Abstract

The fourth edition of the Global Findex offers a lens into how people accessed and used financial services during the COVID-19 pandemic, when mobility restrictions and health policies drove increased demand for digital services of all kinds.

The Global Findex is the world's most comprehensive database on financial inclusion. It is also the only global demand-side data source allowing for global and regional cross-country analysis to provide a rigorous and multidimensional picture of how adults save, borrow, make payments, and manage financial risks. Global Findex 2021 data were collected from national representative surveys of about 128,000 adults in more than 120 economies. The latest edition follows the 2011, 2014, and 2017 editions, and it includes a number of new series measuring financial health and resilience and contains more granular data on digital payment adoption, including merchant and government payments.

The Global Findex is an indispensable resource for financial service practitioners, policy makers, researchers, and development professionals.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Individual

Kind of data

Observation data/ratings [obs]

Sampling procedure

In most developing economies, Global Findex data have traditionally been collected through face-to-face interviews. Surveys are conducted face-to-face in economies where telephone coverage represents less than 80 percent of the population or where in-person surveying is the customary methodology. However, because of ongoing COVID-19 related mobility restrictions, face-to-face interviewing was not possible in some of these economies in 2021. Phone-based surveys were therefore conducted in 67 economies that had been surveyed face-to-face in 2017. These 67 economies were selected for inclusion based on population size, phone penetration rate, COVID-19 infection rates, and the feasibility of executing phone-based methods where Gallup would otherwise conduct face-to-face data collection, while complying with all government-issued guidance throughout the interviewing process. Gallup takes both mobile phone and landline ownership into consideration. According to Gallup World Poll 2019 data, when face-to-face surveys were last carried out in these economies, at least 80 percent of adults in almost all of them reported mobile phone ownership. All samples are probability-based and nationally representative of the resident adult population. Phone surveys were not a viable option in 17 economies that had been part of previous Global Findex surveys, however, because of low mobile phone ownership and surveying restrictions. Data for these economies will be collected in 2022 and released in 2023.

In economies where face-to-face surveys are conducted, the first stage of sampling is the identification of primary sampling units. These units are stratified by population size, geography, or both, and clustering is achieved through one or more stages of sampling. Where population information is available, sample selection is based on probabilities proportional to population size; otherwise, simple random sampling is used. Random route procedures are used to select sampled households. Unless an outright refusal occurs, interviewers make up to three attempts to survey the sampled household. To increase the probability of contact and completion, attempts are made at different times of the day and, where possible, on different days. If an interview cannot be obtained at the initial sampled household, a simple substitution method is used. Respondents are randomly selected within the selected households. Each eligible household member is listed, and the hand-held survey device randomly selects the household member to be interviewed. For paper surveys, the Kish grid method is used to select the respondent. In economies where cultural restrictions dictate gender matching, respondents are randomly selected from among all eligible adults of the interviewer's gender.

In traditionally phone-based economies, respondent selection follows the same procedure as in previous years, using random digit dialing or a nationally representative list of phone numbers. In most economies where mobile phone and landline penetration is high, a dual sampling frame is used.

The same respondent selection procedure is applied to the new phone-based economies. Dual frame (landline and mobile phone) random digital dialing is used where landline presence and use are 20 percent or higher based on historical Gallup estimates. Mobile phone random digital dialing is used in economies with limited to no landline presence (less than 20 percent).

For landline respondents in economies where mobile phone or landline penetration is 80 percent or higher, random selection of respondents is achieved by using either the latest birthday or household enumeration method. For mobile phone respondents in these economies or in economies where mobile phone or landline penetration is less than 80 percent, no further selection is performed. At least three attempts are made to reach a person in each household, spread over different days and times of day.

Sample size for United Kingdom is 1000.

Mode of data collection

Landline and mobile telephone

Research instrument

Questionnaires are available on the website.

Sampling error estimates

Estimates of standard errors (which account for sampling error) vary by country and indicator. For country-specific margins of error, please refer to the Methodology section and corresponding table in Demirgüç-Kunt, Asli, Leora Klapper, Dorothe Singer, Saniya Ansar. 2022. The Global Findex Database 2021: Financial Inclusion, Digital Payments, and Resilience in the Age of COVID-19. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Cryptocurrency payments are forecast to grow at a CAGR of nearly 17 percent between 2023 and 2030, although the market is relatively small. The forecast is according to a market estimate made in early 2023, based on various conditions and sources available at that time. It should be noted, however, that cryptocurrency used for payments is predicted to be a far smaller market than the predicted transaction value of CBDC, or the forecast market size of instant payments. Indeed, research from early 2023 across 40 countries suggested that the market share of cryptocurrency in e-commerce transaction was "less than one percent" in all survey countries, with predictions being this would not change in the future.

Abstract

Well-functioning financial systems serve a vital purpose, offering savings, credit, payment, and risk management products to people with a wide range of needs. Yet until now little had been known about the global reach of the financial sector - the extent of financial inclusion and the degree to which such groups as the poor, women, and youth are excluded from formal financial systems. Systematic indicators of the use of different financial services had been lacking for most economies.

The Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) database provides such indicators. This database contains the first round of Global Findex indicators, measuring how adults in more than 140 economies save, borrow, make payments, and manage risk. The data set can be used to track the effects of financial inclusion policies globally and develop a deeper and more nuanced understanding of how people around the world manage their day-to-day finances. By making it possible to identify segments of the population excluded from the formal financial sector, the data can help policy makers prioritize reforms and design new policies.

Geographic coverage

National Coverage.

Analysis unit

Individual

Universe

The target population is the civilian, non-institutionalized population 15 years and above. The sample is nationally representative.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The Global Findex indicators are drawn from survey data collected by Gallup, Inc. over the 2011 calendar year, covering more than 150,000 adults in 148 economies and representing about 97 percent of the world's population. Since 2005, Gallup has surveyed adults annually around the world, using a uniform methodology and randomly selected, nationally representative samples. The second round of Global Findex indicators was collected in 2014 and is forthcoming in 2015. The set of indicators will be collected again in 2017.

Surveys were conducted face-to-face in economies where landline telephone penetration is less than 80 percent, or where face-to-face interviewing is customary. The first stage of sampling is the identification of primary sampling units, consisting of clusters of households. The primary sampling units are stratified by population size, geography, or both, and clustering is achieved through one or more stages of sampling. Where population information is available, sample selection is based on probabilities proportional to population size; otherwise, simple random sampling is used. Random route procedures are used to select sampled households. Unless an outright refusal occurs, interviewers make up to three attempts to survey the sampled household. If an interview cannot be obtained at the initial sampled household, a simple substitution method is used. Respondents are randomly selected within the selected households by means of the Kish grid.

Surveys were conducted by telephone in economies where landline telephone penetration is over 80 percent. The telephone surveys were conducted using random digit dialing or a nationally representative list of phone numbers. In selected countries where cell phone penetration is high, a dual sampling frame is used. Random respondent selection is achieved by using either the latest birthday or Kish grid method. At least three attempts are made to teach a person in each household, spread over different days and times of year.

The sample size in the majority of economies was 1,000 individuals.

Mode of data collection

Landline and cellular telephone

Research instrument

The questionnaire was designed by the World Bank, in conjunction with a Technical Advisory Board composed of leading academics, practitioners, and policy makers in the field of financial inclusion. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and Gallup, Inc. also provided valuable input. The questionnaire was piloted in over 20 countries using focus groups, cognitive interviews, and field testing. The questionnaire is available in 142 languages upon request.

Questions on insurance, mobile payments, and loan purposes were asked only in developing economies. The indicators on awareness and use of microfinance insitutions (MFIs) are not included in the public dataset. However, adults who report saving at an MFI are considered to have an account; this is reflected in the composite account indicator.

Sampling error estimates

Estimates of standard errors (which account for sampling error) vary by country and indicator. For country- and indicator-specific standard errors, refer to the Annex and Country Table in Demirguc-Kunt, Asli and L. Klapper. 2012. "Measuring Financial Inclusion: The Global Findex." Policy Research Working Paper 6025, World Bank, Washington, D.C.

NHS Payments to General Practice in England, analysed by individual provider of general practice services and main payment category. The main payment categories include Global Sum, the Minimum Practice Income Guarantee (MPIG), Balance of PMS expenditure, Quality Outcomes Framework (QOF) and Enhanced Services.

The data, which will be published annually, is extracted from the HSCIC GP Payments system, National Health Applications and Infrastructure Services (NHAIS) - also known as “Exeter” - and covers the period from 1 April to 31 March. These are NHS payments and deductions made through the HSCIC GP Payments system to providers of general practice services in England which are, in the main, GP practices. Only those GP practices and providers of general practice services that received any payments through the payments system are included in the data.

These payments exclude invoices raised by providers that were paid directly from other sources, for example by NHS England Area Teams or Local Authority Public Health funding. As these payments are, in effect, the bulk of the income (i.e. turnover) of providers, they do not therefore represent their profits as they take no account of the expenditure incurred in delivering services.

The name and postcode of the GP practice or PCN. The submission date. The number of vaccines administered. The payment made or to be made. Response I can confirm that the NHSBSA holds the information you have requested and a copy of the information is attached. Please read the notes to ensure correct understanding of the data. The NHSBSA calculates payments for Covid-19 vaccinations to Pharmacies and Primary Care Network (PCN) providers in England. Covid19 vaccination data is keyed in via Point of Care (POC) Systems and then transferred to the NHSBSA Manage Your Service (MYS) application. Each month, vaccine providers submit claims to request payment based on the data that has been transferred into MYS. To be paid in a timely fashion, claims must be submitted during a specified declaration submission period. Should claims be submitted outside the submission period, they will be processed in the following period. This means that in some cases there is a difference between the number of vaccines ‘claimed' and the number that have been 'paid'. We do not hold Primary Care Network (PCN) Grouping data that we can confidently join to the GP Practice Organisation Data Service (ODS) Code. Data is provided for the GP Practice ODS Code that represented its whole PCN Grouping for the purpose of claiming fees for Covid-19 vaccines. The names, addresses and postcodes of GP practices is publicly available via the NHS Digital ODS data here https://digital.nhs.uk/services/organisation-data-service/export-data-files/csv-downloads/gp-and-gp-practice-related-data Each provided ODS code can be linked to GP practice address and post code data in the epraccur dataset or using other ODS tools such as ODS portal search or ODS data point. Both the number of 'claimed' and 'paid' vaccinations have been reported in this request. We have included values for the total payment calculated, with an additional column for any ancillary payment calculated after the original payment. Data included in this request is limited to vaccinations carried out by PCNs only. As requested, we have chosen to report by Submission Date. Data included in this request is also limited to vaccinations administered between December 2020 and August 2024. The latest data used is a snapshot of the MYS system data that was taken on Friday 6 September 2024. This is the snapshot of data taken after the August 2024 submission period that was used to calculate payments. This payment data does not include any adjustments made by NHSBSA Provider Assurance as part of post payment verification exercise. Any adjustments are made at account level and may relate to several months of activity. This data does not include data for claim submissions made in February 2021, as these were deleted and resubmitted later to apply the revised fee rates. In this month, there was a clawback of some payments and most of these clawbacks are excluded from this report and with the data reported against the resubmission. But during this period, there were some manual adjustments that may not all be reflected in the itemised records. Payment data includes payments made and any scheduled for payment in the future. Payments comprise of an Item of Service fee and a supplementary fee where applicable. Payments do not relate to the value of the drugs dispensed. For doses administered between September 2021 and January 2022, there was a range of late notice fee rate changes. Over this time, the pre-established rates were claimed and paid as normal. Top up payments were made later in February, March and May 2022 to bring the total paid to that implied by the late notice fee rate changes. These top ups were calculated separately, but they did not require a new submission - so these have been reported against the original submission date for the dose that would have led to the standard payment. These top up payments are shown as 'Ancillary Payment Amount GBP'. The total used for the payment calculation may not match the totals shown in 'live' POC systems or MYS that continue to receive updates after the snapshot used to calculate payments was taken. Vaccination records are limited to those which have been associated with a declaration submission. This may include late submission declarations received after the deadline for declarations such records are not processed until the next month. This report may include claims for tokens that have exceeded the applicable grace period (currently 3 months) at the time they were processed; such doses will not be included in the payment. This report does not include data for doses claimed after the 15-day period between date supplied and date recorded in the point of care system. Please note that some vaccinations attract a supplementary fee, so it is not possible to determine the number of vaccinations by dividing the total paid by the basic Item of Service (IoS) fee.