shailesh Acharya and Prashnna Kumar Gyawali, which is uploaded to the UCI Machine Learning Repository.

This dataset however, only has the digits from 0 to 9, and all other characters have been removed.

Content

Data Type: GrayScale Image Image Format: PNG Resolution: 32 by 32 pixels Actual character is centered within 28 by 28 pixel, padding of 2 pixel is added on all four sides of actual character.

There are ~1700 images per class in the Train set, and around ~300 images per class in the Test set.

Acknowledgements

The Dataset is ©️ Original Authors.

Original Authors: - Shailesh Acharya - Prashnna Kumar Gyawali

Citation: S. Acharya, A.K. Pant and P.K. Gyawali “**Deep Learning Based Large Scale Handwritten Devanagari Character Recognition**”, In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Software, Knowledge, Information Management and Applications (SKIMA), pp. 121-126, 2015.

The full Dataset is available here: https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/Devanagari+Handwritten+Character+Dataset

Fashion-MNIST: a Novel Image Dataset for Benchmarking Machine Learning Algorithms

Authors:

• Han Xiao, Kashif Rasul and Roland Vollgraf
• https://arxiv.org/abs/1708.07747

Dataset Obtained From: https://github.com/zalandoresearch/fashion-mnist

All images were sized 28x28 in the original dataset

Fashion-MNIST is a dataset of Zalando's article images—consisting of a training set of 60,000 examples and a test set of 10,000 examples. Each example is a 28x28 grayscale image, associated with a label from 10 classes. We intend Fashion-MNIST to serve as a direct drop-in replacement for the original MNIST dataset for benchmarking machine learning algorithms. It shares the same image size and structure of training and testing splits. * Source

Here's an example of how the data looks (each class takes three-rows): https://github.com/zalandoresearch/fashion-mnist/raw/master/doc/img/fashion-mnist-sprite.png" alt="Visualized Fashion MNIST dataset">

Version 1 (original-images_Original-FashionMNIST-Splits):

• Original images, with the original splits for MNIST: train (86% of images - 60,000 images) set and test (14% of images - 10,000 images) set only.
• This version was not trained

Version 3 (original-images_trainSetSplitBy80_20):

• Original, raw images, with the train set split to provide 80% of its images to the training set and 20% of its images to the validation set
• https://blog.roboflow.com/train-test-split/ https://i.imgur.com/angfheJ.png" alt="Train/Valid/Test Split Rebalancing">

Citation:

@online{xiao2017/online,
 author    = {Han Xiao and Kashif Rasul and Roland Vollgraf},
 title    = {Fashion-MNIST: a Novel Image Dataset for Benchmarking Machine Learning Algorithms},
 date     = {2017-08-28},
 year     = {2017},
 eprintclass = {cs.LG},
 eprinttype  = {arXiv},
 eprint    = {cs.LG/1708.07747},
}

The not-MNIST dataset is a dataset of handwritten digits. It is a challenging dataset that can be used for machine learning and artificial intelligence research. The dataset consists of 100,000 images of handwritten digits. The images are divided into a training set of 60,000 images and a test set of 40,000 images. The images are drawn from a variety of fonts and styles, making them more challenging than the MNIST dataset. The images are 28x28 pixels in size and are grayscale. The dataset is available under the Creative Commons Zero Public Domain Dedication license.

Context

A free audio dataset of spoken digits. Think MNIST for audio. (3,000 recordings, 6 speakers ) A simple audio/speech dataset consisting of recordings of spoken digits in wav files at 8kHz. The recordings are trimmed so that they have near minimal silence at the beginnings and ends.

FSDD is an open dataset, which means it will grow over time as data is contributed. In order to enable reproducibility and accurate citation the dataset is versioned using Zenodo DOI as well as git tags.

Current status 6 speakers 3,000 recordings (50 of each digit per speaker) English pronunciations

Created by: Zohar Jackson, César Souza, Jason Flaks, Yuxin Pan, Hereman Nicolas, & Adhish Thite.

Link: https://github.com/Jakobovski/free-spoken-digit-dataset

Content

What's inside is more than just rows and columns. Make it easy for others to get started by describing how you acquired the data and what time period it represents, too.

Acknowledgements

Zohar Jackson, César Souza, Jason Flaks, Yuxin Pan, Hereman Nicolas, & Adhish Thite. (2018, August 9). Jakobovski/free-spoken-digit-dataset: v1.0.8 (Version v1.0.8). Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1342401

Inspiration

A free audio dataset of spoken digits. Think MNIST for audio.

"'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-022-01721-8'">MedMNIST v2 - A large-scale lightweight benchmark for 2D and 3D biomedical image classification https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-022-01721-8

A large-scale MNIST-like collection of standardized biomedical images, including 12 datasets for 2D and 6 datasets for 3D. All images are pre-processed into 28x28 (2D) or 28x28x28 (3D) with the corresponding classification labels, so that no background knowledge is required for users. Covering primary data modalities in biomedical images, MedMNIST is designed to perform classification on lightweight 2D and 3D images with various data scales (from 100 to 100,000) and diverse tasks (binary/multi-class, ordinal regression and multi-label). The resulting dataset, consisting of approximately 708K 2D images and 10K 3D images in total, could support numerous research and educational purposes in biomedical image analysis, computer vision and machine learning.Providers benchmark several baseline methods on MedMNIST, including 2D / 3D neural networks and open-source / commercial AutoML tools.

MedMNIST Landscape :

https://storage.googleapis.com/kagglesdsdata/datasets/4390240/7539891/medmnistlandscape.png?X-Goog-Algorithm=GOOG4-RSA-SHA256&X-Goog-Credential=databundle-worker-v2%40kaggle-161607.iam.gserviceaccount.com%2F20240202%2Fauto%2Fstorage%2Fgoog4_request&X-Goog-Date=20240202T132716Z&X-Goog-Expires=345600&X-Goog-SignedHeaders=host&X-Goog-Signature=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" alt="medmnistlandscape">

About MedMNIST Landscape figure: The horizontal axis denotes the base-10 logarithm of the dataset scale, and the vertical axis denotes base-10 logarithm of imaging resolution. The upward and downward triangles are used to distinguish between 2D datasets and 3D datasets, and the 4 different colors represent different tasks

Key Features

###

Diverse: It covers diverse data modalities, dataset scales (from 100 to 100,000), and tasks (binary/multi-class, multi-label, and ordinal regression). It is as diverse as the VDD and MSD to fairly evaluate the generalizable performance of machine learning algorithms in different settings, but both 2D and 3D biomedical images are provided.

Standardized: Each sub-dataset is pre-processed into the same format, which requires no background knowledge for users. As an MNIST-like dataset collection to perform classification tasks on small images, it primarily focuses on the machine learning part rather than the end-to-end system. Furthermore, we provide standard train-validation-test splits for all datasets in MedMNIST, therefore algorithms could be easily compared.

User-Friendly: The small size of 28×28 (2D) or 28×28×28 (3D) is lightweight and ideal for evaluating machine learning algorithms. We also offer a larger-size version, MedMNIST+: 64x64 (2D), 128x128 (2D), 224x224 (2D), and 64x64x64 (3D). Serving as a complement to the 28-size MedMNIST, this could be a standardized resource for developing medical foundation models. All these datasets are accessible via the same API.

Educational: As an interdisciplinary research area, biomedical image analysis is difficult to hand on for researchers from other communities, as it requires background knowledge from computer vision, machine learning, biomedical imaging, and clinical science. Our data with the Creative Commons (CC) License is easy to use for educational purposes.

Refer to the paper to learn more about data : https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-022-01721-8

Starter Code: download more data and training

Github Page: https://github.com/MedMNIST/MedMNIST

My Kaggle Starter Notebook: https://www.kaggle.com/code/arashnic/medmnist-download-and-use-data?scriptVersionId=161421937

Acknowledgements

Jiancheng Yang,Rui Shi,Donglai Wei,Zequan Liu,Lin Zhao,Bilian Ke,Hanspeter Pfister,Bingbing Ni Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA

License and Citation

The code is under Apache-2.0 License.

The MedMNIST dataset is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)...

Motivation

The goal of introducing the Rescaled Fashion-MNIST dataset is to provide a dataset that contains scale variations (up to a factor of 4), to evaluate the ability of networks to generalise to scales not present in the training data.

The Rescaled Fashion-MNIST dataset was introduced in the paper:

[1] A. Perzanowski and T. Lindeberg (2025) "Scale generalisation properties of extended scale-covariant and scale-invariant Gaussian derivative networks on image datasets with spatial scaling variations”, Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision, 67(29), https://doi.org/10.1007/s10851-025-01245-x.

with a pre-print available at arXiv:

[2] Perzanowski and Lindeberg (2024) "Scale generalisation properties of extended scale-covariant and scale-invariant Gaussian derivative networks on image datasets with spatial scaling variations”, arXiv preprint arXiv:2409.11140.

Importantly, the Rescaled Fashion-MNIST dataset is more challenging than the MNIST Large Scale dataset, introduced in:

[3] Y. Jansson and T. Lindeberg (2022) "Scale-invariant scale-channel networks: Deep networks that generalise to previously unseen scales", Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision, 64(5): 506-536, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10851-022-01082-2.

Access and rights

The Rescaled Fashion-MNIST dataset is provided on the condition that you provide proper citation for the original Fashion-MNIST dataset:

[4] Xiao, H., Rasul, K., and Vollgraf, R. (2017) “Fashion-MNIST: A novel image dataset for benchmarking machine learning algorithms”, arXiv preprint arXiv:1708.07747

and also for this new rescaled version, using the reference [1] above.

The data set is made available on request. If you would be interested in trying out this data set, please make a request in the system below, and we will grant you access as soon as possible.

The dataset

The Rescaled FashionMNIST dataset is generated by rescaling 28×28 gray-scale images of clothes from the original FashionMNIST dataset [4]. The scale variations are up to a factor of 4, and the images are embedded within black images of size 72x72, with the object in the frame always centred. The imresize() function in Matlab was used for the rescaling, with default anti-aliasing turned on, and bicubic interpolation overshoot removed by clipping to the [0, 255] range. The details of how the dataset was created can be found in [1].

There are 10 different classes in the dataset: “T-shirt/top”, “trouser”, “pullover”, “dress”, “coat”, “sandal”, “shirt”, “sneaker”, “bag” and “ankle boot”. In the dataset, these are represented by integer labels in the range [0, 9].

The dataset is split into 50 000 training samples, 10 000 validation samples and 10 000 testing samples. The training dataset is generated using the initial 50 000 samples from the original Fashion-MNIST training set. The validation dataset, on the other hand, is formed from the final 10 000 images of that same training set. For testing, all test datasets are built from the 10 000 images contained in the original Fashion-MNIST test set.

The h5 files containing the dataset

The training dataset file (~2.9 GB) for scale 1, which also contains the corresponding validation and test data for the same scale, is:

fashionmnist_with_scale_variations_tr50000_vl10000_te10000_outsize72-72_scte1p000_scte1p000.h5

Additionally, for the Rescaled FashionMNIST dataset, there are 9 datasets (~415 MB each) for testing scale generalisation at scales not present in the training set. Each of these datasets is rescaled using a different image scaling factor, 2^k/4, with k being integers in the range [-4, 4]:

fashionmnist_with_scale_variations_te10000_outsize72-72_scte0p500.h5
fashionmnist_with_scale_variations_te10000_outsize72-72_scte0p595.h5
fashionmnist_with_scale_variations_te10000_outsize72-72_scte0p707.h5
fashionmnist_with_scale_variations_te10000_outsize72-72_scte0p841.h5
fashionmnist_with_scale_variations_te10000_outsize72-72_scte1p000.h5
fashionmnist_with_scale_variations_te10000_outsize72-72_scte1p189.h5
fashionmnist_with_scale_variations_te10000_outsize72-72_scte1p414.h5
fashionmnist_with_scale_variations_te10000_outsize72-72_scte1p682.h5
fashionmnist_with_scale_variations_te10000_outsize72-72_scte2p000.h5

These dataset files were used for the experiments presented in Figures 6, 7, 14, 16, 19 and 23 in [1].

Instructions for loading the data set

The datasets are saved in HDF5 format, with the partitions in the respective h5 files named as
('/x_train', '/x_val', '/x_test', '/y_train', '/y_test', '/y_val'); which ones exist depends on which data split is used.

The training dataset can be loaded in Python as:

with h5py.File(`

x_train = np.array( f["/x_train"], dtype=np.float32)
x_val = np.array( f["/x_val"], dtype=np.float32)
x_test = np.array( f["/x_test"], dtype=np.float32)
y_train = np.array( f["/y_train"], dtype=np.int32)
y_val = np.array( f["/y_val"], dtype=np.int32)
y_test = np.array( f["/y_test"], dtype=np.int32)

We also need to permute the data, since Pytorch uses the format [num_samples, channels, width, height], while the data is saved as [num_samples, width, height, channels]:

x_train = np.transpose(x_train, (0, 3, 1, 2))
x_val = np.transpose(x_val, (0, 3, 1, 2))
x_test = np.transpose(x_test, (0, 3, 1, 2))

The test datasets can be loaded in Python as:

with h5py.File(`

x_test = np.array( f["/x_test"], dtype=np.float32)
y_test = np.array( f["/y_test"], dtype=np.int32)

The test datasets can be loaded in Matlab as:

x_test = h5read(`

The images are stored as [num_samples, x_dim, y_dim, channels] in HDF5 files. The pixel intensity values are not normalised, and are in a [0, 255] range.

There is also a closely related Fashion-MNIST with translations dataset, which in addition to scaling variations also comprises spatial translations of the objects.

Code [GitHub] | Publication [Nature Scientific Data'23 / ISBI'21] | Preprint [arXiv]

Abstract

We introduce MedMNIST, a large-scale MNIST-like collection of standardized biomedical images, including 12 datasets for 2D and 6 datasets for 3D. All images are pre-processed into 28x28 (2D) or 28x28x28 (3D) with the corresponding classification labels, so that no background knowledge is required for users. Covering primary data modalities in biomedical images, MedMNIST is designed to perform classification on lightweight 2D and 3D images with various data scales (from 100 to 100,000) and diverse tasks (binary/multi-class, ordinal regression and multi-label). The resulting dataset, consisting of approximately 708K 2D images and 10K 3D images in total, could support numerous research and educational purposes in biomedical image analysis, computer vision and machine learning. We benchmark several baseline methods on MedMNIST, including 2D / 3D neural networks and open-source / commercial AutoML tools. The data and code are publicly available at https://medmnist.com/.

Disclaimer: The only official distribution link for the MedMNIST dataset is Zenodo. We kindly request users to refer to this original dataset link for accurate and up-to-date data.

Update: We are thrilled to release MedMNIST+ with larger sizes: 64x64, 128x128, and 224x224 for 2D, and 64x64x64 for 3D. As a complement to the previous 28-size MedMNIST, the large-size version could serve as a standardized benchmark for medical foundation models. Install the latest API to try it out!

Python Usage

We recommend our official code to download, parse and use the MedMNIST dataset:

% pip install medmnist% python

To use the standard 28-size (MNIST-like) version utilizing the downloaded files:

from medmnist import PathMNIST

train_dataset = PathMNIST(split="train")

To enable automatic downloading by setting download=True:

from medmnist import NoduleMNIST3D

val_dataset = NoduleMNIST3D(split="val", download=True)

Alternatively, you can access MedMNIST+ with larger image sizes by specifying the size parameter:

from medmnist import ChestMNIST

test_dataset = ChestMNIST(split="test", download=True, size=224)

Citation

If you find this project useful, please cite both v1 and v2 paper as:

Jiancheng Yang, Rui Shi, Donglai Wei, Zequan Liu, Lin Zhao, Bilian Ke, Hanspeter Pfister, Bingbing Ni. Yang, Jiancheng, et al. "MedMNIST v2-A large-scale lightweight benchmark for 2D and 3D biomedical image classification." Scientific Data, 2023.

Jiancheng Yang, Rui Shi, Bingbing Ni. "MedMNIST Classification Decathlon: A Lightweight AutoML Benchmark for Medical Image Analysis". IEEE 18th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI), 2021.

or using bibtex:

@article{medmnistv2, title={MedMNIST v2-A large-scale lightweight benchmark for 2D and 3D biomedical image classification}, author={Yang, Jiancheng and Shi, Rui and Wei, Donglai and Liu, Zequan and Zhao, Lin and Ke, Bilian and Pfister, Hanspeter and Ni, Bingbing}, journal={Scientific Data}, volume={10}, number={1}, pages={41}, year={2023}, publisher={Nature Publishing Group UK London} }

@inproceedings{medmnistv1, title={MedMNIST Classification Decathlon: A Lightweight AutoML Benchmark for Medical Image Analysis}, author={Yang, Jiancheng and Shi, Rui and Ni, Bingbing}, booktitle={IEEE 18th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI)}, pages={191--195}, year={2021} }

Please also cite the corresponding paper(s) of source data if you use any subset of MedMNIST as per the description on the project website.

License

The MedMNIST dataset is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), except DermaMNIST under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0).

The code is under Apache-2.0 License.

Changelog

v3.0 (this repository): Released MedMNIST+ featuring larger sizes: 64x64, 128x128, and 224x224 for 2D, and 64x64x64 for 3D.

v2.2: Removed a small number of mistakenly included blank samples in OrganAMNIST, OrganCMNIST, OrganSMNIST, OrganMNIST3D, and VesselMNIST3D.

v2.1: Addressed an issue in the NoduleMNIST3D file (i.e., nodulemnist3d.npz). Further details can be found in this issue.

v2.0: Launched the initial repository of MedMNIST v2, adding 6 datasets for 3D and 2 for 2D.

v1.0: Established the initial repository (in a separate repository) of MedMNIST v1, featuring 10 datasets for 2D.

Note: This dataset is NOT intended for clinical use.

Motivation

The goal of introducing the Rescaled Fashion-MNIST with translations dataset is to provide a dataset that contains scale variations (up to a factor of 4), to evaluate the ability of networks to generalise to scales not present in the training data, and to additionally provide a way to test network object detection and object localisation abilities on image data where the objects are not centred.

The Rescaled Fashion-MNIST with translations dataset was introduced in the paper:

[1] A. Perzanowski and T. Lindeberg (2025) "Scale generalisation properties of extended scale-covariant and scale-invariant Gaussian derivative networks on image datasets with spatial scaling variations”, Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision, 67(29), https://doi.org/10.1007/s10851-025-01245-x.

with a pre-print available at arXiv:

[2] Perzanowski and Lindeberg (2024) "Scale generalisation properties of extended scale-covariant and scale-invariant Gaussian derivative networks on image datasets with spatial scaling variations”, arXiv preprint arXiv:2409.11140.

Importantly, the Rescaled Fashion-MNIST with translations dataset is more challenging than the MNIST Large Scale dataset, introduced in:

[3] Y. Jansson and T. Lindeberg (2022) "Scale-invariant scale-channel networks: Deep networks that generalise to previously unseen scales", Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision, 64(5): 506-536, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10851-022-01082-2.

Access and rights

The Rescaled Fashion-MNIST with translations dataset is provided on the condition that you provide proper citation for the original Fashion-MNIST dataset:

[4] Xiao, H., Rasul, K., and Vollgraf, R. (2017) “Fashion-MNIST: A novel image dataset for benchmarking machine learning algorithms”, arXiv preprint arXiv:1708.07747

and also for this new rescaled version, using the reference [1] above.

The data set is made available on request. If you would be interested in trying out this data set, please make a request in the system below, and we will grant you access as soon as possible.

The dataset

The Rescaled FashionMNIST with translations dataset is generated by rescaling 28×28 gray-scale images of clothes from the original FashionMNIST dataset [4]. The scale variations are up to a factor of 4, and the images are embedded within black images of size 72x72. The objects within the images have also been randomly shifted in the spatial domain, with the object always at least 4 pixels away from the image boundary. The imresize() function in Matlab was used for the rescaling, with default anti-aliasing turned on, and bicubic interpolation overshoot removed by clipping to the [0, 255] range. The details of how the dataset was created can be found in [1].

There are 10 different classes in the dataset: “T-shirt/top”, “trouser”, “pullover”, “dress”, “coat”, “sandal”, “shirt”, “sneaker”, “bag” and “ankle boot”. In the dataset, these are represented by integer labels in the range [0, 9].

The dataset is split into 50 000 training samples, 10 000 validation samples and 10 000 testing samples. The training dataset is generated using the initial 50 000 samples from the original Fashion-MNIST training set. The validation dataset, on the other hand, is formed from the final 10 000 images of that same training set. For testing, all test datasets are built from the 10 000 images contained in the original Fashion-MNIST test set.

The h5 files containing the dataset

The training dataset file (~2.9 GB) for scale 1, which also contains the corresponding validation and test data for the same scale, is:

fashionmnist_with_scale_variations_and_translations_tr50000_vl10000_te10000_outsize72-72_scte1p000_scte1p000.h5

Additionally, for the Rescaled FashionMNIST with translations dataset, there are 9 datasets (~415 MB each) for testing scale generalisation at scales not present in the training set. Each of these datasets is rescaled using a different image scaling factor, 2^k/4, with k being integers in the range [-4, 4]:

fashionmnist_with_scale_variations_and_translations_te10000_outsize72-72_scte0p500.h5
fashionmnist_with_scale_variations_and_translations_te10000_outsize72-72_scte0p595.h5
fashionmnist_with_scale_variations_and_translations_te10000_outsize72-72_scte0p707.h5
fashionmnist_with_scale_variations_and_translations_te10000_outsize72-72_scte0p841.h5
fashionmnist_with_scale_variations_and_translations_te10000_outsize72-72_scte1p000.h5
fashionmnist_with_scale_variations_and_translations_te10000_outsize72-72_scte1p189.h5
fashionmnist_with_scale_variations_and_translations_te10000_outsize72-72_scte1p414.h5
fashionmnist_with_scale_variations_and_translations_te10000_outsize72-72_scte1p682.h5
fashionmnist_with_scale_variations_and_translations_te10000_outsize72-72_scte2p000.h5

These dataset files were used for the experiments presented in Figure 8 in [1].

Instructions for loading the data set

The datasets are saved in HDF5 format, with the partitions in the respective h5 files named as
('/x_train', '/x_val', '/x_test', '/y_train', '/y_test', '/y_val'); which ones exist depends on which data split is used.

The training dataset can be loaded in Python as:

with h5py.File(`

x_train = np.array( f["/x_train"], dtype=np.float32)
x_val = np.array( f["/x_val"], dtype=np.float32)
x_test = np.array( f["/x_test"], dtype=np.float32)
y_train = np.array( f["/y_train"], dtype=np.int32)
y_val = np.array( f["/y_val"], dtype=np.int32)
y_test = np.array( f["/y_test"], dtype=np.int32)

We also need to permute the data, since Pytorch uses the format [num_samples, channels, width, height], while the data is saved as [num_samples, width, height, channels]:

x_train = np.transpose(x_train, (0, 3, 1, 2))
x_val = np.transpose(x_val, (0, 3, 1, 2))
x_test = np.transpose(x_test, (0, 3, 1, 2))

The test datasets can be loaded in Python as:

with h5py.File(`

x_test = np.array( f["/x_test"], dtype=np.float32)
y_test = np.array( f["/y_test"], dtype=np.int32)

The test datasets can be loaded in Matlab as:

x_test = h5read(`

The images are stored as [num_samples, x_dim, y_dim, channels] in HDF5 files. The pixel intensity values are not normalised, and are in a [0, 255] range.

There is also a closely related Fashion-MNIST dataset, which in addition to scaling variations keeps the objects in the frame centred, meaning no spatial translations are used.

This data repository for MedMNIST v1 is out of date! Please check the latest version of MedMNIST v2.

Abstract

We present MedMNIST, a collection of 10 pre-processed medical open datasets. MedMNIST is standardized to perform classification tasks on lightweight 28x28 images, which requires no background knowledge. Covering the primary data modalities in medical image analysis, it is diverse on data scale (from 100 to 100,000) and tasks (binary/multi-class, ordinal regression and multi-label). MedMNIST could be used for educational purpose, rapid prototyping, multi-modal machine learning or AutoML in medical image analysis. Moreover, MedMNIST Classification Decathlon is designed to benchmark AutoML algorithms on all 10 datasets; We have compared several baseline methods, including open-source or commercial AutoML tools. The datasets, evaluation code and baseline methods for MedMNIST are publicly available at https://medmnist.github.io/.

Please note that this dataset is NOT intended for clinical use.

We recommend our official code to download, parse and use the MedMNIST dataset:

pip install medmnist

Citation and Licenses

If you find this project useful, please cite our ISBI'21 paper as: Jiancheng Yang, Rui Shi, Bingbing Ni. "MedMNIST Classification Decathlon: A Lightweight AutoML Benchmark for Medical Image Analysis," arXiv preprint arXiv:2010.14925, 2020.

or using bibtex: @article{medmnist, title={MedMNIST Classification Decathlon: A Lightweight AutoML Benchmark for Medical Image Analysis}, author={Yang, Jiancheng and Shi, Rui and Ni, Bingbing}, journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2010.14925}, year={2020} }

Besides, please cite the corresponding paper if you use any subset of MedMNIST. Each subset uses the same license as that of the source dataset.

PathMNIST

Jakob Nikolas Kather, Johannes Krisam, et al., "Predicting survival from colorectal cancer histology slides using deep learning: A retrospective multicenter study," PLOS Medicine, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 1–22, 01 2019.

License: CC BY 4.0

ChestMNIST

Xiaosong Wang, Yifan Peng, et al., "Chestx-ray8: Hospital-scale chest x-ray database and benchmarks on weakly-supervised classification and localization of common thorax diseases," in CVPR, 2017, pp. 3462–3471.

License: CC0 1.0

DermaMNIST

Philipp Tschandl, Cliff Rosendahl, and Harald Kittler, "The ham10000 dataset, a large collection of multisource dermatoscopic images of common pigmented skin lesions," Scientific data, vol. 5, pp. 180161, 2018.

Noel Codella, Veronica Rotemberg, Philipp Tschandl, M. Emre Celebi, Stephen Dusza, David Gutman, Brian Helba, Aadi Kalloo, Konstantinos Liopyris, Michael Marchetti, Harald Kittler, and Allan Halpern: “Skin Lesion Analysis Toward Melanoma Detection 2018: A Challenge Hosted by the International Skin Imaging Collaboration (ISIC)”, 2018; arXiv:1902.03368.

License: CC BY-NC 4.0

OCTMNIST/PneumoniaMNIST

Daniel S. Kermany, Michael Goldbaum, et al., "Identifying medical diagnoses and treatable diseases by image-based deep learning," Cell, vol. 172, no. 5, pp. 1122 – 1131.e9, 2018.

License: CC BY 4.0

RetinaMNIST

DeepDR Diabetic Retinopathy Image Dataset (DeepDRiD), "The 2nd diabetic retinopathy – grading and image quality estimation challenge," https://isbi.deepdr.org/data.html, 2020.

License: CC BY 4.0

BreastMNIST

Walid Al-Dhabyani, Mohammed Gomaa, Hussien Khaled, and Aly Fahmy, "Dataset of breast ultrasound images," Data in Brief, vol. 28, pp. 104863, 2020.

License: CC BY 4.0

OrganMNIST_{Axial,Coronal,Sagittal}

Patrick Bilic, Patrick Ferdinand Christ, et al., "The liver tumor segmentation benchmark (lits)," arXiv preprint arXiv:1901.04056, 2019.

Xuanang Xu, Fugen Zhou, et al., "Efficient multiple organ localization in ct image using 3d region proposal network," IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 38, no. 8, pp. 1885–1898, 2019.

License: CC BY 4.0

Abstract We introduce MedMNIST v2, a large-scale MNIST-like collection of standardized biomedical images, including 12 datasets for 2D and 6 datasets for 3D. All images are pre-processed into 28x28 (2D) or 28x28x28 (3D) with the corresponding classification labels, so that no background knowledge is required for users. Covering primary data modalities in biomedical images, MedMNIST v2 is designed to perform classification on lightweight 2D and 3D images with various data scales (from 100 to 100,000) and diverse tasks (binary/multi-class, ordinal regression and multi-label). The resulting dataset, consisting of 708,069 2D images and 10,214 3D images in total, could support numerous research / educational purposes in biomedical image analysis, computer vision and machine learning. We benchmark several baseline methods on MedMNIST v2, including 2D / 3D neural networks and open-source / commercial AutoML tools. The data and code are publicly available at https://medmnist.com/. Note: This dataset is NOT intended for clinical use. We recommend our official code to download, parse and use the MedMNIST dataset: pip install medmnist Citation If you find this project useful, please cite both v1 and v2 paper as: Jiancheng Yang, Rui Shi, Donglai Wei, Zequan Liu, Lin Zhao, Bilian Ke, Hanspeter Pfister, Bingbing Ni. Yang, Jiancheng, et al. "MedMNIST v2-A large-scale lightweight benchmark for 2D and 3D biomedical image classification." Scientific Data, 2023. Jiancheng Yang, Rui Shi, Bingbing Ni. "MedMNIST Classification Decathlon: A Lightweight AutoML Benchmark for Medical Image Analysis". IEEE 18th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI), 2021. or using bibtex: @article{medmnistv2, title={MedMNIST v2-A large-scale lightweight benchmark for 2D and 3D biomedical image classification}, author={Yang, Jiancheng and Shi, Rui and Wei, Donglai and Liu, Zequan and Zhao, Lin and Ke, Bilian and Pfister, Hanspeter and Ni, Bingbing}, journal={Scientific Data}, volume={10}, number={1}, pages={41}, year={2023}, publisher={Nature Publishing Group UK London} } @inproceedings{medmnistv1, title={MedMNIST Classification Decathlon: A Lightweight AutoML Benchmark for Medical Image Analysis}, author={Yang, Jiancheng and Shi, Rui and Ni, Bingbing}, booktitle={IEEE 18th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI)}, pages={191--195}, year={2021} } Please also cite the corresponding paper(s) of source data if you use any subset of MedMNIST as per the description on the project website. License The MedMNIST dataset is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), except DermaMNIST under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). The code is under Apache-2.0 License. Changelog v2.1 (this repository): We have fixed the mistake in the file of NoduleMNIST3D (i.e., nodulemnist3d.npz). More details in this issue. v2.0: Initial repository of MedMNIST v2, add 6 datasets for 3D and 2 for 2D. v1.0: Initial repository of MedMNIST v1, 10 datasets for 2D.

The Burmese Handwritten Digit Dataset (BHDD) is a dataset project specifically created for recognizing handwritten Burmese digits. It is a Burmese version of MNIST dataset with a training set of 60,000 examples, and a test set of 27,561 examples.

Overview Dataset Statistics:

Training Set: 60,000 samples Testing Set: 27,561 samples Number of Classes: 10 (Burmese digits 0–9)

Data Format:

Train Image Shape: (60000, 784) Train Label Shape: (60000, 10) Test Image Shape: (27561, 784) Test Label Shape: (27561, 10)

The dataset was collected from over 150 individuals of different ages (ranging from high school students to professionals in their 50s) and diverse occupations (including clerks, programmers, and others) to achieve a wide variety of handwriting styles. We then preprocessed to mirror the structure and functionality of MNIST.

Dataset Content The dataset consists of:

Train Images: 60,000 grayscale images of handwritten Burmese digits, flattened into a 1D array of size 784 (28x28 pixels). Train Labels: One-hot encoded labels corresponding to the digit class. Test Images: 27,561 grayscale images for testing purposes. Test Labels: One-hot encoded labels for testing data.

Contribution We encourage the ML/DL community to contribute by:

Creating digit recognizers. Benchmarking with different models and algorithms. Writing tutorials and sharing findings.

Citation If you use the BHDD dataset in your work, please cite this repository:

@dataset{bhdd, author = {Expa.AI Research Team}, title = {Burmese Handwritten Digit Dataset (BHDD)}, year = {2019}, url = {https://github.com/baseresearch/BHDD} }

Acknowledgments This dataset would not have been possible without:

The efforts of the Expa.AI Research Team. Volunteers and interns from Taungoo Computer University who contributed handwriting samples. Highschool students from St.Augustine / B.E.H.S (2) Kamayut Friends and family members of Expa.AI Research Team. The community’s ongoing support and interest in ML/DL for the Burmese language.

License This dataset is released under the LGPL-3.0 license. Please see the LICENSE file for more details.

The Multi-Domain Outlier Detection Dataset contains datasets for conducting outlier detection experiments for four different application domains:

1. Astrophysics - detecting anomalous observations in the Dark Energy Survey (DES) catalog (data type: feature vectors)
2. Planetary science - selecting novel geologic targets for follow-up observation onboard the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover (data type: grayscale images)
3. Earth science: detecting anomalous samples in satellite time series corresponding to ground-truth observations of maize crops (data type: time series/feature vectors)
4. Fashion-MNIST/MNIST: benchmark task to detect anomalous MNIST images among Fashion-MNIST images (data type: grayscale images)

Each dataset contains a "fit" dataset (used for fitting or training outlier detection models), a "score" dataset (used for scoring samples used to evaluate model performance, analogous to test set), and a label dataset (indicates whether samples in the score dataset are considered outliers or not in the domain of each dataset).

To read more about the datasets and how they are used for outlier detection, or to cite this dataset in your own work, please see the following citation:

Kerner, H. R., Rebbapragada, U., Wagstaff, K. L., Lu, S., Dubayah, B., Huff, E., Lee, J., Raman, V., and Kulshrestha, S. (2022). Domain-agnostic Outlier Ranking Algorithms (DORA)-A Configurable Pipeline for Facilitating Outlier Detection in Scientific Datasets. Under review for Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences.