Verified dataset of 2025 device usage: share of global web traffic, mobile commerce share of transactions, US daily time spent, app vs web breakdown, and tablet decline.

Statistics of how many adults access the internet and use different types of technology covering: home internet access how people connect to the web how often people use the web/computers whether people use mobile devices whether people buy goods over the web whether people carried out specified activities over the internet For more information see the ONS website and the UKDS website.

Statistics of how many adults access the internet and use different types of technology covering: home internet access how people connect to the web how often people use the web/computers whether people use mobile devices whether people buy goods over the web whether people carried out specified activities over the internet For more information see the ONS website and the UKDS website.

The smartphone helps workers balance the demands of their professional and personal lives but can also be a distraction, affecting productivity, wellbeing, and work-life balance. Drawing from insights on the impact of physical environments on object engagement, this study examines how the distance between the smartphone and the user influences interactions in work contexts. Participants (N = 22) engaged in two 5h knowledge work sessions on the computer, with the smartphone placed outside their immediate reach during one session. Results show that limited smartphone accessibility led to reduced smartphone use, but participants shifted non-work activities to the computer and the time they spent on work and leisure activities overall remained unchanged. These findings suggest that discussions on smartphone disruptiveness in work contexts should consider the specific activities performed, challenging narratives of ‘smartphone addiction’ and ‘smartphone overuse’ as the cause of increased disruptions and lowered work productivity.

Ziel dieser Studie war es, den Einfluss verschiedener Anreizsysteme auf die Bereitschaft zur Teilnahme an der passiven mobilen Datenerfassung unter deutschen Smartphone-Besitzern experimentell zu messen. Die Daten stammen aus einer Webumfrage unter deutschen Smartphone-Nutzern ab 18 Jahren, die aus einem deutschen, nicht wahrscheinlichen Online-Panel rekrutiert wurden. Im Dezember 2017 beantworteten 1.214 Teilnehmer einen Fragebogen zu den Themen Smartphone-Nutzung und -Fähigkeiten, Datenschutz und Sicherheit, allgemeine Einstellungen gegenüber der Umfrageforschung und Forschungseinrichtungen. Darüber hinaus enthielt der Fragebogen ein Experiment zur Bereitschaft, an der mobilen Datenerhebung unter verschiedenen Anreizbedingungen teilzunehmen. Themen: Besitz von Smartphone, Handy, Desktop- oder Laptop-Computer, Tablet-Computer und/oder E-Book-Reader; Art des Smartphones; Bereitschaft zur Teilnahme an der mobilen Datenerfassung unter verschiedenen Anreizbedingungen; Wahrscheinlichkeit des Herunterladens der App zur Teilnahme an dieser Forschungsstudie; Befragter möchte lieber an der Studie teilnehmen, wenn er 100 Euro erhalten könnte; Gesamtbetrag, den der Befragte für die Teilnahme an der Studie verdienen müsste (offene Antwort); Grund, warum der Befragte nicht an der Forschungsstudie teilnehmen würde; Bereitschaft zur Teilnahme an der Studie für einen Anreiz von insgesamt 60 Euro; Bereitschaft zur Aktivierung verschiedener Funktionen beim Herunterladen der App (Interaktionshistorie, Smartphone-Nutzung, Merkmale des sozialen Netzwerks, Netzqualitäts- und Standortinformationen, Aktivitätsdaten); vorherige Einladung zum Herunterladen der Forschungs-App; Herunterladen der Forschungs-App; Häufigkeit der Nutzung des Smartphones; Smartphone-Aktivitäten (Browsen, E-Mails, Fotografieren, Anzeigen/Post-Social-Media-Inhalte, Einkaufen, Online-Banking, Installieren von Apps, Verwenden von GPS-fähigen Apps, Verbinden über Bluethooth, Spielen, Streaming von Musik/Videos); Selbsteinschätzung der Kompetenz im Umgang mit dem Smartphone; Einstellung zu Umfragen und Teilnahme an Forschungsstudien (persönliches Interesse, Zeitverlust, Verkaufsgespräch, interessante Erfahrung, nützlich); Vertrauen in Institutionen zum Datenschutz (Marktforschungsunternehmen, Universitätsforscher, Regierungsbehörden wie das Statistische Bundesamt, Mobilfunkanbieter, App-Unternehmen, Kreditkartenunternehmen, Online-Händler und Social-Media-Plattformen); allgemeine Datenschutzbedenken; Gefühl der Datenschutzverletzung durch Banken und Kreditkartenunternehmen, Steuerbehörden, Regierungsbehörden, Marktforschung, soziale Netzwerke, Apps und Internetbrowser; Bedenken zur Datensicherheit bei Smartphone-Aktivitäten für Forschungszwecke (Online-Umfrage, Umfrage-Apps, Forschungs-Apps, SMS-Umfrage, Kamera, Aktivitätsdaten, GPS-Ortung, Bluetooth). Demographie: Geschlecht, Alter; Bundesland; höchster Schulabschluss; höchstes berufliches Bildungsniveau. Zusätzlich verkodet wurden: laufende Nummer; Dauer (Reaktionszeit in Sekunden); Gerätetyp, mit dem der Fragebogen ausgefüllt wurde. The goal of this study was to experimentally measure the influence of different incentive schemes on the willingness to participate in passive mobile data collection among German smartphone owners. The data come from a web survey among German smartphone users 18 years and older who were recruited from a German nonprobability online panel. In December 2017, 1,214 respondents completed a questionnaire on smartphone use and skills, privacy and security concerns, general attitudes towards survey research and research institutions. In addition, the questionnaire included an experiment on the willingness to participate in mobile data collection under different incentive conditions. Topics: Ownership of smartphone, cell phone, desktop or laptop computer, tablet computer, and/or e-book reader; type of smartphone; willingness to participate in mobile data collection under different incentive conditions; likelihood of downloading the app to particiapte in this research study; respondent would rather participate in the study if he could receive 100 euros; total amount to be earned for the respondent ot participate in the study (open answer); reason why the respondent wouldn´t participate in the research study; willlingness to participate in the study for an incentive of 60 euros in total; willingness to activate different functions when downloading the app (interaction history, smartphone usage, charateristics of the social network, network quality and location information, activity data); previous invitation for research app download; research app download; frequency of smartphone use; smartphone activities (browsing, e-mails, taking pictures, view/ post social media content, shopping, online banking, installing apps, using GPS-enabled apps, connecting via Bluethooth, playing games, stream music/ videos); self-assessment of smartphone skills; attitude towards surveys and participaton at research studies (personal interest, waste of time, sales pitch, interesting experience, useful); trust in institutions regarding data privacy (market research companies, university researchers, government authorities such as the Federal Statistical Office, mobile service provider, app companies, credit card companies, online retailer, and social media platforms); general privacy concern; feeling of privacy violation by banks and credit card companies, tax authorities, government agencies, market research, social networks, apps, and internet browsers; concern regarding data security with smartphone activities for research purposes (online survey, survey apps, research apps, SMS survey, camera, activity data, GPS location, Bluetooth). Demography: sex, age; federal state; highest level of school education; highest level of vocational education. Additionally coded was: running number; duration (response time in seconds); device type used to fill out the questionnaire.

English(North America) Scripted Monologue Smartphone and PC speech dataset, collected from monologue based on given scripts, covering common expressions. Transcribed with text content and other attributes. Our dataset was collected from extensive and diversify speakers(302 North American), geographicly speaking, enhancing model performance in real and complex tasks.Quality tested by various AI companies. We strictly adhere to data protection regulations and privacy standards, ensuring the maintenance of user privacy and legal rights throughout the data collection, storage, and usage processes, our datasets are all GDPR, CCPA, PIPL complied.

Internet use and online activities. Topics: internet connection at home; type of internet access in the household: standard telephone line, ISDN, ADSL, special modem using the television cable, mobile / wireless connection; internet connection via: desktop computer, laptop, TV set-top box, video game console, mobile telephone, handheld / pocket computer; security features of the aforementioned device: antivirus software, smart card reader or other authentication device, encryption software, firewall software, electronic signature software, other security feature; internet use (at home, at work, at school); frequency of internet use; experienced security problems while using the internet: computer virus, fraudulent use of credit card number, unsolicited e-mail (spamming), other security problems, no problems; contact to public administration via the internet: to find administrative information, send e-mail, carry out procedures online, other reasons, no contact; frequency of purchasing products or services via the internet; experienced problems with regard to shopping on the internet: late delivery, product or service not delivered, no possibility to return faulty or unwanted goods, payment problems, unclear pricing, unsatisfactory communication, unauthorized use of personal data, website navigation problems, misleading offer; purchase of goods and services via websites in the following regions: EU, in Europe but outside the EU, North America, Latin America, Africa, Asia, Oceania; online activities: email, banking, read news, seek health-related information, find job ads, take part in forums, improve training or education, seek information on travels, book event tickets. Demography: sex; age; current type of education; age at end of education; occupation; professional position; region; type of community; household composition and household size. Additionally coded was: country; questionnaire number; weighting factor. Internetnutzung. Themen: Internetzugang im Haushalt; Art des Internetzugangs (z.B. über Telefon, ISDN, ADSL, via Kabel oder WLAN); Art der Hardware für den Internetzugang (z.B. PC, Laptop, TV set-top box, Spielkonsole, Mobiltelefon mit WAP, Palm); vorhandene Sicherheitsvorrichtungen am Computer mit Internetzugang (Anti-Virus Software, smart card reader, Verschlüsselungssoftware, Firewall, elektronische Signatur); Orte der Internetnutzung (zu Hause, Arbeitsplatz, Schule, public access point, Cybercafe usw.); Nutzungshäufigkeit; aufgetretene Sicherheitsprobleme bei der Internetnutzung (Virenbefall, Missbrauch der Kreditkartennummer, Spam); durchgeführte Behördenkontakte via Internet; Häufigkeit privater Einkäufe im Internet und Art dabei aufgetretener Probleme (verspätete Lieferung, fehlgeschlagene Lieferungen, keine Rückgabemöglichkeit, Probleme bei der Bezahlung, unzureichende Preisinformationen, schlechter Kundenservice, Missbrauch der persönlichen Daten z.B. in Form von Spam, Probleme mit der Navigation auf den Webseiten der Anbieter, unlautere/irreführende Angebote); Herkunftsregion der Anbieterseiten bei privaten Interneteinkäufen; weitere Nutzungsarten für das Internet: E-Mails, Online-Banking, Nachrichten und Informationsbeschaffung, Gesundheitsinformationen, Jobangebote, Teilnahme an Foren und Chats, Weiterbildung, Reiseinformationen, Ticketbuchungen. Demographie: Geschlecht; Alter; Studienstatus; Alter bei Beendigung der Ausbildung; Beruf; berufliche Stellung; Region; Urbanisierungsgrad; Haushaltszusammensetzung und Haushaltsgröße. Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Land; Fragebogennummer; Gewichtungsfaktor.

Internet use and online activities. Topics: internet connection at home; type of internet access in the household: standard telephone line, ISDN, ADSL, special modem using the TV cable, mobile / wireless connection; internet connection via: desktop computer, laptop, TV set-top box, video game console, mobile telephone, handheld / pocket computer; security features of the aforementioned device: antivirus software, smart card reader or other authentication device, encryption software, firewall software, electronic signature software, other security feature; internet use (at home, at work, at school); frequency of internet use; experienced security problems while using the internet: computer virus, fraudulent use of credit card number, unsolicited e-mail (spamming), other security problems, no problems; contact to public administration via the internet: to find administrative information, send e-mail, carry out procedures online, other reasons, no contact; frequency of purchasing products or services via the internet; experienced problems with regard to shopping on the internet: late delivery, product or service not delivered, no possibility to return faulty or unwanted goods, payment problems, unclear pricing, unsatisfactory communication, unauthorized use of personal data, website navigation problems, misleading offer; purchase of goods and services via websites in the following regions: EU, in Europe but outside the EU, North America, Latin America, Africa, Asia, Oceania; online activities: email, banking, read news, seek health-related information, find job ads, take part in forums, improve training or education, seek information on travels, book event tickets; chronic physical or mental health problem; limitation in daily activities due to health problems. Demography: sex; age; current type of education; age at end of education; occupation; professional position; type of community; region; household composition and household size. Additionally coded was: country; questionnaire number; date of interview; time of the beginning of the interview; duration of the interview; weighting factor. Internetnutzung und Online-Aktivitäten. Themen: Internetzugang im Haushalt; Art des Internetzugangs (z.B. ISDN, ADSL, WLAN); Art der Hardware für den Internetzugang (z.B. PC, Laptop, digital TV, Spielkonsole, Mobiltelefon mit WAP, Palm); vorhandene Sicherheitsvorrichtungen an einem Computer mit Internetzugang (Anti-Virus Software, Firewall, elektronische Signatur usw.); Orte der Internetnutzung (zu Hause, Arbeitsplatz, Schule, public access point, Cybercafe usw.); Nutzungshäufigkeit; aufgetretene Sicherheitsprobleme bei der Internetnutzung (Virenbefall, Missbrauch der Kreditkartennummer, Spam); durchgeführte Behördenkontakte via Internet; Häufigkeit privater Einkäufe im Internet; Art der aufgetretenen Probleme bei Interneteinkäufen; Herkunftsregion der Anbieterseiten bei privaten Interneteinkäufen; weitere Nutzungsarten für das Internet: E-Mails, online banking, Nachrichten und Informationsbeschaffung, Gesundheitsinformationen, Jobangebote, Teilnahme an Foren und Chats, Weiterbildung, Reiseinformationen, Ticketbuchungen; Vorhandensein einer chronischen Krankheit oder dauerhaften Behinderung beim Befragten sowie dadurch verursachte Einschränkung des Alltagslebens. Demographie: Geschlecht; Alter; Ausbildungsgrad; Alter bei Beendigung der Ausbildung; Beruf; berufliche Stellung; Urbanisierungsgrad; Region; Haushaltszusammensetzung und Haushaltsgröße. Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Fragebogennummer; Interviewdatum; Interviewdauer (Interviewbeginn und Interviewende); Gewichtungsfaktor.

This dataset contains two significant mobile gestures for brain-mobile phone interfaces (BMPIs: (i) motor imagery of tapping on the screen of a mobile device and (ii) motor imagery of swiping down with a thumb on the screen of a mobile device. The raw EEG signals were recorded using the Emotiv EPOC Flex (Model 1.0) headset with saline-based sensors and Emotiv Pro (2.5.1.227) software. The sampling rate is 128 Hz. Each epoch contains 3.5 s signals. The first 1 s signal is recorded before the MI task starts (5 s to 6 s interval in the timing plan), and the next 2.5 s signal is recorded during the MI execution (6 s to 8.5 s interval in the timing plan). Please refer to the reference study below for details.

The file names are constructed as follows. For example, taking "D01_s1" and "D01" in the file name refers to subject "01", and "s1" refers to session 1 ("s2" refers to session 2). The label data is given in a separate folder in Matlab format.

The data is provided in two different forms for use (the desired is preferable):

The set_files folder contains the data prepared for import in EEGLAB. EEGLAB must be installed, and the set files must be imported to access the data. The data is in epoched format in 3D (channels, sample_points, trials). With the EEGLAB interface, all the data can be accessed, and EEGLAB functions can be executed. Also, the EEG variable, which is built after importing the *.set file, contains all the information about the experiment. With the EEG.data variable, epoched data in the dimensions (channels, sample_points, trials) can be accessed.

The mat_files folder contains data in mat file format. In these files, epoched data is stored in a 3-D array of size (channels, sample_points, trials). You can access the data as follows. For example, all data from the first session of subject D01 can be retrieved as follows. Load the mat file with the load('D01_s1.mat') code, and access the data using the EEG variable in the workspace. For instance, 13x448 x101 sized epoched data (channels, sample_points, trials) can be retrieved with the command EEG.data. Other information about the experiments and subjects is also included in the fields of the EEG variable.

This research was supported by the Turkish Scientific and Research Council (TUBITAK) under project number 119E397.

The following article can be cited in academic studies as follow.

Yilmaz, C.M., Yilmaz, B.H. & Kose, C. MI-BMPI motor imagery brain–mobile phone dataset and performance evaluation of voting ensembles utilizing QPDM. Neural Comput & Applic 37, 4679–4696 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-024-10917-5

Permission must be obtained for use in commercial studies.

This dataset is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license.

About Dataset:

Auto-Orient: Applied

Static Crop: 30-85% Horizontal Region, 15-85% Vertical Region

Modify Classes: 0 remapped, 3 dropped

Filter Null: Require all images to contain annotations.

Use cases of this dataset:

1- Ocean cleanup efforts: Utilize the "Microplastic Dataset" computer vision model to identify and locate microplastic pollution in ocean water samples, allowing for targeted cleanup efforts and better understanding of microplastic distribution in marine environments.

2- Recycling facility improvements: Integrate the model into recycling facilities to identify and sort microplastic residues in materials, ensuring proper disposal or treatment to prevent their release into the environment.

3- Microplastic research: Aid researchers in studying the impact of microplastics on ecosystems and human health by automating the detection and analysis of microplastics in various samples, such as water, soil, or air.

4- Supply chain monitoring: Help industries monitor and evaluate their supply chain processes to identify and reduce microplastic contamination in their products or packaging materials, promoting greener manufacturing practices.

5- Consumer education and awareness: Develop a mobile app that uses the "Microplastic Dataset" model to enable users to identify potential microplastic contamination in consumer products such as cosmetics or food packaging, encouraging more informed purchasing decisions and raising public awareness on the issue of microplastic pollution.

Variables measured:

MPDS Bounding Boxes

Dataset authored and provided by:

Panats MP Project

Internetnutzung. Themen: Internetzugang im Haushalt; Art des Internetzugangs (z.B. über Telefon, ISDN, ADSL, via Kabel oder WLAN); Art der Hardware für den Internetzugang (z.B. PC, Laptop, TV set-top box, Spielkonsole, Mobiltelefon mit WAP, Palm); vorhandene Sicherheitsvorrichtungen am Computer mit Internetzugang (Anti-Virus Software, smart card reader, Verschlüsselungssoftware, Firewall, elektronische Signatur); Orte der Internetnutzung (zu Hause, Arbeitsplatz, Schule, public access point, Cybercafe usw.); Nutzungshäufigkeit; aufgetretene Sicherheitsprobleme bei der Internetnutzung (Virenbefall, Missbrauch der Kreditkartennummer, Spam); durchgeführte Behördenkontakte via Internet; Häufigkeit privater Einkäufe im Internet und Art dabei aufgetretener Probleme (verspätete Lieferung, fehlgeschlagene Lieferungen, keine Rückgabemöglichkeit, Probleme bei der Bezahlung, unzureichende Preisinformationen, schlechter Kundenservice, Missbrauch der persönlichen Daten z.B. in Form von Spam, Probleme mit der Navigation auf den Webseiten der Anbieter, unlautere/irreführende Angebote); Herkunftsregion der Anbieterseiten bei privaten Interneteinkäufen; weitere Nutzungsarten für das Internet: E-Mails, Online-Banking, Nachrichten und Informationsbeschaffung, Gesundheitsinformationen, Jobangebote, Teilnahme an Foren und Chats, Weiterbildung, Reiseinformationen, Ticketbuchungen. Demographie: Geschlecht; Alter; Studienstatus; Alter bei Beendigung der Ausbildung; Beruf; berufliche Stellung; Region; Urbanisierungsgrad; Haushaltszusammensetzung und Haushaltsgröße. Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Land; Fragebogennummer; Gewichtungsfaktor. Internet use and online activities. Topics: internet connection at home; type of internet access in the household: standard telephone line, ISDN, ADSL, special modem using the television cable, mobile / wireless connection; internet connection via: desktop computer, laptop, TV set-top box, video game console, mobile telephone, handheld / pocket computer; security features of the aforementioned device: antivirus software, smart card reader or other authentication device, encryption software, firewall software, electronic signature software, other security feature; internet use (at home, at work, at school); frequency of internet use; experienced security problems while using the internet: computer virus, fraudulent use of credit card number, unsolicited e-mail (spamming), other security problems, no problems; contact to public administration via the internet: to find administrative information, send e-mail, carry out procedures online, other reasons, no contact; frequency of purchasing products or services via the internet; experienced problems with regard to shopping on the internet: late delivery, product or service not delivered, no possibility to return faulty or unwanted goods, payment problems, unclear pricing, unsatisfactory communication, unauthorized use of personal data, website navigation problems, misleading offer; purchase of goods and services via websites in the following regions: EU, in Europe but outside the EU, North America, Latin America, Africa, Asia, Oceania; online activities: email, banking, read news, seek health-related information, find job ads, take part in forums, improve training or education, seek information on travels, book event tickets. Demography: sex; age; current type of education; age at end of education; occupation; professional position; region; type of community; household composition and household size. Additionally coded was: country; questionnaire number; weighting factor. Telephone interview Bevölkerung im Alter von 15 Jahren und älter

Internetnutzung und Online-Aktivitäten. Themen: Internetzugang im Haushalt; Art des Internetzugangs (z.B. ISDN, ADSL, WLAN); Art der Hardware für den Internetzugang (z.B. PC, Laptop, digital TV, Spielkonsole, Mobiltelefon mit WAP, Palm); vorhandene Sicherheitsvorrichtungen an einem Computer mit Internetzugang (Anti-Virus Software, Firewall, elektronische Signatur usw.); Orte der Internetnutzung (zu Hause, Arbeitsplatz, Schule, public access point, Cybercafe usw.); Nutzungshäufigkeit; aufgetretene Sicherheitsprobleme bei der Internetnutzung (Virenbefall, Missbrauch der Kreditkartennummer, Spam); durchgeführte Behördenkontakte via Internet; Häufigkeit privater Einkäufe im Internet; Art der aufgetretenen Probleme bei Interneteinkäufen; Herkunftsregion der Anbieterseiten bei privaten Interneteinkäufen; weitere Nutzungsarten für das Internet: E-Mails, online banking, Nachrichten und Informationsbeschaffung, Gesundheitsinformationen, Jobangebote, Teilnahme an Foren und Chats, Weiterbildung, Reiseinformationen, Ticketbuchungen; Vorhandensein einer chronischen Krankheit oder dauerhaften Behinderung beim Befragten sowie dadurch verursachte Einschränkung des Alltagslebens. Demographie: Geschlecht; Alter; Ausbildungsgrad; Alter bei Beendigung der Ausbildung; Beruf; berufliche Stellung; Urbanisierungsgrad; Region; Haushaltszusammensetzung und Haushaltsgröße. Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Fragebogennummer; Interviewdatum; Interviewdauer (Interviewbeginn und Interviewende); Gewichtungsfaktor. Internet use and online activities. Topics: internet connection at home; type of internet access in the household: standard telephone line, ISDN, ADSL, special modem using the TV cable, mobile / wireless connection; internet connection via: desktop computer, laptop, TV set-top box, video game console, mobile telephone, handheld / pocket computer; security features of the aforementioned device: antivirus software, smart card reader or other authentication device, encryption software, firewall software, electronic signature software, other security feature; internet use (at home, at work, at school); frequency of internet use; experienced security problems while using the internet: computer virus, fraudulent use of credit card number, unsolicited e-mail (spamming), other security problems, no problems; contact to public administration via the internet: to find administrative information, send e-mail, carry out procedures online, other reasons, no contact; frequency of purchasing products or services via the internet; experienced problems with regard to shopping on the internet: late delivery, product or service not delivered, no possibility to return faulty or unwanted goods, payment problems, unclear pricing, unsatisfactory communication, unauthorized use of personal data, website navigation problems, misleading offer; purchase of goods and services via websites in the following regions: EU, in Europe but outside the EU, North America, Latin America, Africa, Asia, Oceania; online activities: email, banking, read news, seek health-related information, find job ads, take part in forums, improve training or education, seek information on travels, book event tickets; chronic physical or mental health problem; limitation in daily activities due to health problems. Demography: sex; age; current type of education; age at end of education; occupation; professional position; type of community; region; household composition and household size. Additionally coded was: country; questionnaire number; date of interview; time of the beginning of the interview; duration of the interview; weighting factor.

ABSTRACT: With the popularization of low-cost mobile and wearable sensors, many prior studies used such sensors to track and analyze people's mental well-being, productivity, and behavioral patterns. However, there is a lack of open datasets collected in real-world contexts with affective and cognitive state labels such as emotion, stress, and attention. This limits the advances in affective computing and human-computer interaction research. In this work, we present K-EmoPhone, an in-the-wild naturalistic dataset (n=80, 1-week) of smartphone use, wearable sensing, and self-reported affect states from college students. The dataset contains continuous probing of peripheral physiological signals and mobility data measured by off-the-shelf commercial devices in addition to context and interaction data by users' smartphones. Moreover, the dataset includes self-reports of in-situ affect states (n=5,753) such as emotion, stress level, attention level, and disturbance level, acquired by the experience sampling method. The resulting K-EmoPhone dataset helps to advance the research and development of affective computing, emotion intelligence technologies, and attention management based on mobile and wearable sensor data.

Login Data Set for Risk-Based Authentication

Synthesized login feature data of >33M login attempts and >3.3M users on a large-scale online service in Norway. Original data collected between February 2020 and February 2021.

This data sets aims to foster research and development for Risk-Based Authentication (RBA) systems. The data was synthesized from the real-world login behavior of more than 3.3M users at a large-scale single sign-on (SSO) online service in Norway.

The users used this SSO to access sensitive data provided by the online service, e.g., a cloud storage and billing information. We used this data set to study how the Freeman et al. (2016) RBA model behaves on a large-scale online service in the real world (see Publication). The synthesized data set can reproduce these results made on the original data set (see Study Reproduction). Beyond that, you can use this data set to evaluate and improve RBA algorithms under real-world conditions.

WARNING: The feature values are plausible, but still totally artificial. Therefore, you should NOT use this data set in productive systems, e.g., intrusion detection systems.

Overview

The data set contains the following features related to each login attempt on the SSO:

    Feature
    Data Type
    Description
    Range or Example




    IP Address
    String
    IP address belonging to the login attempt
    0.0.0.0 - 255.255.255.255


    Country
    String
    Country derived from the IP address
    US


    Region
    String
    Region derived from the IP address
    New York


    City
    String
    City derived from the IP address
    Rochester


    ASN
    Integer
    Autonomous system number derived from the IP address
    0 - 600000


    User Agent String
    String
    User agent string submitted by the client
    Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; ...


    OS Name and Version
    String
    Operating system name and version derived from the user agent string
    Windows 10


    Browser Name and Version
    String
    Browser name and version derived from the user agent string
    Chrome 70.0.3538


    Device Type
    String
    Device type derived from the user agent string
    (mobile, desktop, tablet, bot, unknown)1


    User ID
    Integer
    Idenfication number related to the affected user account
    [Random pseudonym]


    Login Timestamp
    Integer
    Timestamp related to the login attempt
    [64 Bit timestamp]


    Round-Trip Time (RTT) [ms]
    Integer
    Server-side measured latency between client and server
    1 - 8600000


    Login Successful
    Boolean
    True: Login was successful, False: Login failed
    (true, false)


    Is Attack IP
    Boolean
    IP address was found in known attacker data set
    (true, false)


    Is Account Takeover
    Boolean
    Login attempt was identified as account takeover by incident response team of the online service
    (true, false)

Data Creation

As the data set targets RBA systems, especially the Freeman et al. (2016) model, the statistical feature probabilities between all users, globally and locally, are identical for the categorical data. All the other data was randomly generated while maintaining logical relations and timely order between the features.

The timestamps, however, are not identical and contain randomness. The feature values related to IP address and user agent string were randomly generated by publicly available data, so they were very likely not present in the real data set. The RTTs resemble real values but were randomly assigned among users per geolocation. Therefore, the RTT entries were probably in other positions in the original data set.

The country was randomly assigned per unique feature value. Based on that, we randomly assigned an ASN related to the country, and generated the IP addresses for this ASN. The cities and regions were derived from the generated IP addresses for privacy reasons and do not reflect the real logical relations from the original data set.

The device types are identical to the real data set. Based on that, we randomly assigned the OS, and based on the OS the browser information. From this information, we randomly generated the user agent string. Therefore, all the logical relations regarding the user agent are identical as in the real data set.

The RTT was randomly drawn from the login success status and synthesized geolocation data. We did this to ensure that the RTTs are realistic ones.

Regarding the Data Values

Due to unresolvable conflicts during the data creation, we had to assign some unrealistic IP addresses and ASNs that are not present in the real world. Nevertheless, these do not have any effects on the risk scores generated by the Freeman et al. (2016) model.

You can recognize them by the following values:

ASNs with values >= 500.000

IP addresses in the range 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0/8 CIDR range)

Study Reproduction

Based on our evaluation, this data set can reproduce our study results regarding the RBA behavior of an RBA model using the IP address (IP address, country, and ASN) and user agent string (Full string, OS name and version, browser name and version, device type) as features.

The calculated RTT significances for countries and regions inside Norway are not identical using this data set, but have similar tendencies. The same is true for the Median RTTs per country. This is due to the fact that the available number of entries per country, region, and city changed with the data creation procedure. However, the RTTs still reflect the real-world distributions of different geolocations by city.

See RESULTS.md for more details.

Ethics

By using the SSO service, the users agreed in the data collection and evaluation for research purposes. For study reproduction and fostering RBA research, we agreed with the data owner to create a synthesized data set that does not allow re-identification of customers.

The synthesized data set does not contain any sensitive data values, as the IP addresses, browser identifiers, login timestamps, and RTTs were randomly generated and assigned.

Publication

You can find more details on our conducted study in the following journal article:

Pump Up Password Security! Evaluating and Enhancing Risk-Based Authentication on a Real-World Large-Scale Online Service (2022) Stephan Wiefling, Paul René Jørgensen, Sigurd Thunem, and Luigi Lo Iacono. ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security

Bibtex

@article{Wiefling_Pump_2022, author = {Wiefling, Stephan and Jørgensen, Paul René and Thunem, Sigurd and Lo Iacono, Luigi}, title = {Pump {Up} {Password} {Security}! {Evaluating} and {Enhancing} {Risk}-{Based} {Authentication} on a {Real}-{World} {Large}-{Scale} {Online} {Service}}, journal = {{ACM} {Transactions} on {Privacy} and {Security}}, doi = {10.1145/3546069}, publisher = {ACM}, year = {2022} }

License

This data set and the contents of this repository are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license. See the LICENSE file for details. If the data set is used within a publication, the following journal article has to be cited as the source of the data set:

Stephan Wiefling, Paul René Jørgensen, Sigurd Thunem, and Luigi Lo Iacono: Pump Up Password Security! Evaluating and Enhancing Risk-Based Authentication on a Real-World Large-Scale Online Service. In: ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security (2022). doi: 10.1145/3546069

Few (invalid) user agents strings from the original data set could not be parsed, so their device type is empty. Perhaps this parse error is useful information for your studies, so we kept these 1526 entries.↩︎

First-person video dataset recorded in daily life situations of 17 participants, annotated by themselves for privacy sensitivity. The dataset of Steil et al. contains more than 90 hours of data recorded continuously from 20 participants (six females, aged 22-31) over more than four hours each. Participants were students with different backgrounds and subjects with normal or corrected- to-normal vision. During the recordings, participants roamed a university campus and performed their everyday activities, such as meeting people, eating, or working as they normally would on any day at the university. To obtain some data from multiple, and thus also “privacy-sensitive”, places on the university campus, participants were asked to not stay in one place for more than 30 minutes. Participants were further asked to stop the recording after about one and a half hours so that the laptop’s battery packs could be changed and the eye tracker re-calibrated. This yielded three recordings of about 1.5 hours per participant. Participants regularly interacted with a mobile phone provided to them and were also encouraged to use their own laptop, desktop computer, or music player if desired. The dataset thus covers a rich set of representative real-world situations, including sensitive environments and tasks. The data is only to be used for non-commercial scientific purposes.

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner. The most fundamental questions vexing current commercial and public strategists in the information society arena are questions that can only be answered by longitudinal studies that measure the same individuals at different points in time. Whilst cross-sectional surveys tell us about penetration and access, they cannot tell us about the effects that these patterns have on people's lives, nor can they distinguish between gross and net patterns of change. Without longitudinal analysis we simply cannot tell if acquiring internet access leads directly to improvement of life chances, to a reduction in the time spent watching television and/or to an increase in communication with distributed family members. Nor can we tell if the 40% of the EU population who were internet users in 2001 are the same as the 30% who were users in 2000 plus a new 10%, or are actually a completely new group of people due to massive churn rates in internet subscription.To address this problem the E-Living project, launched on 1st January 2001, is in the process of creating a co-ordinated set of pan-European longitudinal household panels specifically to generate quantitative data on the uptake and usage of information and communication technologies (ICTs) over time. The emphasis on longitudinal study marks this project out from the increasing number of cross-sectional surveys carried out for commercial, academic and public policy reasons. More information can be found on the E-Living: Life in a Digital Europe web pages. For the third edition, new data files were deposited. These included additional partner diary data for Israel for Wave 2 and some income corrections for both waves. The documentation has also been updated. Main Topics: The dataset contains survey data on the uptake and use of information and communication technologies in six European countries (Norway, UK, Germany, Italy, Bulgaria and Israel) in 2001 and 2002, collected via Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI), as a two-wave household panel study. The survey collected data on mobile telephony, personal computer (pc) and internet uptake and use as well as a wide range of indicators of social capital, social networks, quality of life, working conditions and employment and educational experiences, as well as standard socio-demographics. List-assisted random digit dialling for all countries apart from Bulgaria, where a multi-stage stratified random sample design was used Face-to-face interview Telephone interview 2001 2002 ABILITY ACCESS TO INFORMATI... ACCOUNTS AGE APPLICATION FOR EMP... ATTITUDES AUTONOMY AT WORK BROADBAND Bulgaria CABLE TELEVISION CLUBS COMMUNITY ACTION COMMUTING COMPUTER APPLICATIONS COMPUTER PROGRAMMING COMPUTER TERMINALS COMPUTERS CONSUMER GOODS CORRESPONDENCE COSTS CULTURAL EVENTS CULTURAL GOODS DATA TRANSMISSION DIGITAL GAMES DIGITAL TELEVISION ECONOMIC ACTIVITY EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND EDUCATIONAL COURSES EDUCATIONAL INSTITU... EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES ELECTRONIC MAIL EMPLOYEES EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT HISTORY ENVIRONMENTAL CONSE... ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEM... EVENING SCHOOLS EXPENDITURE FAMILY MEMBERS GENDER Germany October 1990 HEADS OF HOUSEHOLD HEALTH ADVICE HOBBIES HOME BASED WORK HOURS OF WORK HOUSEHOLDS HOUSEWORK INCOME INDUSTRIES INFORMATION AND COM... INFORMATION SERVICES INFORMATION SOURCES INTERNET INTERPERSONAL COMMU... Information technology Israel Italy JOB DESCRIPTION KEY SKILLS KNOWLEDGE AWARENESS LEISURE TIME ACTIVI... LOCATION MARITAL STATUS MEMBERSHIP MOBILE PHONES MODEMS MOTOR VEHICLES MUSIC Norway OCCUPATIONAL LIFE OCCUPATIONAL QUALIF... ORGANIC FOODS ORGANIZATIONS PURCHASING QUALIFICATIONS QUALITY OF LIFE READING ACTIVITY REMOTE BANKING RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY SATELLITE RECEIVERS SATELLITE TELEVISION SEASONAL EMPLOYMENT SELF EMPLOYED SHOPPING SOCIAL ACTIVITIES L... SOCIAL SUPPORT SPORT STUDY SUPERVISORY STATUS Social behaviour an... TECHNOLOGY AND INNO... TELEPHONE CALLS TELEPHONES TELEVISION CHANNELS TELEVISION RECEIVERS TELEVISION VIEWING TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT TIME TRADE UNIONS TRAVEL TRAVELLING TIME United Kingdom VOLUNTARY WORK WAGES WORKING CONDITIONS WORKPLACE

halfFace is a dataset that contains facial images of both masked and unmasked images of South Asian people (166 participants). This is a combination of 3 different datasets which include full face, upper face, and augmented upper face images so that it can be used for person identification from both masked and unmasked images and detecting unmasked person. The participants were fully informed about the usage of the dataset and an approval was taken from them for further usage of this data while collecting data from them.

Method Images of the dataset were captured in participant’s environment, and using participant’s smart phone camera. Hence, this dataset contains the diversity of devices. This images were then collected by the authors. Then, three different datasets were developed from the images. In the dataset-1, only facial part was kept using a pretrained CNN model, and it was not divided into train-test images. The facial images of masked and unmasked images can be easily identified by naming convention. In dataset-2, we have excluded the covered face portion by using YOLOV3. So, images of dataset-2 contains only upper part of the face (hair, forehead, eyes, and upper portion of nose), and it was further divided into training-testing parts. As models require a huge amount of data to train, we have increased the number of training images using augmentation method by adjusting brightness, blur, contrast, saturation, gaussian noise, and salt and pepper noise. This has made the dataset-3 even more diverse and noisy which is essential in building robust models.

Usage Notes Dataset-1 : Full face images Datset-2: Upper face without augmentation (divided into train-test) Dataset-3: Upper face with augmentation of training part, testing images were same as dataset-2 Naming convention: Folders: P_XXX where XXX is the identification of participants. Images of dataset-1 and dataset-2: pXXX_(0/1)(0/1/2)(m/f) Here, pXXX is the person identification number. First (0/1) means unmasked (0) or masked(1). (0/1/2) means the image is front facing(0)/ left facing (1), right facing (2). (m/f) denotes the gender of the participant. Images of dataset-3: pXXX_(0/1)(0/1/2)(m/f)_(b/blur/c/GN/s/SPN) Here, pXXX is the person identification number. First (0/1) means unmasked (0) or masked(1). (0/1/2) means the image is front facing(0)/ left facing (1), right facing (2). (m/f) denotes the gender of the participant. “b/blur/c/GN/s/SPN” means change of brightness (b), blur (blur), contrast (c), gaussian noise (GN), saturation (s), Salt and Pepper noise (SPN).

The Robot-at-Home dataset (Robot@Home, paper here) is a collection of raw and processed data from five domestic settings compiled by a mobile robot equipped with 4 RGB-D cameras and a 2D laser scanner. Its main purpose is to serve as a testbed for semantic mapping algorithms through the categorization of objects and/or rooms.

This dataset is unique in three aspects:

The provided data were captured with a rig of 4 RGB-D sensors with an overall field of view of 180°H. and 58°V., and with a 2D laser scanner.

It comprises diverse and numerous data: sequences of RGB-D images and laser scans from the rooms of five apartments (87,000+ observations were collected), topological information about the connectivity of these rooms, and 3D reconstructions and 2D geometric maps of the visited rooms.

The provided ground truth is dense, including per-point annotations of the categories of the objects and rooms appearing in the reconstructed scenarios, and per-pixel annotations of each RGB-D image within the recorded sequences

During the data collection, a total of 36 rooms were completely inspected, so the dataset is rich in contextual information of objects and rooms. This is a valuable feature, missing in most of the state-of-the-art datasets, which can be exploited by, for instance, semantic mapping systems that leverage relationships like pillows are usually on beds or ovens are not in bathrooms.

Robot@Home2

Robot@Home2, is an enhanced version aimed at improving usability and functionality for developing and testing mobile robotics and computer vision algorithms. It consists of three main components. Firstly, a relational database that states the contextual information and data links, compatible with Standard Query Language. Secondly,a Python package for managing the database, including downloading, querying, and interfacing functions. Finally, learning resources in the form of Jupyter notebooks, runnable locally or on the Google Colab platform, enabling users to explore the dataset without local installations. These freely available tools are expected to enhance the ease of exploiting the Robot@Home dataset and accelerate research in computer vision and robotics.

If you use Robot@Home2, please cite the following paper:

Gregorio Ambrosio-Cestero, Jose-Raul Ruiz-Sarmiento, Javier Gonzalez-Jimenez, The Robot@Home2 dataset: A new release with improved usability tools, in SoftwareX, Volume 23, 2023, 101490, ISSN 2352-7110, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.softx.2023.101490.

@article{ambrosio2023robotathome2,title = {The Robot@Home2 dataset: A new release with improved usability tools},author = {Gregorio Ambrosio-Cestero and Jose-Raul Ruiz-Sarmiento and Javier Gonzalez-Jimenez},journal = {SoftwareX},volume = {23},pages = {101490},year = {2023},issn = {2352-7110},doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.softx.2023.101490},url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352711023001863},keywords = {Dataset, Mobile robotics, Relational database, Python, Jupyter, Google Colab}}

Version historyv1.0.1 Fixed minor bugs.v1.0.2 Fixed some inconsistencies in some directory names. Fixes were necessary to automate the generation of the next version.v2.0.0 SQL based dataset. Robot@Home v1.0.2 has been packed into a sqlite database along with RGB-D and scene files which have been assembled into a hierarchical structured directory free of redundancies. Path tables are also provided to reference files in both v1.0.2 and v2.0.0 directory hierarchies. This version has been automatically generated from version 1.0.2 through the toolbox.v2.0.1 A forgotten foreign key pair have been added.v.2.0.2 The views have been consolidated as tables which allows a considerable improvement in access time.v.2.0.3 The previous version does not include the database. In this version the database has been uploaded.v.2.1.0 Depth images have been updated to 16-bit. Additionally, both the RGB images and the depth images are oriented in the original camera format, i.e. landscape.

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Welcome to the FEIS (Fourteen-channel EEG with Imagined Speech) dataset.

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The FEIS dataset comprises Emotiv EPOC+ [1] EEG recordings of:

* 21 participants listening to, imagining speaking, and then actually speaking
 16 English phonemes (see supplementary, below)

* 2 participants listening to, imagining speaking, and then actually speaking
 16 Chinese syllables (see supplementary, below)

For replicability and for the benefit of further research, this dataset
includes the complete experiment set-up, including participants' recorded
audio and 'flashcard' screens for audio-visual prompts, Lua script and .mxs
scenario for the OpenVibe [2] environment, as well as all Python scripts
for the preparation and processing of data as used in the supporting
studies (submitted in support of completion of the MSc Speech and Language
Processing with the University of Edinburgh):

* J. Clayton, "Towards phone classification from imagined speech using
 a lightweight EEG brain-computer interface," M.Sc. dissertation,
 University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, 2019.

* S. Wellington, "An investigation into the possibilities and limitations
 of decoding heard, imagined and spoken phonemes using a low-density,
 mobile EEG headset," M.Sc. dissertation, University of Edinburgh,
 Edinburgh, UK, 2019.

Each participant's data comprise 5 .csv files -- these are the 'raw'
(unprocessed) EEG recordings for the 'stimuli', 'articulators' (see
supplementary, below) 'thinking', 'speaking' and 'resting' phases per epoch
for each trial -- alongside a 'full' .csv file with the end-to-end
experiment recording (for the benefit of calculating deltas).

To guard against software deprecation or inaccessability, the full repository
of open-source software used in the above studies is also included.

We hope for the FEIS dataset to be of some utility for future researchers,
due to the sparsity of similar open-access databases. As such, this dataset
is made freely available for all academic and research purposes (non-profit).

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REFERENCING

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If you use the FEIS dataset, please reference:

* S. Wellington, J. Clayton, "Fourteen-channel EEG with Imagined Speech
 (FEIS) dataset," v1.0, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, 2019.
 doi:10.5281/zenodo.3369178

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LEGAL

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The research supporting the distribution of this dataset has been approved by
the PPLS Research Ethics Committee, School of Philosophy, Psychology and
Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh (reference number: 435-1819/2).

This dataset is made available under the Open Data Commons Attribution License
(ODC-BY): http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/by/1.0

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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The FEIS database was compiled by:

Scott Wellington (MSc Speech and Language Processing, University of Edinburgh)
Jonathan Clayton (MSc Speech and Language Processing, University of Edinburgh)

Principal Investigators:

Oliver Watts (Senior Researcher, CSTR, University of Edinburgh)
Cassia Valentini-Botinhao (Senior Researcher, CSTR, University of Edinburgh)

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METADATA

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For participants, dataset refs 01 to 21:

01 - NNS
02 - NNS
03 - NNS, Left-handed
04 - E
05 - E, Voice heard as part of 'stimuli' portions of trials belongs to
   particpant 04, due to microphone becoming damaged and unusable prior to
   recording
06 - E
07 - E
08 - E, Ambidextrous
09 - NNS, Left-handed
10 - E
11 - NNS
12 - NNS, Only sessions one and two recorded (out of three total), as
   particpant had to leave the recording session early
13 - E
14 - NNS
15 - NNS
16 - NNS
17 - E
18 - NNS
19 - E
20 - E
21 - E

E = native speaker of English
NNS = non-native speaker of English (>= C1 level)

For participants, dataset refs chinese-1 and chinese-2:

chinese-1 - C
chinese-2 - C, Voice heard as part of 'stimuli' portions of trials belongs to
      participant chinese-1

C = native speaker of Chinese

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SUPPLEMENTARY

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Under the international 10-20 system, the Emotiv EPOC+ headset 14 channels:

F3 FC5 AF3 F7 T7 P7 O1 O2 P8 T8 F8 AF4 FC6 F4

The 16 English phonemes investigated in dataset refs 01 to 21:

/i/ /u:/ /æ/ /ɔ:/ /m/ /n/ /ŋ/ /f/ /s/ /ʃ/ /v/ /z/ /ʒ/ /p /t/ /k/

The 16 Chinese syllables investigated in dataset refs chinese-1 and chinese-2:

mā má mǎ mà mēng méng měng mèng duō duó duǒ duò tuī tuí tuǐ tuì

All references to 'articulators' (e.g. as part of filenames) refer to the
1-second 'fixation point' portion of trials. The name is a layover from
preliminary trials which were modelled on the KARA ONE database
(http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~complingweb/data/karaOne/karaOne.html) [3].

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[1] Emotiv EPOC+. https://emotiv.com/epoc. Accessed online 14/08/2019.

[2] Y. Renard, F. Lotte, G. Gibert, M. Congedo, E. Maby, V. Delannoy,
  O. Bertrand, A. Lécuyer. “OpenViBE: An Open-Source Software Platform
  to Design, Test and Use Brain-Computer Interfaces in Real and Virtual
  Environments”, Presence: teleoperators and virtual environments,
  vol. 19, no 1, 2010.

[3] S. Zhao, F. Rudzicz. "Classifying phonological categories in imagined
  and articulated speech." In Proceedings of ICASSP 2015, Brisbane
  Australia, 2015.

Our research hypothesizes that student cheating during online exams can be accurately detected through multimodal analysis of visual behavioral cues captured via standard webcams. By combining facial movements, hand gestures, gaze tracking, head pose, and phone interaction data, AI-based proctoring systems can identify dishonest behavior. To validate this, we developed this dataset, specifically designed to support the training, testing, and benchmarking of machine learning models for automated and scalable online exam proctoring.

What the Data Shows The dataset consists of 5,500 structured records, each representing a snapshot of a student’s behavior during an online exam. Each record includes 38 attributes extracted using computer vision techniques and classified into two categories [see Table 1]: • Cheating behavior (label = 1) • Non-cheating behavior (label = 0) The class distribution is nearly balanced, with 2,619 cheating and 2,881 non-cheating instances, making it suitable for supervised binary classification tasks. The recorded features fall under the following categories: • Face Detection: Captures face presence, count, bounding box, and key landmarks. • Hand Tracking: Records hand count, positions, and object interaction status. • Head Pose Estimation: Includes pitch, yaw, and roll angles indicating head orientation. • Mobile Phone Detection: Indicates phone presence, location, and detection confidence. • Eye Gaze Tracking: Tracks gaze direction, screen focus, gaze points, and pupil positions.

How the Data Was Gathered Data were collected in a controlled, simulated online exam environment using a standard webcam and implemented with computer vision modules. The system used: • MediaPipe for real-time face and hand tracking. • OpenCV for image processing and frame analysis. • Custom models for gaze estimation, head pose, and mobile phone detection.

Notable Findings Machine learning models like Random Forest and XGBoost achieved high precision and recall on this dataset. Notably: • Hand-object interactions and phone presence are key indicators of cheating. • Head pose deviations and off-screen gaze also suggest suspicious behavior. • Combining multiple behavioral cues enhances detection accuracy over single-modality approaches.

How the Data Can Be Interpreted and Used This dataset is designed for researchers, developers, and educators aiming to: • Build AI-powered online proctoring systems • Develop behavior recognition models for academic monitoring • Benchmark cheating detection techniques in machine learning and computer vision • Explore the ethical implications of surveillance technologies in education Each record is fully anonymized, containing no raw images or personal identifiers, making it safe for public research use. The structured numerical format ensures compatibility with various machine learning libraries and tools.