The total value of currency in circulation in the United States reached approximately *** trillion U.S. dollars in 2023, marking a slight increase from the previous year. Over the observed period, the value of currency rose steadily, with a notable spike in 2020. In 2023, the overall value of 100-dollar bills in circulation accounted for **** trillion U.S. dollars.

The value of M2 money supply in the U.S. amounted to 20.86 trillion U.S. dollars in 2023, which was a slight decrease compared to the previous year. While between 2000 and 2019, the M2 money supply increased at a relatively slow pace, there was an exceptionally sharp increase in 2020, which was the result of the Federal Reserve's quantitative easing in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The DXY exchange rate rose to 97.8683 on July 11, 2025, up 0.22% from the previous session. Over the past month, the United States Dollar has weakened 0.05%, and is down by 5.98% over the last 12 months. United States Dollar - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

The VALUE task asks Rs some questions about how they feel about the way they spend their time. First, for example, they are asked about saving time in travelling by car: 'Suppose that you were going on a WEEKEND shopping trip by car and had a choice between two roads. One was an ordinary road that would take an hour to get where you were going. The other was a toll road that would take only half an hour. You would save half an hour, but you would have to pay for it.' The R is then asked if th ey would take the toll road if the toll was 50 cents, one dollar, etc. Other situations are explored, such as waiting in line. Background questions on Rs work experience and pay, parents' income, R's free time are also included. No standard scoring.

Graph and download economic data for Use of Financial Services: Key Indicators, Value of Mobile Money Transactions During the Reference Year for Indonesia (IDNFCMTVGGDPPT) from 2007 to 2023 about Indonesia, financial, and services.

The USD/INR exchange rate rose to 85.8700 on July 11, 2025, up 0.17% from the previous session. Over the past month, the Indian Rupee has weakened 0.34%, and is down by 2.81% over the last 12 months. Indian Rupee - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

Money Supply M0 in the United States decreased to 5648600 USD Million in May from 5732900 USD Million in April of 2025. This dataset provides - United States Money Supply M0 - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

This is not going to be an article or Op-Ed about Michael Jordan. Since 2009 we've been in the longest bull-market in history, that's 11 years and counting. However a few metrics like the stock market P/E, the call to put ratio and of course the Shiller P/E suggest a great crash is coming in-between the levels of 1929 and the dot.com bubble. Mean reversion historically is inevitable and the Fed's printing money experiment could end in disaster for the stock market in late 2021 or 2022. You can read Jeremy Grantham's Last Dance article here. You are likely well aware of Michael Burry's predicament as well. It's easier for you just to skim through two related videos on this topic of a stock market crash. Michael Burry's Warning see this YouTube. Jeremy Grantham's Warning See this YouTube. Typically when there is a major event in the world, there is a crash and then a bear market and a recovery that takes many many months. In March, 2020 that's not what we saw since the Fed did some astonishing things that means a liquidity sloth and the risk of a major inflation event. The pandemic represented the quickest decline of at least 30% in the history of the benchmark S&P 500, but the recovery was not correlated to anything but Fed intervention. Since the pandemic clearly isn't disappearing and many sectors such as travel, business travel, tourism and supply chain disruptions appear significantly disrupted - the so-called economic recovery isn't so great. And there's this little problem at the heart of global capitalism today, the stock market just keeps going up. Crashes and corrections typically occur frequently in a normal market. But the Fed liquidity and irresponsible printing of money is creating a scenario where normal behavior isn't occurring on the markets. According to data provided by market analytics firm Yardeni Research, the benchmark index has undergone 38 declines of at least 10% since the beginning of 1950. Since March, 2020 we've barely seen a down month. September, 2020 was flat-ish. The S&P 500 has more than doubled since those lows. Look at the angle of the curve: The S&P 500 was 735 at the low in 2009, so in this bull market alone it has gone up 6x in valuation. That's not a normal cycle and it could mean we are due for an epic correction. I have to agree with the analysts who claim that the long, long bull market since 2009 has finally matured into a fully-fledged epic bubble. There is a complacency, buy-the dip frenzy and general meme environment to what BigTech can do in such an environment. The weight of Apple, Amazon, Alphabet, Microsoft, Facebook, Nvidia and Tesla together in the S&P and Nasdaq is approach a ridiculous weighting. When these stocks are seen both as growth, value and companies with unbeatable moats the entire dynamics of the stock market begin to break down. Check out FANG during the pandemic. BigTech is Seen as Bullet-Proof me valuations and a hysterical speculative behavior leads to even higher highs, even as 2020 offered many younger people an on-ramp into investing for the first time. Some analysts at JP Morgan are even saying that until retail investors stop charging into stocks, markets probably don’t have too much to worry about. Hedge funds with payment for order flows can predict exactly how these retail investors are behaving and monetize them. PFOF might even have to be banned by the SEC. The risk-on market theoretically just keeps going up until the Fed raises interest rates, which could be in 2023! For some context, we're more than 1.4 years removed from the bear-market bottom of the coronavirus crash and haven't had even a 5% correction in nine months. This is the most over-priced the market has likely ever been. At the night of the dot-com bubble the S&P 500 was only 1,400. Today it is 4,500, not so many years after. Clearly something is not quite right if you look at history and the P/E ratios. A market pumped with liquidity produces higher earnings with historically low interest rates, it's an environment where dangerous things can occur. In late 1997, as the S&P 500 passed its previous 1929 peak of 21x earnings, that seemed like a lot, but nothing compared to today. For some context, the S&P 500 Shiller P/E closed last week at 38.58, which is nearly a two-decade high. It's also well over double the average Shiller P/E of 16.84, dating back 151 years. So the stock market is likely around 2x over-valued. Try to think rationally about what this means for valuations today and your favorite stock prices, what should they be in historical terms? The S&P 500 is up 31% in the past year. It will likely hit 5,000 before a correction given the amount of added liquidity to the system and the QE the Fed is using that's like a huge abuse of MMT, or Modern Monetary Theory. This has also lent to bubbles in the housing market, crypto and even commodities like Gold with long-term global GDP meeting many headwinds in the years ahead due to a...

China Calculator & Money Specialized Equip Mfg: Ind Sales Value: Year to Date data was reported at 48,965.530 RMB mn in Dec 2015. This records a decrease from the previous number of 51,561.970 RMB mn for Dec 2014. China Calculator & Money Specialized Equip Mfg: Ind Sales Value: Year to Date data is updated monthly, averaging 7,521.200 RMB mn from Jan 2003 (Median) to Dec 2015, with 90 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 51,561.970 RMB mn in Dec 2014 and a record low of 1,477.390 RMB mn in Feb 2005. China Calculator & Money Specialized Equip Mfg: Ind Sales Value: Year to Date data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.RFF: Electronic Mfg Industry: Computer: Monthly: Calculator & Money Specialized Equipment.

After India declared demonetization of all 500 and 1,000 rupee notes in 2016, the currency in circulation had dropped to 13.35 trillion rupees in financial year 2017. However, the CIC increased rapidly to over 34 trillion rupees as of financial year 2024. The currency in circulation in a country is part of the total money supply chain, and it represents the physical cash that people might have in hand or stored in banks or other financial institutions.

The USD/CNY exchange rate fell to 7.1727 on July 11, 2025, down 0.09% from the previous session. Over the past month, the Chinese Yuan has strengthened 0.01%, and is up by 1.35% over the last 12 months. Chinese Yuan - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

Land plays a critical role in both economic and environmental accounting. As an asset, it occupies a unique position at the intersection of the System of National Accounts (SNA), the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting Central Framework (SEEA-CF), and (as a spatial unit) SEEA Experimental Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA-EEA), making land a natural starting point for developing natural capital accounts more generally. We develop a pilot set of national and sub-national land accounts for the United States that are consistent with the SEEA-CF and SNA principles, quantified in both physical and monetary terms. The physical accounts utilize detailed land use (National Land Use Database) and land cover (National Land Cover Database) datasets, which provide insights into how land cover in the U.S. is changing over time. To provide aggregate estimates of land values, we use a hedonic approach that exploits fine-grain microdata (“big data” from Zillow) that contains detailed information from hundreds of millions of property transactions and their corresponding physical characteristics covering much of the U.S. Methodologically, we show that it is feasible to produce monetary accounts for land that can be directly linked to and integrated with physical land cover/use. Overall, U.S. land cover has shown declines in forests, cropland, and pasture with increases in barren, scrub/shrub, and developed classes, which are particularly concentrated in the U.S. Southeast. Nominal land values in the U.S. fell about 28% from the boom to bust periods in the prior decade, albeit with substantial regional variation, and have subsequently experienced a nearly full recovery in recent years. We estimate private land in the contiguous 48 states to be worth approximately $35.5 trillion in 2016.

In March 2024 Bitcoin BTC reached a new all-time high with prices exceeding 73000 USD marking a milestone for the cryptocurrency market This surge was due to the approval of Bitcoin exchange-traded funds ETFs in the United States allowing investors to access Bitcoin without directly holding it This development increased Bitcoin’s credibility and brought fresh demand from institutional investors echoing previous price surges in 2021 when Tesla announced its 15 billion investment in Bitcoin and Coinbase was listed on the Nasdaq By the end of 2022 Bitcoin prices dropped sharply to 15000 USD following the collapse of cryptocurrency exchange FTX and its bankruptcy which caused a loss of confidence in the market By August 2024 Bitcoin rebounded to approximately 64178 USD but remained volatile due to inflation and interest rate hikes Unlike fiat currency like the US dollar Bitcoin’s supply is finite with 21 million coins as its maximum supply By September 2024 over 92 percent of Bitcoin had been mined Bitcoin’s value is tied to its scarcity and its mining process is regulated through halving events which cut the reward for mining every four years making it harder and more energy-intensive to mine The next halving event in 2024 will reduce the reward to 3125 BTC from its current 625 BTC The final Bitcoin is expected to be mined around 2140 The energy required to mine Bitcoin has led to criticisms about its environmental impact with estimates in 2021 suggesting that one Bitcoin transaction used as much energy as Argentina Bitcoin’s future price is difficult to predict due to the influence of large holders known as whales who own about 92 percent of all Bitcoin These whales can cause dramatic market swings by making large trades and many retail investors still dominate the market While institutional interest has grown it remains a small fraction compared to retail Bitcoin is vulnerable to external factors like regulatory changes and economic crises leading some to believe it is in a speculative bubble However others argue that Bitcoin is still in its early stages of adoption and will grow further as more institutions and governments recognize its potential as a hedge against inflation and a store of value 2024 has also seen the rise of Bitcoin Layer 2 technologies like the Lightning Network which improve scalability by enabling faster and cheaper transactions These innovations are crucial for Bitcoin’s wider adoption especially for day-to-day use and cross-border remittances At the same time central bank digital currencies CBDCs are gaining traction as several governments including China and the European Union have accelerated the development of their own state-controlled digital currencies while Bitcoin remains decentralized offering financial sovereignty for those who prefer independence from government control The rise of CBDCs is expected to increase interest in Bitcoin as a hedge against these centralized currencies Bitcoin’s journey in 2024 highlights its growing institutional acceptance alongside its inherent market volatility While the approval of Bitcoin ETFs has significantly boosted interest the market remains sensitive to events like exchange collapses and regulatory decisions With the limited supply of Bitcoin and improvements in its transaction efficiency it is expected to remain a key player in the financial world for years to come Whether Bitcoin is currently in a speculative bubble or on a sustainable path to greater adoption will ultimately be revealed over time.

The USD/BRL exchange rate rose to 5.5573 on July 11, 2025, up 0.46% from the previous session. Over the past month, the Brazilian Real has weakened 0.37%, and is down by 2.35% over the last 12 months. Brazilian Real - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

China Calculator & Currency Special Equipment: Value Added Tax Payable: Year to Date data was reported at 0.537 RMB bn in Oct 2015. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.446 RMB bn for Sep 2015. China Calculator & Currency Special Equipment: Value Added Tax Payable: Year to Date data is updated monthly, averaging 0.158 RMB bn from Dec 2003 (Median) to Oct 2015, with 97 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.348 RMB bn in Dec 2012 and a record low of -0.006 RMB bn in Apr 2006. China Calculator & Currency Special Equipment: Value Added Tax Payable: Year to Date data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Bureau of Statistics. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Industrial Sector – Table CN.BHW: Culture and Office Machinery: Calculator and Currency Special Equipment.

This dataset was generated by parsing PDFs released by the US Treasury for foreign exchange. An edited version (quarterly-edited.csv) includes fixes for typos in the Treasury data.

Usage caveats from the documentation:

"Exceptions to using the reporting rates as shown in the report are: * collections and refunds to be valued at specified rates set by international agreements, * conversions of one foreign currency into another, * foreign currencies sold for dollars, and * other types of transactions affecting dollar appropriations. (See Volume I Treasury Financial Manual 2-3200 for further details.)

Since the exchange rates in this report are not current rates of exchange, they should not be used to value transactions affecting dollar appropriations."

Additional caveats:

This unified dataset should be used only for reference or ballpark estimation, and not for anything like automated valuation. The reason is because there's still a lot of messiness involving countries and changing units- when in doubt or if required, please do additional research to confirm the historical rates are indeed as stated.

Future plans:

• Clean this up so that it can indeed be used in an automated system for converting currencies
• Fill in the missing entries
• Standardize country names and currency names

Documentation

Source

The USD/RUB exchange rate rose to 78.2980 on July 11, 2025, up 0.96% from the previous session. Over the past month, the Russian Ruble has strengthened 2.13%, and is up by 10.90% over the last 12 months. Russian Ruble - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

All parts of the public sector need to continue to seek and implement ways to deliver higher quality public services with the resources that are available. This means enhancing value for money and the whole public sector has been set a target of achieving at least 3% per annum value for money gains during the 2007 Comprehensive Spending Review period, all of which should be cash-releasing, i.e. free up resources that can be redeployed elsewhere. Therefore this indicator defines the total net value of ongoing cash-releasing value for money gains that have impacted since the start of the 2008-09 Financial Year. Good performance is typified by higher numbers.

The USD/TRY exchange rate rose to 40.1688 on July 11, 2025, up 0.02% from the previous session. Over the past month, the Turkish Lira has weakened 2.15%, and is down by 21.55% over the last 12 months. Turkish Lira - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

The USD/MXN exchange rate rose to 18.6326 on July 11, 2025, up 0.18% from the previous session. Over the past month, the Mexican Peso has strengthened 1.34%, but it's down by 5.78% over the last 12 months. Mexican Peso - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.