The infant mortality rate in deaths per 1,000 live births in Mongolia was 11.4 in 2023. The infant mortality rate fell by 84 from 1980.

Historical dataset showing Mongolia infant mortality rate by year from 1950 to 2025.

Mongolia MN: Mortality Rate: Infant: per 1000 Live Births data was reported at 15.400 Ratio in 2016. This records a decrease from the previous number of 16.100 Ratio for 2015. Mongolia MN: Mortality Rate: Infant: per 1000 Live Births data is updated yearly, averaging 57.900 Ratio from Dec 1978 (Median) to 2016, with 39 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 119.000 Ratio in 1978 and a record low of 15.400 Ratio in 2016. Mongolia MN: Mortality Rate: Infant: per 1000 Live Births data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mongolia – Table MN.World Bank: Health Statistics. Infant mortality rate is the number of infants dying before reaching one year of age, per 1,000 live births in a given year.; ; Estimates developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UNICEF, WHO, World Bank, UN DESA Population Division) at www.childmortality.org.; Weighted Average; Given that data on the incidence and prevalence of diseases are frequently unavailable, mortality rates are often used to identify vulnerable populations. Moreover, they are among the indicators most frequently used to compare socioeconomic development across countries. Under-five mortality rates are higher for boys than for girls in countries in which parental gender preferences are insignificant. Under-five mortality captures the effect of gender discrimination better than infant mortality does, as malnutrition and medical interventions have more significant impacts to this age group. Where female under-five mortality is higher, girls are likely to have less access to resources than boys.

Mongolia MN: Mortality Rate: Infant: Male: per 1000 Live Births data was reported at 17.700 Ratio in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 19.300 Ratio for 2015. Mongolia MN: Mortality Rate: Infant: Male: per 1000 Live Births data is updated yearly, averaging 26.600 Ratio from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2017, with 5 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 90.900 Ratio in 1990 and a record low of 17.700 Ratio in 2017. Mongolia MN: Mortality Rate: Infant: Male: per 1000 Live Births data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mongolia – Table MN.World Bank.WDI: Health Statistics. Infant mortality rate, male is the number of male infants dying before reaching one year of age, per 1,000 male live births in a given year.; ; Estimates developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UNICEF, WHO, World Bank, UN DESA Population Division) at www.childmortality.org.; Weighted average; Given that data on the incidence and prevalence of diseases are frequently unavailable, mortality rates are often used to identify vulnerable populations. Moreover, they are among the indicators most frequently used to compare socioeconomic development across countries. Under-five mortality rates are higher for boys than for girls in countries in which parental gender preferences are insignificant. Under-five mortality captures the effect of gender discrimination better than infant mortality does, as malnutrition and medical interventions have more significant impacts to this age group. Where female under-five mortality is higher, girls are likely to have less access to resources than boys.

Between 2015 to 2020, Mongolia had the highest infant mortality rate throughout East Asia, with an estimated ** infants dying for every one thousand live births. Comparatively, the infant mortality rate in Hong Kong was just one infant death for every one thousand live births between 2015 to 2020.

Time series data for the statistic Mortality rate, infant, female (per 1,000 live births) and country Mongolia. Indicator Definition:Infant mortality rate, female is the number of female infants dying before reaching one year of age, per 1,000 female live births in a given year.The indicator "Mortality rate, infant, female (per 1,000 live births)" stands at 10.10 as of 12/31/2023, the lowest value at least since 12/31/1981, the period currently displayed. Regarding the One-Year-Change of the series, the current value constitutes a decrease of -1.94 percent compared to the value the year prior.The 1 year change in percent is -1.94.The 3 year change in percent is -7.34.The 5 year change in percent is -15.13.The 10 year change in percent is -33.11.The Serie's long term average value is 39.20. It's latest available value, on 12/31/2023, is 74.23 percent lower, compared to it's long term average value.The Serie's change in percent from it's minimum value, on 12/31/2023, to it's latest available value, on 12/31/2023, is +0.0%.The Serie's change in percent from it's maximum value, on 12/31/1980, to it's latest available value, on 12/31/2023, is -87.59%.

Actual value and historical data chart for Mongolia Mortality Rate Infant Per 1 000 Live Births

Mongolia MN: Mortality Rate: Under-5: Male: per 1000 Live Births data was reported at 20.400 Ratio in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 22.300 Ratio for 2015. Mongolia MN: Mortality Rate: Under-5: Male: per 1000 Live Births data is updated yearly, averaging 31.100 Ratio from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2017, with 5 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 122.000 Ratio in 1990 and a record low of 20.400 Ratio in 2017. Mongolia MN: Mortality Rate: Under-5: Male: per 1000 Live Births data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mongolia – Table MN.World Bank.WDI: Health Statistics. Under-five mortality rate, male is the probability per 1,000 that a newborn male baby will die before reaching age five, if subject to male age-specific mortality rates of the specified year.; ; Estimates Developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UNICEF, WHO, World Bank, UN DESA Population Division) at www.childmortality.org.; Weighted average; Given that data on the incidence and prevalence of diseases are frequently unavailable, mortality rates are often used to identify vulnerable populations. Moreover, they are among the indicators most frequently used to compare socioeconomic development across countries. Under-five mortality rates are higher for boys than for girls in countries in which parental gender preferences are insignificant. Under-five mortality captures the effect of gender discrimination better than infant mortality does, as malnutrition and medical interventions have more significant impacts to this age group. Where female under-five mortality is higher, girls are likely to have less access to resources than boys.

Mortality rate, infant, male (per 1,000 live births) in Mongolia was reported at 12.6 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Mongolia - Mortality rate, infant, male (per 1,000 live births) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on November of 2025.

Time series data for the statistic Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) and country Mongolia. Indicator Definition:Under-five mortality rate is the probability per 1,000 that a newborn baby will die before reaching age five, if subject to age-specific mortality rates of the specified year.The indicator "Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births)" stands at 13.60 as of 12/31/2023, the lowest value at least since 12/31/1979, the period currently displayed. Regarding the One-Year-Change of the series, the current value constitutes a decrease of -2.16 percent compared to the value the year prior.The 1 year change in percent is -2.16.The 3 year change in percent is -8.11.The 5 year change in percent is -17.07.The 10 year change in percent is -36.74.The Serie's long term average value is 71.20. It's latest available value, on 12/31/2023, is 80.90 percent lower, compared to it's long term average value.The Serie's change in percent from it's minimum value, on 12/31/2023, to it's latest available value, on 12/31/2023, is +0.0%.The Serie's change in percent from it's maximum value, on 12/31/1978, to it's latest available value, on 12/31/2023, is -92.16%.

Mongolia MN: Completeness of Infant Death Reporting data was reported at 59.552 % in 2010. This records an increase from the previous number of 56.751 % for 2008. Mongolia MN: Completeness of Infant Death Reporting data is updated yearly, averaging 56.751 % from Dec 2006 (Median) to 2010, with 3 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 59.552 % in 2010 and a record low of 43.440 % in 2006. Mongolia MN: Completeness of Infant Death Reporting data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mongolia – Table MN.World Bank.WDI: Health Statistics. Completeness of infant death reporting is the number of infant deaths reported by national statistics authorities to the United Nations Statistics Division's Demography Yearbook divided by the number of infant deaths estimated by the United Nations Population Division.; ; The United Nations Statistics Division's Population and Vital Statistics Report and the United Nations Population Division's World Population Prospects.; ;

Abstract

The purpose of the RHS was to establish a complete statistical data set on fertility, infant mortality, family planning, maternal health related to antenatal care, pregnancy difficulties and delivery complications. Moreover, through this survey some data on child health, breastfeeding, women's and men's attitude towards family planning and AIDS were collected. This information is important firstly, for the evaluation of the current vital statistics on fertility and infant mortality; secondly, for understanding the factors that influence the reproductive health of women and the health and survival of infants and young children. The output of the survey can be used for policies and programs in relation to maternal and child health in Mongolia. In addition, the results of the survey may suggest some changes in the registration of infant deaths and in the reporting system, or in the use of statistical tools for the measuring of fertility and infant mortality levels in Mongolia.The survey findings are especially important now when the country is in the transition period, because it provides some information on awareness of people about family planning and AIDS. During the socialist period people did not have experiences of using family planning, and similarly, they did not know the danger of AIDS. Overall, the findings of RHS will become a useful source of information necessary for health care reform in Mongolia.

A further objective was to instill in the NSO the capacity to carry out large-scale, nationally representative and internationally comparable scientific surveys. It is expected that the survey will provide policy makers, health officials and researchers with data essential for informed policy-making, program execution, and further research.

The RHS has the following objectives: - Gather information on fertility, mortality and family planning at the national level; - Determine fertility, knowledge of contraceptives, and level of contraceptive use by region and rural-urban residence, age, educational level, and other background characteristics of women; - Gather information on specific health issues such as child health, breastfeeding practices, prenatal care, difficulties and complications during pregnancy, and abortion; - Disseminate Mongolian data on reproduction, health and family planning both within the country and internationally; - Provide policy makers and researchers with data essential for informed policy-making and further research.

Geographic coverage

The survey is nationally and regionally (5 regions - West, Central, East, South, Ulaanbaatar) representative and covers the whole of Mongolia.

Analysis unit

• Household
• Women aged 15-49
• Husband of the women
• Children

Universe

All women between the ages of 15 and 49 , three husbands out of five married women and their children above 5 years old.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The survey was conducted using a two-stage sampling method, with equal probability of selection of households. The sample frame comprised the listings of households prepared annually in bags and horoos across the country. It was determined from experience of other countries that 25 households per cluster would provide an optimum representation in a country where no such survey has ever before been conducted. (The best cluster "take" depends upon the intra-cluster versus inter-cluster heterogeneity of the principal variables being measured; this can only be determined after carrying out a survey.) For the survey it was planned to select 6000 households, which is a 1,13 percent sample of all households in the country. This implied the selection of 240 clusters of households. Bags and horoos were the primary sampling units (PSUs). All 1684 PSUs were stratified implicitly by aimag and soum, and the selection of the 240 sample PSUs (or clusters) was done systematically with a random start, with probability proportional to the number of registered households. Households were then selected systematically with a random start within each PSU, using an interval directly proportional to the number of households in the PSU. Each registered household in Mongolia had an equal and known probability of being selected in the RHS sample. The selected households were interviewed using the household schedule. All women between the ages of 15 and 49, inclusive, who slept in the household's dwelling the night prior to interview were eligible to be interviewed using the women's interview schedule. Interviewing teams were also instructed to interview 6 husbands of interviewed women in each PSU.

Distribution of the RHS Household Sampling by Aimag, Mongolia 1998

-- Aimag, Clusters, Number of Households 1) Arhangai, 1-12, 300 2) Bayan-Olgii, 13-20, 200 3) Bayanhongor, 21-30, 250 4) Bulgan, 31-37, 175 5) Gobi-Altai, 38-44, 175 6) Dornogobi, 45-49, 125 7) Dornod, 50-57, 200 8) Dundgobi, 58-63, 150 9) Zavhan, 64-73, 250 10) Selenge, 74-83, 250 11) Suhbaatar, 84-89, 150 12) Uvs, 90-99, 249 13) Tov, 100-110, 275 14) Ovorhangai, 111-124, 350 15) Omnogobi, 125-129, 125 16) Hovd, 130-137, 200 17) Hovsgol, 138-150, 325 18) Hentii, 151-158, 200 19) Darhan-Uul, 159-168, 250 20) Orhon, 169-174,149 21) Gobisumber, 175-176, 50 22) Ulaanbaatar, 177-240, 1607 Total number of households 6005

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

There were three questionnaires used in the RHS 1998.

The contents of the three questionnaires are outlined briefly below.
1. Household Questionnaire: The household questionnaire consists of questions on relationship to the household head, age, sex, educational level and marital status. The questions in the household questionnaire were asked concerning all members of the household, as well as visitors who spent the night before the survey in the household. The household questionnaire was developed in order to obtain general demographic information, information on household amenities and housing conditions, and as a tool for selecting women and husbands for individual interview.

1. Woman's Questionnaire: Background questions Reproduction Maternal health, pregnancy, breastfeeding, and child health Knowledge and use of contraceptive methods Marriage Fertility preferences and abortion Employment, and questions concerning the husband Knowledge about AIDS

3.Husband's Questionnaire: Background questions Reproduction Knowledge and use of contraceptive methods Knowledge about AIDS

All questionnaires are provided as external resources.

Cleaning operations

The computer data entry work was initiated on 20 October 1998 and terminated 1 February 1999. The editing of the computer files finished by the middle of February. The computer software package “Integrated System for Survey Analysis” (ISSA), created and distributed by Macro International, Inc. was used for data entry and data processing. From February 1999, output tables started to be produced, and this activity lasted for two months. Activities such as data entry, quality control and production of output tables were accomplished by the national staff under the supervision of the UN Technical Adviser and an adviser from the UNFPA Country Support Team in Bangkok. Similarly, the main report of RHS has been prepared through the cooperative work of national staff with the Technical Adviser. The tabulation plan follows closely the recommendations contained in Guidelines for the DHS-III Main Survey Report, published by Macro International.

Response rate

Results of the Household and Individual Interviews (Women and Husbands), Mongolia 1998

Number of Dwellings Sampled: Urban 2931, Rural 3074, and Total 6005 Number of Households Interviewed: Urban 2930, Rural 3073, and Total 6003 Household Response Rate: Urban 100.0, Rural 100.0, Total 100.0

Number of Eligible Women: Urban 3943, Rural 3610, and Total 7553 Number of Eligible Women Interviewed: Urban 3904, Rural 3557, and Total 7461 Eligible Women Response Rate: Urban 99.0, Rural 98.5, and Total 98.8

Number of Husbands Selected: Urban 794, Rural 766, and Total 1560 Number of Husbands Interviewed: Urban 793, Rural 764, and Total 1557 Husbands Response Rate: Urban 99.9, Rural 99.7, and Total 99.8

Sampling error estimates

Sampling errors are presented in Tables B.02 - B.16 (refer final survey report) for variables considered to be of major interest. Results are presented for the whole country, for urban and rural areas separately, for each of four education groups, for each of five regions, and for each of three age groups. For each variable, the type of statistic (percentage, mean or rate) and the base population are given in Table B.01 (refer final survey report) . For each variable, Tables B.02 - B.16 (refer final survey report) present the value of the statistic (R), its standard error (SE), the number of cases (N) where relevant, the design effect (DEFT) where applicable, the relative standard error (SE/R), and the 95 percent confidence limits (R-2SE, R+2SE).

The confidence limits have the following interpretation. For the percentage of currently married women using the contraceptive intrauterine device (IUD), the overall value for the full sample is 32.2%, and its standard error is 0.8%. Therefore, to obtain the 95 percent confidence limits, one adds and subtracts twice the standard error to the sample estimate, which means that there is a high probability (95 percent) the true percentage currently using the IUD is between 30.6% and 33.8%.

The relative standard errors for most estimates for the country as a whole

This scatter chart displays life expectancy at birth (year) against death rate (per 1,000 people) in Mongolia. The data is about countries per year.

Mongolia MN: Mortality Rate: Infant per 1000 Births data was reported at 8.400 NA in 2050. This records a decrease from the previous number of 8.600 NA for 2049. Mongolia MN: Mortality Rate: Infant per 1000 Births data is updated yearly, averaging 19.550 NA from Jun 1989 (Median) to 2050, with 62 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 83.000 NA in 1990 and a record low of 8.400 NA in 2050. Mongolia MN: Mortality Rate: Infant per 1000 Births data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by US Census Bureau. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mongolia – Table MN.US Census Bureau: Demographic Projection.

Abstract

This Child and Development Survey - 2000 is a multiple indicator clutster survey (MICS) that was conducted among women and children, with the financial and technical support of UNICEF. The purpose of this survey is to establish comprehensive statistical data to monitor the implementation of Mongolia's National Program of Action for the Development of Children in the 1990s, and to aid future planning and organisation. Overall, the findings of the Child and Development Survey -2000 will be a valuable source of information in determining the current level of infant, child and women's health and education in Mongolia and the factors which influence those levels, and it will be extremely helpful in assessing government efforts towards improving the status of women and children in the country in the past 10 years. The 2000 Mongolia Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey has as its primary objectives:

· To provide up-to-date information for assessing the situation of children and women in Mongolia at the end of the decade and for looking forward to the next decade; · To furnish data needed for monitoring progress toward goals established at the World Summit for Children and as a basis for future action; · To contribute to the improvement of data and monitoring systems in Mongolia and to strengthen technical expertise in the design, implementation, and analysis of such systems.

Geographic coverage

The whole country.

Analysis unit

• Households
• Women
• Children

Universe

The survey covered all Mongolian households/population and foreigners residing in Mongolia. However, it excluded Mongolian citizens residing outside the country or who had been residing, for more than 6 months, in institutions such as military camps, orphanages, care centers for the aged, hospitals, prisons and other correctional institutions.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample was selected in two stages. At the first stage, 300 census enumeration areas were selected with probability proportional to size. After a household listing was carried out within the selected enumeration areas, a systematic sample of 6000 households was drawn. Because the sample was stratified by region, it is selfweighting. For reporting the national level results, sample weights have not been used.

Survey population: According to the survey objectives, the current survey subjects were women aged 15-49, children under 5 or of pre-school and general education school age, and disabled children under 18 years in the households of the interviewees.

The sample size necessary to achieve the desired level of precision was calculated according to the formula described in the MICS manual.2 Since the MICS survey was intended to provide information on a variety of indicators and several specific target groups, the required sample size is based on the number of households needed to yield valid results with the desired level of precision for the "rarest" indicator-target group combination. This ensures that findings on the less "rare" combinations will also be valid at the chosen level of precision or better. For the Mongolian survey the key indicator for calculating the required sample size was the measles immunization rate in the target group of children aged 12-23 months. Using the formula from the MICS manual it was determined that a sample of 6000 households would be needed to obtain data on all survey indicators with a margin of error not greater than +/-5 percentage points at national level with a 95 per cent confidence level.

Sampling stratification: In the survey, sampling used 2 different stratification's: 1. By region: Most tabulations in this report are disagregated by 6 regions: Western, Northern, Eastern, Southern, Central 1 and Central 2. This is an official government classification based on petrol prices. Specifically, this regional delineation is as follows:

• Western (Uvs, Zavkhan, Gobi-Altai, Bayan-Ulgii, and Khovd aimags)
• Northern (Arhangai, Hovsgol, Bayankhongor, Uverhkangai and Bulgan aimags)
• Eastern (Dornod, Hentii and Suhkbaatar aimags)
• Southern (Omnogobi, Dundgovi, Dornogovi and Govisumber aimags)
• "Central-1" (Tuv, Selenge, Darhkan-Uul and Orhkon aimags)
• "Central-2" (Ulaanbaatar- capital city)

1. By urban and rural: The attached tabulations in this report are classified into urban and rural.

   • "Urban" population and households are defined as those located in the capital city of Ulaanbaatar and any aimag centers. • "Rural " - The rest of the population and all other households are classified as rural.

   Sample unit: The sample unit is a household. A household is a single person or group of people residing in one dwelling, accumulating their income together, having a common food and clothing source.

Sampling deviation

The sample for the Mongolia Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) was designed to provide estimates of health indicators at the national level, for urban and rural areas, and for six regions: West, South, North, East, Central-1 and Central-2. The sample for the survey was designed to provide national estimates for the main indicators covered by the survey, with a margin of error of ±5 percentage points at a 95 per cent level of confidence.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

In addition to a household questionnaire, questionnaires were administered in each household for women aged 15-49 and children under age five. The questionnaires are based on the MICS model questionnaire with the inclusion of the child disability module. From the MICS model English version, the questionnaires were translated into Mongolian. Questionnaires were translated back in to English from the Mongolian version. The questionnaires were pretested during Apr. 2000. Based on the results of the pretest, modifications were made to the wording and translation of the questionnaires.

The questionnaire used in the Mongolian "Child and Development Survey-2000” closely followed the content and format of the model MICS questionnaire recommended by UNICEF5, with some revisions and adjustments to suit specific local circumstances. The MICS model actually consists of 3 types of questionnaires; each designed to collect information on specific topics and distinct target groups.

The household questionnaire collected information such as the construction of the housing, the sex, age, literacy, and marital and orphaned status of the household members. Also included in this questionnaire were questions on education, child labor, supply of water and sanitation, and the use of iodized salt.

The questionnaire for women aged 15-49 included modules on: - Information about women - Child mortality - Maternal and infant health - Contraceptive use - HIV/AIDS. - Vitamin "D" deficiency

 The questionnaire on children under age 5 covered:

• Birth registration
• Early childhood learning
• Vitamin A supplementation
• Breastfeeding
• Hepatitis
• Child immunization
• Anthropometry (measurement of height and weight)

Cleaning operations

After the completion of the data processing of the survey materials, statisticians analyzed particular indicators, checked consistency with other data sources, reviewed results, edited errors, and reviewed concepts and definitions of unclear indicators. Finally based on these, they developed a working document, which would be useful for the next survey, and wrote the survey report.

Data pre-entry preparation, quality control and data entry was carried out in July- August 2000 at a highly professional level and in a shorter time than expected. At this stage of the survey, the working group stayed in close contact with the survey regional office and some questions raised concerning software and mathematical methodology were solved very efficiently. Survey data were processed using software based on the given designed questionnaire. The data processing was carried out in two stages. The goal of the first stage was to obtain a complete file of raw data according to the processing technology order and to ensure the quality of the data. This included following:

• Data entry
• Verification
• Secondary editing
• Production of verified and confirmed data set

The second stage aimed to produce cross tables enabling further analysis to be carried out. This included the following: - Entry of a variety of options and simulations - Production of output tables

Response rate

The selected 6000 households for the "Child and Development Survey -2000" completed the interview (Table 1). About 8606 women aged between 15-49, identified as the select group, were eligible for the women's questionnaire. Out of these, 8257 were interviewed successfully, with a response rate of 95.9 per cent. In addition, 6199 children under the age of 5 were found to be living in the selected households. Children's questionnaires were completed for 6184 of these, yielding a response rate of 99.8 per cent.

Over the last two observations, the life expectancy has significantly increased in all gender groups As part of the positive trend, the life expectancy reaches the maximum value for the different genders at the end of the comparison period. Particularly noteworthy is the life expectancy of women at birth, which has the highest value of 76.85 years. Life expectancy at birth refers to the number of years the average newborn is expected to live, providing that mortality patterns at the time of birth do not change thereafter.Find further similar statistics for other countries or regions like Uganda and Azerbaijan.

Time series data for the statistic Birth_Rate_Crude_Per_1000_People and country Mongolia. Indicator Definition:Crude birth rate indicates the number of live births occurring during the year, per 1,000 population estimated at midyear. Subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate provides the rate of natural increase, which is equal to the rate of population change in the absence of migration.The statistic "Birth Rate Crude Per 1000 People" stands at 19.00 per mille as of 12/31/2023, the lowest value since 12/31/2006. Regarding the One-Year-Change of the series, the current value constitutes a decrease of -0.5 percentage points compared to the value the year prior.The 1 year change in percentage points is -0.5.The 3 year change in percentage points is -4.40.The 5 year change in percentage points is -5.50.The 10 year change in percentage points is -8.50.The Serie's long term average value is 31.35 per mille. It's latest available value, on 12/31/2023, is 12.35 percentage points lower, compared to it's long term average value.The Serie's change in percentage points from it's minimum value, on 12/31/2004, to it's latest available value, on 12/31/2023, is +0.602.The Serie's change in percentage points from it's maximum value, on 12/31/1961, to it's latest available value, on 12/31/2023, is -25.18.

72.1 (years) in 2023. Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life.

In 2025, Mongolia had the highest crude birth rate among East Asian countries or regions, with a crude birth rate of **** live births per 1,000 of the population. Comparatively, South Korea had *** live births per 1,000 of the population in 2025.

Abstract

The objective of this survey was to gather detailed information related to reproductive health indicators such as fertility, infant and child mortality, factors affecting mortality, child health, family planning and STI/HIV/AIDS, among others. This survey collected information and data on women's knowledge regarding the prevention of breast and cervical cancers. This survey aimed to enrich the content of previous reproductive health surveys.

The results of this survey show increasing levels of fertility and improved quality of services during pregnancy and childbirth. In addition, the survey indicates a significant decrease in newborn and child mortality rates. Although women's knowledge on contraceptive methods is quite high, actual use of these methods among married women has decreased. This can be explained by the increase in the wanted total fertility rate. However, it is alarming to note a decrease in the knowledge on STI/HIV/AIDS prevention and women's lack of knowledge about common gynecological cancers.

Geographic coverage

The RHS 2008 is nationally and regionally (5 regions - West, Central, East, South, Ulaanbaatar) representative and covers the whole of Mongolia.

Analysis unit

• Households
• Women aged 15-49
• Husbands
• Children

Universe

All women between the ages of 15 and 49, inclusive, who slept in the household’s dwelling the night prior to interview, were eligible to be interviewed using the women’s interview schedule. Three husbands out of five married women interviewed in each PSU were interviewed using the husband’s interview schedule. Children above 5 years old.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The 2008 Mongolian Reproductive Health Survey (RHS) has a nationally representative sample of 8382 households, in which 9402 women of reproductive age 15-49 years and a subsample of 3362 husbands were interviewed.

Complete national representation is key for any sample to give results that are truly generalizable to an entire population. The current RHS used the same sampling techniques as the 1998 and 2003 surveys to achieve national representation with minimal sampling errors. The survey was conducted using a two-stage sampling method, which gives an equal probability of selection of households. As this is the same method used in previous surveys, this means that the data are fully comparable with the RHS 1998 and RHS 2008 data sets. The sample frame was comprised of the listings of households prepared annually by bags and horoo across the country. Activities, such as improving household listing, designed for improving the quality of data of the first-stage sample frame were conducted in the fourth quarter of 2007 and the first quarter of 2008. Based on that the actual sampling was based on data from the first half of 2008.

It was determined from the experience of RHS 1998 and RHS 2003 and the similar surveys conducted in other countries that 25 to 30 households per cluster would provide an optimum representation; therefore, 30 households were selected for a cluster. It was decided select to 8,400 households (the lower limit was 7,560), which is 1.3 percent of all households in the country. Dividing this number by the 30 households by cluster gave the result of needing 280 primary sampling units (PSUs). Baghs and horoos were chosen as the primary sampling units (PSUs), resulting in a total of 1,676 PSUs. These PSUs were stratified implicitly by aimag and soum, and the selection of the 280 sample PSUs (or clusters) was done systematically with a random start and probability proportional to the number of registered households in each PSU. Households were then selected systematically with a random start within each PSU, using an interval directly proportional to the number of households in the PSU. The selected households were interviewed using the household questionnaire. All women between the ages of 15 and 49 (inclusive) who slept in the household's dwelling the night prior to the interview were eligible to be interviewed using the women's interview schedule. Three husbands out of every five married women were interviewed in each PSU using the husband's interview schedule.

Distribution of the RHS Household Sampling by Aimag, Mongolia 1998, 2003, 2008

-- Number of households in 1998, 2003, 2008 and Clusters 1) Arhangai, 300, 390, 330, 1-11 2) Bayan-Olgii, 200, 300, 270, 12-20 3) Bayanhongor, 250, 330, 270, 21-29 4) Bulgan, 175, 240, 210, 30-36 5) Gobi-Altai, 175, 240, 210, 37-43 6) Dornogobi, 125, 180, 180 ,44-49 7) Dornod, 200, 240, 270, 50-58 8) Dundgobi, 150, 180, 150, 59-63 9) Zavhan, 250, 300, 270, 64-72 10) Ovorhangai, 350, 420, 390, 73-85 11) Omnogobi, 125, 180, 180, 86-91 12) Suhbaatar, 150, 210, 180, 92-97 13) Selenge, 250, 330, 300, 98-107 14) Tov, 275, 330, 330, 108-118 15) Uvs, 249, 300, 240, 119-126 16) Hovd, 200, 300, 270, 127-135 17) Hovsgol, 325, 450, 420, 136-149 18) Hentii, 200, 270, 240, 150-157 19) Darhan-Uul, 250, 270, 300, 158-167 20) Ulaanbaatar, 1607, 2610, 3060, 168-269 21) Orhon, 149, 300, 300, 270-279 22) Govisumber, 50, 30, 30 ,280 Total number of households in 1998, 2003, and 2008 respectively 6005, 8400, 8400

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Model 'B' of the Demographic and Health Surveys Program served as a basis for the development of the women's questionnaire, with some adjustments made to reflect Mongolia's specific needs, including the addition of two sets of questions related to breast and vaginal cancer and family violence. There were three questionnaires used in the RHS: the household questionnaire, the woman's questionnaire, and the husband's questionnaire.

The contents of these three questionnaires are outlined briefly below: 1. Household Questionnaire • Age; • Sex; • Educational level; • Marital status; • Relationship to head of household; • Employment status; • Type of income; • Status of civil registration at their residing bags and horoos (new question); • Expenses for health services (new question); • Per capita monthly average income, and; • Household housing conditions. 2. Woman's Questionnaire • Background questions, marital status; • Maternal health, pregnancy, breastfeeding, child health, abortion, miscarriage and stillbirth in the last five years; • Knowledge, access to, and use of contraceptive methods; • Fertility preferences; • Employment and questions concerning the husband; • Knowledge about STIs and AIDS; • Breast and vaginal cancer (new question); • Family violence. 3. Husband's Questionnaire • Background questions; • Reproductive health; • Knowledge, access to, and use of contraceptive methods; • Knowledge about STIs and HIV/AIDS.

Cleaning operations

The computer data entry work began on 15 October 2008 and was completed by 15 February 2009. Editing of the computer files was completed by the middle of March 2009. The "CSPro" computer software package created by Macro International, Inc. was used in data entry and processing. From March to May of 2009 output tables were produced. The RHS main report was prepared jointly by experts from the NSO, MoH, researchers working in agencies under the MoH, researchers from the PTRC of NUM, and other researchers.

Sampling error estimates

Sampling errors are presented in Tables B.02 - B.16 of the RHS National Report 2008, for variables considered to be of major interest. Results are presented for the whole country, for urban and rural areas separately, for each of four education groups, for each of five regions, and for each of three age groups. For each variable, the type of statistic (percentage, mean or rate) and the base population are given in Table B.01 of the RHS National Report 2008. For each variable, Tables B.02 - B.16 of the RHS National Report 2008 present the value of the statistic (R), its standard error (SE), the number of cases (N) where relevant, the design effect (DEFT) where applicable, the relative standard error (SE/R), and the 95 percent confidence limits (R-2SE, R+2SE).

The confidence limits have the following interpretation. For the percentage of currently married women using the contraceptive intrauterine device (IUD), the overall value for the full sample is 22.3%, and its standard error is 0.6%. Therefore, to obtain the 95 percent confidence limits, one adds and subtracts twice the standard error to the sample estimate, which means that there is a high probability (95 percent) the true percentage currently using the IUD is between 21.1% and 23.5%.

The relative standard errors for most estimates for the country as a whole are small, except for estimates of very small percentages. The magnitude of the error increases as estimates for sub-populations such as geographical areas are considered. For the variable IUD, for instance, the relative standard error (as a percentage of the estimated parameter) for the whole country and for urban and rural areas is 2.7 percent, 4.1 percent, and 4.0 percent, respectively. For the five regions, the relative standard error of the variable IUD varies between 5.4 percent and 10.8 percent.

Special mention should be made of the sampling errors for rates. The denominators are exposure-years, and the numerators are either births or deaths in the population under consideration during the indicated period of time.

It should be noted that the survey indicates, with a 95 percent level of confidence, that the TFR for the 3-year period prior to the survey lay between 3.046