The U.S. M1 money supply reached ***** trillion dollars in 2024, showing a modest increase from the previous year. While M1 grew gradually between 2000 and 2019, it experienced an unprecedented surge in 2020 due to the Federal Reserve's quantitative easing response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The most dramatic spike occurred in May 2020, when M1 jumped from *** to **** trillion dollars - more than tripling in a single month.

Money Supply M2 in the United States increased to 22298.10 USD Billion in October from 22212.50 USD Billion in September of 2025. This dataset provides - United States Money Supply M2 - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The United States M2 money supply reached approximately **** trillion U.S. dollars by September 2025, marking a gradual upward trend after a period of decline. This followed an extraordinary surge in 2020 and 2021, primarily driven by the Federal Reserve's aggressive quantitative easing measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The value of M2 money supply in the U.S. amounted to ***** trillion U.S. dollars in 2024, which was a slight increase compared to the previous year. While between 2000 and 2019, the M2 money supply increased at a relatively slow pace, there was an exceptionally sharp increase in 2020, which was the result of the Federal Reserve's quantitative easing in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The M2 money supply in the United Kingdom increased rapidly between 2000 and 2024, with a particularly sharp increase in 2020 as a result of the quantitative easing in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The rising tendency continued between 2021 and 2022, and by December 2022, the M2 money supply in the UK exceeded ***** trillion British pounds. 2023 marked the first year in over a decade that the M2 money supply declined, but it remained above ***** trillion British pounds.

The United States M1 money supply reached approximately **** trillion dollars by September 2025, showing a slight uptick from the previous year. This modest increase follows a period of contraction in late 2022 and early 2023, which stood in stark contrast to the dramatic expansion seen from May 2020 onward. The earlier surge was largely attributed to the Federal Reserve's aggressive quantitative easing measures implemented in response to the economic fallout from the COVID-19 pandemic.

The M1 money supply in the United Kingdom saw rapid growth between 2000 and 2024, with a particularly sharp spike in 2020 due to quantitative easing measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. While this upward trend persisted through 2021 and 2022, it significantly slowed, with 2022 marking the slowest growth since 2011. By 2023, the M1 money supply experienced its first decline in over a decade.

Graph and download economic data for Currency in Circulation (CURRCIR) from Aug 1917 to Oct 2025 about currency and USA.

Money Supply M1 in Australia increased to 1922.88 AUD Billion in October from 1902.07 AUD Billion in September of 2025. This dataset provides - Australia Money Supply M1 - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The Eurozone's money supply has experienced significant growth over the past two decades, with the M2 measure reaching approximately 15.6 trillion euros by the end of 2024. This substantial increase from 4.6 trillion euros in 2001 reflects the expanding monetary base in the euro area. However, 2023 marked a notable deviation from this trend, as it was the first year in the observed period where the money supply in the euro area decreased. Components of money supply M2 is a broader measure of money supply that includes cash, checking deposits, and convertible near money. It encompasses the more narrow M1 measure, which consists of the most liquid components, such as currency in circulation and overnight deposits. As of December 2024, the Eurozone's M1 money supply stood at 10.57 trillion euros, while M2 reached 15.6 trillion euros. These figures are used by central banks to forecast inflation and interest rates, playing a crucial role in shaping monetary policy. Comparison with other regions While the Eurozone has seen steady growth in its money supply, other major economies have experienced their own unique trajectories. In the United States, for instance, the M2 money supply reached 20.86 trillion U.S. dollars in 2023, showing a slight decrease from the previous year. Both the Eurozone and the U.S. saw exceptional increases in their money supply during 2020, largely due to quantitative easing measures implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. This global economic event had a profound impact on monetary policies across different regions, influencing the money supply dynamics worldwide.

The Eurozone's broad money supply, known as M3, reached a staggering 16.7 trillion euros by December 2024, marking a significant milestone in the region's monetary landscape. This figure represents the culmination of a steady upward trend observed over more than two decades, reflecting the expanding monetary base in the euro area. The growth in M3, which encompasses various forms of liquid assets, provides crucial insights into the overall economic health and monetary policy effectiveness within the Eurozone. Components and comparisons M3 is composed of several elements, including the narrower measures M1 and M2. As of December 2024, the Eurozone's M1 money supply, consisting of the most liquid assets, stood at 10.57 trillion euros. Meanwhile, M2 money supply, which includes M1 plus short-term deposits, reached approximately 15.6 trillion euros. These figures are instrumental for central banks in forecasting inflation and interest rates, guiding monetary policy decisions. Recent trends and global context While the Eurozone's money supply has generally trended upward, 2023 marked a notable deviation as the first year in the observed period where the money supply decreased. This shift mirrors similar trends in other major economies, such as the United States, where both M1 and M2 measures experienced slight decreases in 2023 compared to the previous year. These changes follow exceptional increases in 2020 across various regions, largely attributed to quantitative easing measures implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Abstract

THE CBI PDM Household Survey was conducted in Kyrgyzstan between February, to April, 2021. In the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic and its far lasting financial impacts, UNHCR Kyrgyzstan has rolled out an Emergency Cash Assistance Program to help refugees meet their basic needs and to mitigate harsh socio-economic impacts in the time of crisis and countrywide lockdowns. The CBI was rolled out in two rounds to all refugee and asylum seeker households to help meet their basic needs including food, rent, and access to essential supplies and services during Covid-19 restrictions.

UNHCR uses Post-Distribution Monitoring (PDM) as a mechanism to collect refugees' feedback on the quality, sufficiency, utilization and effectiveness of the assistance items they receive. The underlying principle behind the process is linked to accountability, as well as a commitment to improve the quality and relevance of support provided, and related services. UNHCR increasingly uses Cash-Based Interventions (CBIs) as a preferred modality for delivering assistance, offering greater dignity and choice to forcibly displaced and stateless persons in line with UNHCR's core protection mandate. In order to ensure that the cash assistance provided meets the intended programme objectives and that desired outcomes are achieved, UNHCR conducts regular post-distribution and outcome monitoring with a sample or all of refugee recipients.

Geographic coverage

The survey is conducted in Biskek, Chui, Issyk Kul, Jalal-Abad, Osh and Talas.

Analysis unit

Households

Universe

The total population spans all beneficiaries subject to the Cash Based Intervention.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The survey's objective was to survey all refugee households that were beneficiaries of cash-based interventions. The total number of households that received cash-based interventions in 2021 was 276 households. Because of the small number of households, no sampling was implemented.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Telephone Interview [cati]

Response rate

The aim of the survey was to interview all refugee households that received cash assisstance. However, 85 households were not responsive or had changed the phone number and the phone number was no longer available.

Embedded Working Capital Finance Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Embedded Working Capital Finance market size reached USD 16.8 billion in 2024, reflecting robust adoption across diverse industries. The market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 18.7% from 2025 to 2033, reaching a forecasted value of USD 94.6 billion by 2033. The primary growth factor fueling this expansion is the increasing demand for seamless, real-time financial solutions integrated directly within business platforms, enabling organizations to optimize cash flow and enhance operational agility.

A major driver behind the growth of the Embedded Working Capital Finance market is the rapid digitalization of financial services and the proliferation of fintech innovations. As businesses strive for greater efficiency and agility, embedded finance solutions are being integrated into enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, procurement platforms, and e-commerce portals, allowing instant access to working capital without the need for traditional banking channels. This shift is further accelerated by the rise of API-driven ecosystems, which streamline the onboarding and management of finance products. The ability to offer tailored financial services at the point of need—such as invoice financing or supply chain finance—significantly reduces friction, improves user experience, and drives higher adoption rates among both SMEs and large enterprises.

Another key growth factor is the increasing pressure on businesses to manage cash flow effectively in volatile economic environments. The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent supply chain disruptions highlighted the vulnerability of traditional financing models, particularly for small and medium enterprises. Embedded working capital finance solutions have emerged as a lifeline, providing quick access to liquidity and enabling businesses to maintain healthy operations even during market disruptions. The flexibility and speed offered by these solutions, compared to conventional loans or credit lines, make them especially attractive for sectors with dynamic cash flow requirements, such as retail, manufacturing, and logistics.

The growing collaboration between technology providers, financial institutions, and non-traditional lenders is also propelling the market forward. Strategic partnerships and investments are fostering the development of sophisticated platforms that leverage artificial intelligence, machine learning, and big data analytics to assess creditworthiness in real time. This not only enhances risk management but also broadens access to finance for previously underserved segments. As regulatory frameworks evolve to support embedded finance models, market players are able to innovate rapidly, further accelerating market growth and expanding the range of available products and services.

Regionally, North America currently dominates the Embedded Working Capital Finance market, driven by a mature fintech ecosystem, high digital adoption rates, and strong regulatory support for innovation. Europe follows closely, with significant growth observed in markets such as the United Kingdom, Germany, and France, where open banking initiatives and digital transformation strategies are well established. The Asia Pacific region is emerging as a high-growth market, fueled by rapid digitalization, a large SME base, and increasing investments in fintech infrastructure. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also witnessing rising adoption, albeit at a slower pace, as financial inclusion initiatives gain momentum and digital payment ecosystems expand.

Component Analysis

The Embedded Working Capital Finance market is segmented by component into Platforms and Services, each playing a pivotal role in the overall ecosystem. Platforms form the technological backbone, enabling seamless integration of finance solutions within business applications, ERP systems, and e-commerce platforms. These platforms are designed with robust APIs, data analytics capabilities, and compliance frameworks to ensure secure, real-time processing of transactions. As businesses increasingly seek end-to-end automation of financial workflows, demand for advanced platforms that can support diverse financing products—from invoice financing to trade finance—continues to rise. The integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning within these platforms enhances credit assessment, fraud detection, and risk management,

Key information about United States Non Performing Loans Ratio

• United States Non Performing Loans Ratio stood at 1.5 % in Sep 2025, compared with the ratio of 1.5 % in the previous quarter
• US Non Performing Loans Ratio data is updated quarterly, available from Mar 1985 to Sep 2025
• The data reached an all-time high of 7.5 % in Mar 2010 and a record low of 1.2 % in Sep 2022

Federal Reserve Board provides quarterly Non Performing Loans Ratio. Delinquent Loans or Non Performing Loans are defined as loans past due of over thirty days and still accruing interest as well as those in nonaccrual status, which also covers lease contracts. [COVID-19-IMPACT]


Further information about United States Non Performing Loans Ratio

• In the latest reports, Money Supply M2 in US increased 4.6 % YoY in Oct 2025
• US Foreign Exchange Reserves was measured at 38.3 USD bn in Oct 2025
• The Foreign Exchange Reserves equaled 0.1 Months of Import in Aug 2025
• The country's Domestic Credit reached 31,813.3 USD bn in Mar 2025, representing an increased of 4.0 % YoY
• Household Debt of US reached 18,585.0 USD bn in Sep 2025, accounting for 61.4 % of the country's Nominal GDP

The Federal Reserve's balance sheet has undergone significant changes since 2007, reflecting its response to major economic crises. From a modest *** trillion U.S. dollars at the end of 2007, it ballooned to approximately **** trillion U.S. dollars by October 29, 2025. This dramatic expansion, particularly during the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic—both of which resulted in negative annual GDP growth in the U.S.—showcases the Fed's crucial role in stabilizing the economy through expansionary monetary policies. Impact on inflation and interest rates The Fed's expansionary measures, while aimed at stimulating economic growth, have had notable effects on inflation and interest rates. Following the quantitative easing in 2020, inflation in the United States reached ***** percent in 2022, the highest since 1991. However, by August 2025, inflation had declined to *** percent. Concurrently, the Federal Reserve implemented a series of interest rate hikes, with the rate peaking at **** percent in August 2023, before the first rate cut since September 2021 occurred in September 2024. Financial implications for the Federal Reserve The expansion of the Fed's balance sheet and subsequent interest rate hikes have had significant financial implications. In 2024, the Fed reported a negative net income of ***** billion U.S. dollars, a stark contrast to the ***** billion U.S. dollars profit in 2022. This unprecedented shift was primarily due to rapidly rising interest rates, which caused the Fed's interest expenses to soar to over *** billion U.S. dollars in 2023. Despite this, the Fed's net interest income on securities acquired through open market operations reached a record high of ****** billion U.S. dollars in the same year.

The M4 money supply reached nearly grew by *** billion GBP over the course of 2020, continuing its growth despite COVID-19. Money supply is understood as the entire stock of currency and other liquid financial instruments circulating in the economy of the country at the particular point in time. Money supply can be measured in various ways: one of these is M4 measure. It is also called a "broad money aggregate", as it is based on the most inclusive methods of calculating a country's money supply, it results in the broadest estimate. The formula for calculation varies to a degree between countries, but the general rule is to include the totality of assets that households and businesses use to make payments and to hold as short-term investments. In the United Kingdom, this measure includes currency (notes and coin), funds in bank accounts: sterling deposits, commercial papers, bonds, claims on MFIs arising from repos, estimated holdings of sterling bank bills and other categories.

Money Supply M2 in Canada increased to 2738161 CAD Million in September from 2736766 CAD Million in August of 2025. This dataset provides - Canada Money Supply M2 - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The M3 money supply in the United Kingdom increased rapidly between 2000 and 2024, with a particularly sharp increase in 2020 as a result of the quantitative easing in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The rising tendency continued between 2021 and 2022, and by December 2022, the M3 money supply in the UK exceeded **** trillion British pounds. 2024 saw a slight increase in the M3 money supply, amounting to nearly *** trillion British pounds by December 2024.

At the end of 2024, the M2 broad money supply in China amounted to over *** trillion yuan. Broad money supply had been growing consistently over the years. However, the overall growth rate of all money supply had been decreasing. Money is not money? In economic theory, the money supply describes the volume of currency that exists in a country. Even though it might sound counterintuitive, there are different types of money. For example, cash, saving deposits, or other liquid assets are then divided into tiers from M1 to M3. Thereby, M2 money or broad money comprised of cash and assets that can easily be converted into cash. The main application of M2 money is making payments and economic transactions. For mainstream economists, the volume of M1 and M2 money can indicate inflation. The mysterious case of money expansion in China The post-pandemic economic recovery has not materialized as the growth in the M2 money supply would have indicated in China. As a consequence of global anti-COVID-19 measures, China’s economic growth fell far below the country’s development targets. After another underperforming year in 2022, the M2 money supply grew by almost ** percent in the first quarter of 2023, but the GDP increased only by *** percent, which indicated that the money does not reach the real economy. Therefore, the Chinese economy could be in a liquidity trap or a balance sheet recession.

In October 2023, real estate, professional services, and support activities were the industries that borrowed the highest amount of money, followed by construction. Due to the economic effects caused by the COVID-19 pandemic the Bank of England implemented quantitative easing measures in 2020. The injection of new money supply to help kick start the economy saw a huge increase in lending to businesses in **********. Key sectors including the construction, manufacturing, real estate and transport industries could take advantage of the record low bank base interest rate set by the Bank of England.