View monthly updates and historical trends for Canada M1B Money Supply. Source: Bank of Canada. Track economic data with YCharts analytics.

In 2023, the money supply in Indonesia grew by approximately *** percent from the previous year. An increase in the supply of money generally lowers interest rates, resulting more investment developments and an increase of consumers' money, thereby stimulating spending.

The U.S. federal funds rate peaked in 2023 at its highest level since the 2007-08 financial crisis, reaching 5.33 percent by December 2023. A significant shift in monetary policy occurred in the second half of 2024, with the Federal Reserve implementing regular rate cuts. By December 2024, the rate had declined to 4.48 percent. What is a central bank rate? The federal funds rate determines the cost of overnight borrowing between banks, allowing them to maintain necessary cash reserves and ensure financial system liquidity. When this rate rises, banks become more inclined to hold rather than lend money, reducing the money supply. While this decreased lending slows economic activity, it helps control inflation by limiting the circulation of money in the economy. Historic perspective The federal funds rate historically follows cyclical patterns, falling during recessions and gradually rising during economic recoveries. Some central banks, notably the European Central Bank, went beyond traditional monetary policy by implementing both aggressive asset purchases and negative interest rates.

The Eurozone's money supply has experienced significant growth over the past two decades, with the M2 measure reaching approximately 15.6 trillion euros by the end of 2024. This substantial increase from 4.6 trillion euros in 2001 reflects the expanding monetary base in the euro area. However, 2023 marked a notable deviation from this trend, as it was the first year in the observed period where the money supply in the euro area decreased. Components of money supply M2 is a broader measure of money supply that includes cash, checking deposits, and convertible near money. It encompasses the more narrow M1 measure, which consists of the most liquid components, such as currency in circulation and overnight deposits. As of December 2024, the Eurozone's M1 money supply stood at 10.57 trillion euros, while M2 reached 15.6 trillion euros. These figures are used by central banks to forecast inflation and interest rates, playing a crucial role in shaping monetary policy. Comparison with other regions While the Eurozone has seen steady growth in its money supply, other major economies have experienced their own unique trajectories. In the United States, for instance, the M2 money supply reached 20.86 trillion U.S. dollars in 2023, showing a slight decrease from the previous year. Both the Eurozone and the U.S. saw exceptional increases in their money supply during 2020, largely due to quantitative easing measures implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. This global economic event had a profound impact on monetary policies across different regions, influencing the money supply dynamics worldwide.

Brazil Broad Money Supply: M3: Operation Committed with Federal Securities data was reported at 113,074.640 BRL mn in Jun 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 103,266.242 BRL mn for May 2018. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M3: Operation Committed with Federal Securities data is updated monthly, averaging 29,866.033 BRL mn from Jul 1994 (Median) to Jun 2018, with 288 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 218,686.067 BRL mn in Mar 2016 and a record low of 0.000 BRL mn in Jul 1999. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M3: Operation Committed with Federal Securities data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.KAA018: Money Supply. Brazilian Central Bank has made changes in methodology of Financial System Credit Data in February of 2013 after 13 years following the same methodology. These changes are necessary face the expansion of credit, favored by the improvement of the indicators of employment and income, continuous and sharp reduction of the interest rates and by important institutional advances. It is essential the availability of new information, in particular, which allows more detailed monitoring of credit arrangements with targeted resources, especially real estate financing, whose dynamism has contributed to reducing the housing deficit in the country. The main change includes coverage of data on concessions, interest rates, terms and default rates that were extended to the segment of directed credit and also became necessary to further detailing the statistical framework, to enable identification of the terms most relevant as well as reduce the relative share of loans not classified - embedded in 'other receivables'. The Money Supply statistics were revised in August 2018, incorporating methodological updates to increase compliance with international standards and consistency with other sets of macroeconomic statistics. The revision consists the inclusion of cooperatives among the institutions that meke up the money issuing system, resulting in M1 expansion, and the exclusion of non-residents assets, impacting mainly on M4. Replacement series ID: 408100927

Effect of MFS transactions on monetary aggregates during a given month.

Table 123 : Hong Kong Dollar Interest Settlement Rates [Simplified Chinese]

Brazil Broad Money Supply: M4: Federal Securities data was reported at 945,884.462 BRL mn in Jun 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 915,024.308 BRL mn for May 2018. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M4: Federal Securities data is updated monthly, averaging 159,917.679 BRL mn from Jul 1994 (Median) to Jun 2018, with 288 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 945,884.462 BRL mn in Jun 2018 and a record low of 18,217.380 BRL mn in Dec 1994. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M4: Federal Securities data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.KAA018: Money Supply. Brazilian Central Bank has made changes in methodology of Financial System Credit Data in February of 2013 after 13 years following the same methodology. These changes are necessary face the expansion of credit, favored by the improvement of the indicators of employment and income, continuous and sharp reduction of the interest rates and by important institutional advances. It is essential the availability of new information, in particular, which allows more detailed monitoring of credit arrangements with targeted resources, especially real estate financing, whose dynamism has contributed to reducing the housing deficit in the country. The main change includes coverage of data on concessions, interest rates, terms and default rates that were extended to the segment of directed credit and also became necessary to further detailing the statistical framework, to enable identification of the terms most relevant as well as reduce the relative share of loans not classified - embedded in 'other receivables'. The Money Supply statistics were revised in August 2018, incorporating methodological updates to increase compliance with international standards and consistency with other sets of macroeconomic statistics. The revision consists the inclusion of cooperatives among the institutions that meke up the money issuing system, resulting in M1 expansion, and the exclusion of non-residents assets, impacting mainly on M4. Replacement series ID: 408100947

The Eurozone's M1 money supply - consisting of currency in circulation and overnight deposits - reached 10.57 trillion euros in December 2024, showing a modest increase from the previous year. M1, known as "narrow money," represents the most liquid components of the money supply. M2 money supply M2 is the calculation of the money supply, which includes cash, checking deposits and convertible near money. Considered broad money, the money supply M2 includes M1. The measurement is used as a factor in forecasting inflation and interest rates and is used by central banks in creating and regulating policies. At the end of 2024, the value of the M2 money supply in the euro area amounted to approximately 15.6 trillion euros. M3 money supply M3, called "broad money" is the sum of M1 (currency in circulation and overnight deposits), M2 (M1 plus deposits with a maximum maturity of two years and deposits redeemable at notice of three months) and marketable instruments issued by Monetary Financial Institutions such as repurchase instruments or money market fund units. The value of M3 money supply in the euro area was valued at 16.7 trillion euros as of December 2024.

View monthly updates and historical trends for Canada M2 Money Supply. Source: Bank of Canada. Track economic data with YCharts analytics.

In this paper, time series techniques are used to forecast quarterly money supply levels. Results indicate that a bivariate model including an interest rate and M-1 predicts M-1 better than the univariate model using M-1 only and as well as a 5-variable model which adds prices, output, and credit. The paper also presents evidence on the issue of using seasonally adjusted data in forecasting with time series models. The implications of these results apply to all econometric modeling. Results support the hypothesis that using seasonally adjusted data can lead to spurious correlation in multivariate models.

This paper investigates the long-run and short-run relationship between money supply and inflation in Pakistan, utilizing annual data spanning from 1981 to 2021. The key objective is to assess the impact of monetary policy, specifically money supply, on inflation dynamics in the country. To achieve this, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach is employed, which is suitable for analyzing cointegration among variables with mixed integration orders. The results reveal both short and long-run cointegration between inflation, money supply, unemployment, and interest rates. Notably, unemployment demonstrates a negative correlation with inflation, while money supply and interest rates exhibit a positive relationship. These findings underscore the importance of dedicated policy measures to manage inflation effectively. The paper concludes by recommending the establishment of a policy implementation body and collaboration between the government and the central bank to ensure financial stability and control inflation through well-calibrated monetary and fiscal policies.

View monthly updates and historical trends for Canada M3 Money Supply. Source: Bank of Canada. Track economic data with YCharts analytics.

Brazil Broad Money Supply: M2: Savings Deposit data was reported at 751,486.708 BRL mn in Jun 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 744,039.511 BRL mn for May 2018. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M2: Savings Deposit data is updated monthly, averaging 170,037.040 BRL mn from Jul 1994 (Median) to Jun 2018, with 288 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 751,486.708 BRL mn in Jun 2018 and a record low of 41,816.679 BRL mn in Jul 1994. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M2: Savings Deposit data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.KAA018: Money Supply. Brazilian Central Bank has made changes in methodology of Financial System Credit Data in February of 2013 after 13 years following the same methodology. These changes are necessary face the expansion of credit, favored by the improvement of the indicators of employment and income, continuous and sharp reduction of the interest rates and by important institutional advances. It is essential the availability of new information, in particular, which allows more detailed monitoring of credit arrangements with targeted resources, especially real estate financing, whose dynamism has contributed to reducing the housing deficit in the country. The main change includes coverage of data on concessions, interest rates, terms and default rates that were extended to the segment of directed credit and also became necessary to further detailing the statistical framework, to enable identification of the terms most relevant as well as reduce the relative share of loans not classified - embedded in 'other receivables'. The Money Supply statistics were revised in August 2018, incorporating methodological updates to increase compliance with international standards and consistency with other sets of macroeconomic statistics. The revision consists the inclusion of cooperatives among the institutions that meke up the money issuing system, resulting in M1 expansion, and the exclusion of non-residents assets, impacting mainly on M4. Replacement series ID: 408100847

The Federal Reserve's balance sheet has undergone significant changes since 2007, reflecting its response to major economic crises. From a modest *** trillion U.S. dollars at the end of 2007, it ballooned to approximately **** trillion U.S. dollars by October 29, 2025. This dramatic expansion, particularly during the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic—both of which resulted in negative annual GDP growth in the U.S.—showcases the Fed's crucial role in stabilizing the economy through expansionary monetary policies. Impact on inflation and interest rates The Fed's expansionary measures, while aimed at stimulating economic growth, have had notable effects on inflation and interest rates. Following the quantitative easing in 2020, inflation in the United States reached ***** percent in 2022, the highest since 1991. However, by August 2025, inflation had declined to *** percent. Concurrently, the Federal Reserve implemented a series of interest rate hikes, with the rate peaking at **** percent in August 2023, before the first rate cut since September 2021 occurred in September 2024. Financial implications for the Federal Reserve The expansion of the Fed's balance sheet and subsequent interest rate hikes have had significant financial implications. In 2024, the Fed reported a negative net income of ***** billion U.S. dollars, a stark contrast to the ***** billion U.S. dollars profit in 2022. This unprecedented shift was primarily due to rapidly rising interest rates, which caused the Fed's interest expenses to soar to over *** billion U.S. dollars in 2023. Despite this, the Fed's net interest income on securities acquired through open market operations reached a record high of ****** billion U.S. dollars in the same year.

The Eurozone's broad money supply, known as M3, reached a staggering 16.7 trillion euros by December 2024, marking a significant milestone in the region's monetary landscape. This figure represents the culmination of a steady upward trend observed over more than two decades, reflecting the expanding monetary base in the euro area. The growth in M3, which encompasses various forms of liquid assets, provides crucial insights into the overall economic health and monetary policy effectiveness within the Eurozone. Components and comparisons M3 is composed of several elements, including the narrower measures M1 and M2. As of December 2024, the Eurozone's M1 money supply, consisting of the most liquid assets, stood at 10.57 trillion euros. Meanwhile, M2 money supply, which includes M1 plus short-term deposits, reached approximately 15.6 trillion euros. These figures are instrumental for central banks in forecasting inflation and interest rates, guiding monetary policy decisions. Recent trends and global context While the Eurozone's money supply has generally trended upward, 2023 marked a notable deviation as the first year in the observed period where the money supply decreased. This shift mirrors similar trends in other major economies, such as the United States, where both M1 and M2 measures experienced slight decreases in 2023 compared to the previous year. These changes follow exceptional increases in 2020 across various regions, largely attributed to quantitative easing measures implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Brazil Broad Money Supply: M2: Investment Deposit data was reported at 0.000 BRL mn in Jun 2018. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 BRL mn for May 2018. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M2: Investment Deposit data is updated monthly, averaging 0.000 BRL mn from Jul 1994 (Median) to Jun 2018, with 288 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4,254.129 BRL mn in Dec 2007 and a record low of 0.000 BRL mn in Jun 2018. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M2: Investment Deposit data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.KAA018: Money Supply. Brazilian Central Bank has made changes in methodology of Financial System Credit Data in February of 2013 after 13 years following the same methodology. These changes are necessary face the expansion of credit, favored by the improvement of the indicators of employment and income, continuous and sharp reduction of the interest rates and by important institutional advances. It is essential the availability of new information, in particular, which allows more detailed monitoring of credit arrangements with targeted resources, especially real estate financing, whose dynamism has contributed to reducing the housing deficit in the country. The main change includes coverage of data on concessions, interest rates, terms and default rates that were extended to the segment of directed credit and also became necessary to further detailing the statistical framework, to enable identification of the terms most relevant as well as reduce the relative share of loans not classified - embedded in 'other receivables'. Banco Central do Brasil fez mudanças na metodologia de Dados de Crédito do Sistema Financeiro, em fevereiro de 2013 depois de 13 anos seguindo a mesma metodologia. Essas mudanças são fundamentais face a expansão do crédito, favorecido pela melhora dos indicadores de emprego e renda, redução contínua e acentuada das taxas de juro e por importantes avanços institucionais. É imprescindível a disponibilidade de novas informações, em particular, que possibilitem o acompanhamento mais detalhado das modalidades de crédito com recursos direcionados, sobretudo os financiamentos imobiliários, cujo dinamismo tem contribuído para a redução do déficit habitacional no País. A principal alteração compreende a cobertura dos dados relativos a concessões, taxas de juros, prazos e índices de inadimplência que passam a serem estendidos ao segmento de crédito direcionado e também se fez necessário aprofundar o detalhamento do arcabouço estatístico, de modo a possibilitar a identificação das modalidades mais relevantes, bem como reduzir a participação relativa das operações de crédito não classificadas – incorporadas em “outros créditos”.

Brazil Broad Money Supply: M3: Quotas of Fixed Income Funds data was reported at 3,338,465.350 BRL mn in Jun 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 3,331,842.832 BRL mn for May 2018. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M3: Quotas of Fixed Income Funds data is updated monthly, averaging 629,057.895 BRL mn from Jul 1994 (Median) to Jun 2018, with 288 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3,340,435.474 BRL mn in Apr 2018 and a record low of 18,817.305 BRL mn in Jul 1994. Brazil Broad Money Supply: M3: Quotas of Fixed Income Funds data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.KAA018: Money Supply. Brazilian Central Bank has made changes in methodology of Financial System Credit Data in February of 2013 after 13 years following the same methodology. These changes are necessary face the expansion of credit, favored by the improvement of the indicators of employment and income, continuous and sharp reduction of the interest rates and by important institutional advances. It is essential the availability of new information, in particular, which allows more detailed monitoring of credit arrangements with targeted resources, especially real estate financing, whose dynamism has contributed to reducing the housing deficit in the country. The main change includes coverage of data on concessions, interest rates, terms and default rates that were extended to the segment of directed credit and also became necessary to further detailing the statistical framework, to enable identification of the terms most relevant as well as reduce the relative share of loans not classified - embedded in 'other receivables'. The Money Supply statistics were revised in August 2018, incorporating methodological updates to increase compliance with international standards and consistency with other sets of macroeconomic statistics. The revision consists the inclusion of cooperatives among the institutions that meke up the money issuing system, resulting in M1 expansion, and the exclusion of non-residents assets, impacting mainly on M4. Replacement series ID: 408100917

This dataset provides a comprehensive collection of key U.S. macroeconomic indicators spanning the past 25 years (approximately 1998–2023). It includes monthly data on:

M2 Money Supply (M2SL): A broad measure of money in circulation, including cash, checking deposits, and easily convertible near money. Federal Funds Effective Rate (FEDFUNDS): The interest rate at which depository institutions trade federal funds with each other overnight. Interest Rates: Various benchmark interest rates relevant to economic analysis. 10-Year Treasury Constant Maturity Rate (GS10): Reflects market expectations for long-term interest rates and economic growth. All data are sourced from the Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED) database and are seasonally adjusted where applicable.

This dataset is ideal for economic research, financial modeling, market forecasting, and machine learning applications where macroeconomic variables are relevant. The data is cleaned, merged, and formatted for immediate use, with date-stamped entries aligned on a monthly frequency.

Source: Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED) — https://fred.stlouisfed.org/

License: CC0: Public Domain

The determination of the money supply for a period of missing key statistics, registries, and a central bank-note-system which was still in development had been neglected for a long time. The author has used only sources difficult of access. His study represents a first attempt to give a comprehensive picture of monetary developments and their significance for the period of industrialization in Germany.

In the center of this investigation are the following topics: 1. The systematic processing of statistical data on money supply changes from 1835 to 1913 in the form of time series. 2. A description of the development of the particular money-types or types of money-surrogates, including the causes of their changes. 3. Analysis and discussion of interdependencies between money supply and course of the economy. 4. Changes in the total money supply and its relations to economic development.

Therefore the time-period under investigation was divided into four phases: - The early days of industrialization and 1850, - The period of economic recovery from 1850 to 1873, - The stagnation from 1873 to 1894, - The period of economic recovery from 1894 to 1913.

Datatables with time-series in the search- and downloadsystem HISTAT (Historical Statistics, www.histat.gesis.org):

A. changes in money supply in Germany in the era of industrialization (1835 to 1913) (Tables 1 to 8 of Sprenger, 1982)

A.1 The development of metal money supply in Germany (1835-1913) A.2 The development of banknote stocks (1835-1913) A.3 The development of the state paper money stock (1835-1913) A.4 The development of paper money supply (1835-1913) A.5 The composition of the paper money stock (1835-1913) A.6 The development of the book money supply (1835-1913) A.7 The development of the coin money supply (1835-1913) A.8 The composition of the coin money supply (1835-1913) A.9 development and composition of the money supply in Britain, France and Germany (1850-1913)

B. The development of the money supply in the era of industrialization (1835 to 1913) (Tables 9 to 11 of Sprenger, 1982)

B.1 The development of the money supply in various accruals (1835-1913) B.2 The composition of the money supply in term of a more comprehensive version (1835-1913) B.3 The development of the velocity of money (1850-1913)

C. Development of the money supply from 1918 to 1945

C.1 The development of the of coin money in billions of marks (1913-1918) C.2 Development of prices and dollar exchange rate (1913-1918) C.3a The development of coin money supply and the floating of national debt (1918-1923) C.3b The development of coin money supply and the floating of national debt (1918-1923) C.4 price-development and dollar exchange rate (1918-1923) C.5 development and composition of money supply (1924-1933) C.6 The development of money supply, of price level, of national income and national debt under the period of National Socialism (1933-1945) C.7 The development of the coin money supply (1928-1945) C.8 composition of the monetary base in Germany (1914-1922)

D. The development of the money supply in the Federal Republic of Germany

D.1 money supply and interest rates in the Federal Republic of Germany (1948-1998)

E. Additional time series

E.1 Additional time series (1835-1959) E.2 The composition of the cash stock - The Reichsbank (1876-1921) E.3 Average composition of the metallic money supply - the Reichsbank (1876-1921) E.4 giro transactions - the Reichsbank (1876-1924)

Timeseries are downloadable via the online system HISTAT (www.histat.gesis.org).