Red Bluff Research Ranch is a 13,750-acre ranch is part of the Montana Agricultural Experiment station, and associated with Montana State University in Bozeman, MT. The ranch occupies most of the once thriving late 19th- to early 20th-century gold mining community in the Hot Springs Mining District, which was second only in gold production to Alder Gulch. The ranch nearly surrounds the town of Norris. Historically about 900 head of sheep were maintained year-round at the research ranch. The livestock, as well as the rangeland, are used for both teaching and research. Sheep nutrition studies included nutrition levels, management practices and sheep behavior. Animal scientists look at breeding as a major way to improve livestock production. Hybridization was studied in sheep to help predict staple length, open faces, smoothness and body conformation related to better and more meat. These data include ewe and lamb body condition, breeding and production data from 1960-2012. Supported/funded by Montana State University College of Agriculture, Montana Agricultural Research Service, Montana Wool Lab., and the USDA Agricultural Research Service. Resources in this dataset:Resource Title: MSU_EWES_1960-2012. File Name: MSU_EWES_1960-2012.csvResource Title: MSU_LAMBS_1960-2012. File Name: MSU_LAMBS_1960-2012.csvResource Title: Data dictionary for Montana State University ewe data 1960-2012. File Name: MSU_Ewe_DataDictionary.csvResource Title: Data dictionary for Montana State University lamb data 1960-2012. File Name: MSU_Lamb_DataDictionary.csv

Comprehensive dataset containing 40 verified Agricultural production businesses in Montana, United States with complete contact information, ratings, reviews, and location data.

Financial overview and grant giving statistics of Montana Agricultural Business Association

This repository contains data and code supporting the findings of the study on the adoption of Unoccupied Aerial Systems (UAS) in agricultural research as reported by Lachowiec et al (2024) in The Plant Phenome Journal. We collected data through an online survey as well as through in person interviews.

Description of Repository Contents

Data

Data are in the /data directory:

Ag_Drones_Codebook_14Jun2023.pdf: Codebook providing detailed descriptions of survey questions and coding schemes. This contains detailed descriptions of the content of the two CSV files listed below. Results_Ag_Drones_2021_Survey.csv: This is raw survey data collected from agricultural researchers regarding their use of UAS technology. countries_code.csv: Country codes used in the survey data for respondent location. interviews/: A directory containing interview transcripts and summary provided as both Microsoft Word and plain text (Markdown) formats, specifically:

Notes from nine one on one interviews named )UAS_Interview.[md|docx] A summary document, Feldman_AG2PI_InterviewSummary_2022-08-10.docx.

Code

Code used to process data and generate the manuscript's analysis and figures.

data_code.R: R Script for preprocessing and cleaning the survey data. dataAnalysis.R: R script for statistical analysis and visualization of survey results.

Citing this work

This repository contains data and code to support the manuscript:

Lachowiec, J., Feldman, M.J., Matias, F.I., LeBauer, D., Gregory, A. (2024). Unoccupied aerial systems adoption in agricultural research. Zenodo. The Plant Phenome Journal Volume(Issue), pages 00. doi:DOI

If you use the data or code from this repository, please also cite:

Lachowiec, J., Feldman, M.J., Matias, F.I., LeBauer, D., Gregory, A. (2024). Data and code from: Unoccupied aerial systems adoption in agricultural research. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.10573428

And consider contributing cleaned data and code to this repository.

Acknowlegements and Support

Acknowledgments We thank all survey respondents for their participation. We acknowledge the Montana State University HELPS lab for aiding in the development and implementation of the survey. Funding This research was supported by the intramural research program of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Agricultural Genome to Phenome Initiative (2020-70412-32615 and 2021-70412-35233). The findings and conclusions in this preliminary presentation have not been formally disseminated by the U. S. Department of Agriculture and should not be construed to represent any agency determination or policy.

Comprehensive dataset containing 207 verified Agricultural service businesses in Montana, United States with complete contact information, ratings, reviews, and location data.

Graph and download economic data for Proprietors' Farm Income in Montana (MTOFAR) from Q1 1948 to Q2 2025 about proprietors, MT, agriculture, income, and USA.

Financial overview and grant giving statistics of Southwest Montana Agriculture & Resource Traditions Foundation

Comprehensive dataset containing 19 verified Agricultural organization businesses in Montana, United States with complete contact information, ratings, reviews, and location data.

Graph and download economic data for Gross Domestic Product: Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting (11) in Montana (MTAGRNGSP) from 1997 to 2024 about hunting, forestry, fishing, MT, agriculture, GSP, private industries, private, industry, GDP, and USA.

In 2015, agricultural irrigation withdrawals accounted for about 42 percent of the total freshwater withdrawals in the United States (Dieter and others, 2018). Consistent and accurate designations of irrigated agricultural lands, irrigation system type, conveyance systems, and water source (groundwater or surface water) are essential for the determination of irrigation water use and ultimately the sound management of our nation’s water resources. Several local, state, and federal agencies compile data (crops, irrigation, irrigation system type, etc.) that can be used to estimate irrigation withdrawals for agricultural. The format of these data varies from data tables, typically compiled at the county level, to spatial Geographic Information System (GIS) polygon layers of agricultural lands. These data sources are often incomplete, out of date, or inconsistently compiled. The USGS and the University of Wisconsin-Madison developed annual Landsat-based Irrigation Dataset (LANID), which consists of irrigation maps, derivative products, and manually collected ground reference data covering the conterminous US (CONUS) for the period of 1997–2017 (Xie and Lark, 2021a). These maps were developed using verified irrigated-lands GIS datasets (i.e. training data) coupled with remotely-sensed, 30-meter resolution Landsat-derived data. The current and future availability of verified field-level data is required to train and validate this and other models.

Winter Wheat at Golden Triangle, Montana - 3581 GDD accumulated from Mar 15 to Jul 31. Track growing degree days.

Proportion of agricultural land cover within 18-km radius developed using a circular focal moving window analysis.

Financial overview and grant giving statistics of Future Agricultural Resources for Montana Farm

Comprehensive dataset containing 2 verified Agricultural machinery manufacturer businesses in Montana, United States with complete contact information, ratings, reviews, and location data.

Gross Domestic Product: Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting (NAICS 11) in Montana was 2525.90000 Mil. of $ in April of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, Gross Domestic Product: Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting (NAICS 11) in Montana reached a record high of 3953.30000 in January of 2022 and a record low of 779.30000 in January of 2006. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Gross Domestic Product: Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting (NAICS 11) in Montana - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on November of 2025.

Graph and download economic data for Gross Domestic Product: Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting (11) in Montana (MTAGRNQGSP) from Q1 2005 to Q2 2025 about hunting, forestry, fishing, MT, agriculture, GSP, private industries, private, industry, GDP, and USA.

Location of agricultural land cover obtained from the LANDFIRE Existing Vegetation Type dataset

Fort Ellis Research and Extension Center Study for Greenhouse gas Reduction through Agricultural Carbon Enhancement network in Sidney, Montana Sheep (Ovis aries L.) grazing is an inexpensive method of weed control in dryland cropping systems but little is known about its effect on net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. We evaluated the effect of sheep grazing compared to herbicide application for weed control on GHG (CO2, N2O, and CH4) emissions from May to October, 2010 and 2011, net global warming potential (GWP), and greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) in a silt loam under dryland cropping systems in western Montana. Treatments were two fallow management practices (sheep grazing [GRAZ] and herbicide application [CHEM]) and three cropping sequences (continuous alfalfa [Medicago sativa L.] [CA], continuous spring wheat [Triticum aestivum L.] [CSW], and spring wheat-pea [Pisum sativum L.] /barley [Hordeum vulgaris L.] hay-fallow [W-P/B-F]). Gas samples were collected at 3 to 14 d intervals with a vented, static chamber. Regardless of treatments, GHG fluxes peaked immediately following substantial precipitation (>12 mm) and/or N fertilization mostly from May to August. Total CO2 flux from May to October was greater in GRAZ with CA, but total N2O flux was greater in CHEM and GRAZ with CSW than in other treatments. Total CH4 flux was greater in CA than in W-P/B-F. Net GWP and GHGI were greater in GRAZ with W-P/B-F than in most other treatments. Greater CH4 flux due to increased enteric fermentation as a result of longer duration of grazing during fallow, followed by reduced crop residue returned to the soil and/or C sequestration rate, probably increased net GHG flux in GRAZ with W-P/B-F. Sheep grazing on cropping sequence containing fallow may not reduce net GHG emissions compared to herbicide application for weed control on continuous crops. Resources in this dataset:Resource Title: GeoData catalog record. File Name: Web Page, url: https://geodata.nal.usda.gov/geonetwork/srv/eng/catalog.search#/metadata/d9d64353-0b6d-4890-b27a-9278dd8678d1

Real Gross Domestic Product: Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting (NAICS 11) in Montana was 1964.50000 Mil. of Chn. 2009 $ in January of 2024, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, Real Gross Domestic Product: Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting (NAICS 11) in Montana reached a record high of 2178.50000 in January of 2023 and a record low of 847.60000 in January of 1997. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Real Gross Domestic Product: Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting (NAICS 11) in Montana - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on November of 2025.

Information is needed to mitigate dryland soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by using novel management practices. We evaluated the effects of cropping sequence and N fertilization on dryland soil temperature and water content at the 0- to 15-cm depth and surface CO2, N2O, and CH4 fluxes in a Williams loam in eastern Montana. Treatments were no-tilled continuous malt barley (Hordeum vulgaris L.) (NTCB), no-tilled malt barley-pea (Pisum sativum L.) (NTB-P), and conventional-tilled malt barley-fallow (CTB-F) (control), each with 0 and 80 kg N ha-1. Gas fluxes were measured at 3 to 14 d intervals using static, vented chambers from March to November, 2008 to 2011. Soil temperature varied but water content was greater in CTB-F than in other treatments. The GHG fluxes varied with date of sampling, peaking immediately after substantial precipitation (>15 mm) and N fertilization during increased soil temperature. Total CO2 flux from March to November was greater in NTCB and NTB-P with 80 kg N ha-1 than in other treatments from 2008 to 2010. Total N2O flux was greater in NTCB with 0 kg N ha-1 and in NTB-P with 80 kg N ha-1 than in other treatments in 2008 and 2011. Total CH4 uptake was greater with 80 than with 0 kg N ha-1 in NTCB in 2009 and 2011. Because of intermediate level of CO2 equivalent of GHG emissions and known favorable effect on malt barley yield, NTB-P with 0 kg N ha-1 might mitigate GHG emissions and sustain crop yields compared to other treatments in eastern Montana. For accounting global warming potential of management practices, however, additional information on soil C dynamics and CO2 associated with production inputs and machinery use are needed. Resources in this dataset:Resource Title: GeoData catalog record. File Name: Web Page, url: https://geodata.nal.usda.gov/geonetwork/srv/eng/catalog.search#/metadata/60e0612c-8144-46fc-a41a-07fc83b4ad83