View weekly updates and historical trends for 30 Year Mortgage Rate. from United States. Source: Freddie Mac. Track economic data with YCharts analytics.

Graph and download economic data for 15-Year Fixed Rate Mortgage Average in the United States (MORTGAGE15US) from 1991-08-30 to 2025-10-16 about 15-year, mortgage, fixed, interest rate, interest, rate, and USA.

Type of Mortgage Loan:Conventional Mortgage Loans: Backed by private investors and typically require a down payment of 20% or more.Jumbo Loans: Loans that exceed the conforming loan limits set by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.Government-insured Mortgage Loans: Backed by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), or U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA).Others: Includes non-QM loans, reverse mortgages, and shared equity programs.Mortgage Loan Terms:30-year Mortgage: The most common term, offering low monthly payments but higher overall interest costs.20-year Mortgage: Offers a shorter repayment period and lower long-term interest costs.15-year Mortgage: The shortest term, providing lower interest rates and faster equity accumulation.Others: Includes adjustable-rate mortgages (ARMs) and balloons loans.Interest Rate:Fixed-rate Mortgage Loan: Offers a stable interest rate over the life of the loan.Adjustable-rate Mortgage Loan (ARM): Offers an initial interest rate that may vary after a certain period, potentially leading to higher or lower monthly payments.Provider:Primary Mortgage Lender: Originates and services mortgages directly to borrowers.Secondary Mortgage Lender: Purchases mortgages from originators and packages them into securities for sale to investors. Key drivers for this market are: Digital platforms and AI-driven credit assessments have simplified the application process, improving accessibility and borrower experience. Potential restraints include: Fluctuations in interest rates significantly impact borrowing costs, affecting loan demand and affordability. Notable trends are: The adoption of online portals and mobile apps is transforming the mortgage process with faster approvals and greater transparency.

United States Fannie Mae: Risk Management Derivatives: Net Contractual Interest Expense on Interest-Rate Swaps data was reported at -218.000 USD mn in Mar 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of -1.227 USD bn for Dec 2024. United States Fannie Mae: Risk Management Derivatives: Net Contractual Interest Expense on Interest-Rate Swaps data is updated quarterly, averaging -215.000 USD mn from Dec 2011 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 51 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 22.000 USD mn in Dec 2021 and a record low of -2.187 USD bn in Dec 2011. United States Fannie Mae: Risk Management Derivatives: Net Contractual Interest Expense on Interest-Rate Swaps data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal National Mortgage Association. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.EB121: Derivatives Fair Value Gains or Losses: Federal National Mortgage Association, Fannie Mae.

Graph and download economic data for Agency-and GSE-Backed Mortgage Pools; Multifamily Residential Mortgages Held in a Fannie Mae Pool; Asset, Transactions (BOGZ1FA413065443A) from 1946 to 2024 about fannie mae, multifamily, transactions, mortgage, family, residential, assets, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Agency-and GSE-Backed Mortgage Pools; Total Mortgages Held in a Fannie Mae Pool; Asset, Transactions (BOGZ1FA413065045Q) from Q4 1946 to Q2 2025 about GSE-Backed, fannie mae, mortgage, transactions, assets, and USA.

Market DataResidential Mortgage Debt Outstanding—Enterprise Share, 1990 – 2010Total mortgages held or securitized by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac as a Percentage of Residential Mortgage Debt Outstanding, 1990 – 2010. Note: Currently, FHFA does not have any plans to update this dataset through more recent periods.Single-Family Mortgages Originated and Outstanding, 1990 – 2011 Q2Statistics for conventional and government-insured or -guaranteed loans and, within each of those sectors, for fixed-rate and adjustable-rate mortgages. Conventional loans are also divided into jumbo and non-jumbo loans. Note: Currently, FHFA does not have any plans to update this dataset through more recent periods.​ Treasury and Federal Reserve Purchase Programs for GSE and Mortgage-Related Securities Data on activities by the Department of the Treasury and the Federal Reserve System to support mortgage markets through purchases of securities issued by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the Federal Home Loan Banks and by Ginnie Mae, a federal agency that guarantees securities backed by mortgages insured or guaranteed by the Federal Housing Administration, the Department of Veterans Affairs, and other federal agencies. More details are available on the Treasury and Federal Reserve Purchase Programs for GSE and Mortgage-Related Securities page. ​Note: Currently, FHFA does not have any plans to update this dataset through more recent periods.

Graph and download economic data for Government-Sponsored Enterprises; Securitized Multifamily Residential Mortgages Held by Fannie Mae; Asset, Transactions (BOGZ1FA403065463A) from 1946 to 2024 about fannie mae, multifamily, GSE, securitized, transactions, mortgage, family, residential, assets, and USA.

The Federal National Mortgage Association, commonly known as Fannie Mae, was created by the U.S. congress in 1938, in order to maintain liquidity and stability in the domestic mortgage market. The company is a government-sponsored enterprise (GSE), meaning that while it was a publicly traded company for most of its history, it was still supported by the federal government. While there is no legally binding guarantee of shares in GSEs or their securities, it is generally acknowledged that the U.S. government is highly unlikely to let these enterprises fail. Due to these implicit guarantees, GSEs are able to access financing at a reduced cost of interest. Fannie Mae's main activity is the purchasing of mortgage loans from their originators (banks, mortgage brokers etc.) and packaging them into mortgage-backed securities (MBS) in order to ease the access of U.S. homebuyers to housing credit. The early 2000s U.S. mortgage finance boom During the early 2000s, Fannie Mae was swept up in the U.S. housing boom which eventually led to the financial crisis of 2007-2008. The association's stated goal of increasing access of lower income families to housing finance coalesced with the interests of private mortgage lenders and Wall Street investment banks, who had become heavily reliant on the housing market to drive profits. Private lenders had begun to offer riskier mortgage loans in the early 2000s due to low interest rates in the wake of the "Dot Com" crash and their need to maintain profits through increasing the volume of loans on their books. The securitized products created by these private lenders did not maintain the standards which had traditionally been upheld by GSEs. Due to their market share being eaten into by private firms, however, the GSEs involved in the mortgage markets began to also lower their standards, resulting in a 'race to the bottom'. The fall of Fannie Mae The lowering of lending standards was a key factor in creating the housing bubble, as mortgages were now being offered to borrowers with little or no ability to repay the loans. Combined with fraudulent practices from credit ratings agencies, who rated the junk securities created from these mortgage loans as being of the highest standard, this led directly to the financial panic that erupted on Wall Street beginning in 2007. As the U.S. economy slowed down in 2006, mortgage delinquency rates began to spike. Fannie Mae's losses in the mortgage security market in 2006 and 2007, along with the losses of the related GSE 'Freddie Mac', had caused its share value to plummet, stoking fears that it may collapse. On September 7th 2008, Fannie Mae was taken into government conservatorship along with Freddie Mac, with their stocks being delisted from stock exchanges in 2010. This act was seen as an unprecedented direct intervention into the economy by the U.S. government, and a symbol of how far the U.S. housing market had fallen.

Graph and download economic data for Government-Sponsored Enterprises; Securitized One-to-Four-Family Residential Mortgages Held by Fannie Mae; Asset, Transactions (BOGZ1FA403065160Q) from Q4 1946 to Q2 2025 about fannie mae, GSE, securitized, mortgage, transactions, assets, housing, and USA.

The Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) today issued its annual report on single-family guarantee fees charged by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac (the Enterprises). Guarantee fees are intended to cover the credit risk and other costs that the Enterprises incur when they acquire single-family loans from lenders. These costs include projected credit losses from borrower defaults over the life of the loans, administrative costs, and a return on capital. The report compares year-over-year 2020 to 2019 and provides statistics back to 2018. Significant findings of the report include: For all loan products combined, the average single-family guarantee fee in 2020 decreased 2 basis points to 54 basis points. The upfront portion of the guarantee fee, which is based on the credit risk attributes (e.g., loan purpose, loan-to-value (LTV) ratio, and credit score), decreased 2 basis points to 11 basis points on average. The ongoing portion of the guarantee fee, which is based on the product type (fixed-rate or adjustable-rate, and loan term), remained unchanged at 43 basis points on average. The average guarantee fee in 2020 on 30-year and 15-year fixed rate loans remained unchanged at 58 basis points and 36 basis points, respectively. The fee on adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) loans increased 1 basis point to 57 basis points. The Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 requires FHFA to conduct ongoing studies of the guarantee fees charged by the Enterprises and to submit a report to Congress each year.

The minimum equity required for rate and term conventional refinance

The Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) is an independent regulatory agency that is not part of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD).

The FHFA was established by the Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 (HERA) and is responsible for the effective supervision, regulation, and housing mission oversight of Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac (the Enterprises), Common Securitization Solutions, LLC (CSS), and the Federal Home Loan Bank System, which includes the 11 Federal Home Loan Banks (FHLBanks) and the Office of Finance. Since 2008, FHFA has also served as conservator of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.

Conforming Loan Limits are mortgage limits set annually (as required by HERA) by the FHFA. In order for a mortgage loan to be eligible to be insured by Freddie Mac or Fannie Mae, the loan amount must be less than the loan limit. Mortgage exceeding the Conforming Loan Limit are referred to as "non-conforming loans" or "jumbo loans." While most counties use a single set of Conforming Loan Limits based on the number of units, high cost of living counties use higher Conforming Loan Limits. The FHFA analyzes year-over-year change in average home prices in October of each year using the Monthly Interest Rate Survey (MIRS) to adjust the Conforming Loan Limits for the upcoming year.

Geospatial data in this feature service uses the Census 2010 County geographies.

To learn more about about the FHFA, please visit:https://www.fhfa.gov/AboutUs



For more information about FHFA Conforming Loan Limits, please visit:https://www.fhfa.gov/DataTools/Downloads/Pages/Conforming-Loan-Limits.aspx, for questions about the spatial attribution of this dataset, please reach out to us at GISHelpdesk@hud.gov. 

Date of Coverage: 2022 Data Dictionary:DD_FHFA Conforming Loan Limits

Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities (RMBS) Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities (RMBS) market size reached USD 2.38 trillion in 2024, demonstrating robust activity across primary and secondary markets. The RMBS market is expected to expand at a CAGR of 6.1% during the forecast period, with the total market value projected to reach USD 4.06 trillion by 2033. Key growth drivers include ongoing demand for housing finance, the resurgence of securitization activity in developed economies, and evolving investor appetite for diversified fixed-income products.

The growth trajectory of the RMBS market is fundamentally underpinned by the sustained demand for residential mortgage loans globally. As homeownership remains a core aspiration in both developed and emerging economies, financial institutions continue to originate large volumes of residential mortgages. Securitizing these loans into RMBS allows lenders to recycle capital, manage risk exposure, and meet regulatory requirements. Additionally, the low-interest-rate environment seen in many regions during the last decade has spurred refinancing activity and increased the volume of eligible mortgages for securitization. These macroeconomic factors, coupled with supportive government policies in several key markets, have contributed to the steady expansion of the RMBS landscape.

Another significant growth factor is the rising sophistication and risk appetite among institutional investors. With traditional fixed-income yields remaining compressed, RMBS offer an attractive risk-return profile, particularly for pension funds, insurance companies, and asset managers seeking higher yields without exposing themselves to excessive credit risk. The development of advanced credit rating methodologies and enhanced transparency in RMBS structures have further bolstered investor confidence. Moreover, the diversification of RMBS products, including the expansion of non-agency RMBS and the inclusion of green and social housing mortgages, is broadening the investor base and driving incremental demand in global capital markets.

Technological advancements and regulatory reforms are also shaping the RMBS marketÂ’s growth. Automation in loan origination, servicing, and securitization processes has improved operational efficiency and reduced transaction costs. Simultaneously, regulatory bodies have implemented stricter disclosure and risk retention requirements post-2008, enhancing the resilience and credibility of the market. These measures have not only restored investor trust but have also attracted new participants, including non-bank financial institutions and fintech platforms. As a result, the RMBS market is witnessing heightened innovation in structuring and distribution, further fueling its upward momentum.

Regionally, North America continues to dominate the RMBS market, accounting for the largest share due to the sheer scale of the U.S. mortgage industry and the presence of government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) like Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Europe is also witnessing renewed activity, particularly in the UK and Germany, as regulatory clarity and investor confidence return. Meanwhile, the Asia Pacific region is emerging as a high-growth market, driven by rapid urbanization, expanding middle-class populations, and increasing mortgage penetration in countries such as China, Australia, and Japan. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa, while smaller in scale, are showing promising signs of growth as financial systems mature and housing finance markets develop.

In parallel to the Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities market, the Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities (CMBS) sector is also experiencing notable growth. CMBS are securities backed by commercial real estate loans, and they play a crucial role in providing liquidity to the commercial real estate market. This market is driven by the demand for financing in sectors such as office spaces, retail centers, and industrial properties. As economies recover and commercial real estate markets stabilize, the CMBS market is expected to see increased issuance and investor interest. The diversification of commercial property types and the development of innovative financing structures are further enhancing the attractiveness of CMBS to

Agency MBS Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Agency MBS (Mortgage-Backed Securities) market size reached USD 9.3 trillion in 2024, reflecting the robust demand for securitized mortgage assets worldwide. The Agency MBS market is expected to expand at a CAGR of 4.2% from 2025 to 2033, with the market forecasted to reach USD 13.3 trillion by 2033. This growth is driven by the increasing appetite for fixed-income securities among institutional investors, ongoing government support for housing finance, and the evolution of risk management strategies in the global financial ecosystem.

One of the primary growth factors for the Agency MBS market is the consistent demand for safe, liquid, and yield-generating assets in a low-interest-rate environment. Agency MBS, backed by government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) such as Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and Ginnie Mae, offer investors a unique blend of credit risk mitigation and attractive returns compared to other fixed-income instruments. The explicit or implicit government guarantee associated with these securities further enhances their appeal, particularly during periods of economic uncertainty. Additionally, the expansion of mortgage lending and refinancing activity, especially in developed markets, has fueled the supply of new Agency MBS, supporting market growth.

Another significant driver is the evolving regulatory landscape that encourages financial institutions to hold high-quality liquid assets (HQLA) for capital adequacy and risk management purposes. Agency MBS are typically classified as HQLA under Basel III regulations, making them a preferred choice for banks and other financial institutions seeking to optimize their balance sheets. Moreover, technological advancements in securitization, data analytics, and trading platforms have improved transparency, efficiency, and accessibility in the Agency MBS market, attracting a broader range of investors, including retail participants and non-traditional asset managers.

The diversification of investor profiles and the globalization of capital flows have also contributed to the expansion of the Agency MBS market. International investors, sovereign wealth funds, and central banks are increasingly allocating capital to Agency MBS as part of their portfolio diversification and risk-adjusted return strategies. This influx of global capital has enhanced market liquidity and depth, while also fostering innovation in product structures and risk transfer mechanisms. Furthermore, the growing recognition of Agency MBS as a tool for macroprudential policy and monetary operations by central banks underscores their strategic importance in the global financial system.

From a regional perspective, North America continues to dominate the Agency MBS market, accounting for the majority of issuance, trading volume, and investor participation. The United States, in particular, benefits from a mature mortgage finance system, strong regulatory oversight, and the presence of major GSEs. However, other regions such as Europe and Asia Pacific are witnessing steady growth, driven by financial market development, regulatory harmonization, and increasing cross-border investment flows. The regional dynamics are further influenced by macroeconomic factors, housing market trends, and government policies aimed at supporting homeownership and financial stability.

Product Type Analysis

The Agency MBS market is segmented by product type into Residential MBS, Commercial MBS, Collateralized Mortgage Obligations (CMOs), and Pass-Through Securities. Residential MBS remain the largest segment, underpinned by the substantial volume of residential mortgage loans originated and securitized by GSEs. These securities are widely regarded as a cornerstone of the fixed-income market, providing investors with exposure to the U.S. housing market and a steady stream of principal and interest payments. The standardized nature and government backing of residential MBS contribute to their high liquidity and low credit risk profile, making them a staple in institutional portfolios.

Commercial MBS, while smaller in scale compared to their residential counterparts, have gained prominence as institutional investors seek diversification across property types and geographic locations. These securities are backed by income-generating commercial real estate assets such as office buildings, shopping centers

Mortgage-Backed Securities Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global mortgage-backed securities (MBS) market size reached USD 11.2 trillion in 2024, driven by robust demand for securitized debt instruments and a thriving real estate sector. The market is projected to expand at a CAGR of 6.1% from 2025 to 2033, with the total market value forecasted to reach USD 19.1 trillion by 2033. This growth trajectory is underpinned by increasing investor appetite for fixed-income assets, ongoing financial innovation, and supportive regulatory frameworks that continue to shape the evolution of the global MBS landscape.

The primary growth factor for the mortgage-backed securities market is the persistent demand for yield in a low-interest-rate environment. Institutional investors, such as pension funds, insurance companies, and mutual funds, are continuously seeking stable, long-term returns to meet their portfolio objectives. MBS offer attractive risk-adjusted yields compared to other fixed-income alternatives, making them a preferred choice for these investors. In addition, the diversification benefits provided by pooling mortgage loans into securities help mitigate individual credit risk, further enhancing their appeal. The market has also witnessed a resurgence in investor confidence, thanks to improved underwriting standards and enhanced transparency following the 2008 financial crisis, which has contributed to sustained growth in the issuance and trading of mortgage-backed securities.

Another significant driver for the MBS market is the increasing sophistication of financial markets and the proliferation of securitization techniques. Financial institutions and government agencies have developed advanced structuring mechanisms, such as tranching and credit enhancement, which allow for the tailoring of MBS products to meet specific investor requirements. This has led to the creation of a wide array of MBS types, including residential MBS (RMBS), commercial MBS (CMBS), and collateralized mortgage obligations (CMOs), catering to diverse risk-return profiles. The integration of technology and data analytics in the origination and servicing of mortgage loans has also streamlined the securitization process, reducing operational costs and improving the accuracy of risk assessment. As a result, issuers can efficiently package and distribute mortgage assets, further fueling market expansion.

Regulatory support and favorable government policies have played a pivotal role in bolstering the MBS market. In major economies such as the United States, government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) like Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and Ginnie Mae have been instrumental in providing liquidity and stability to the housing finance system. These agencies guarantee or directly issue a significant portion of MBS, thereby enhancing investor confidence and lowering funding costs for mortgage originators. Recent regulatory reforms aimed at increasing transparency, standardizing disclosure practices, and strengthening risk retention requirements have further contributed to the resilience and attractiveness of the MBS market. As policymakers continue to prioritize housing affordability and financial market stability, the regulatory landscape is expected to remain supportive of MBS growth in the coming years.

Collateralized Mortgage Obligations (CMOs) have become a significant component of the mortgage-backed securities market, offering unique benefits to both issuers and investors. These structured financial products allow for the creation of multiple tranches with varying risk and return profiles, providing investors with tailored options to meet their specific investment objectives. The flexibility of CMOs in managing interest rate and prepayment risks makes them particularly attractive to institutional investors seeking to optimize their portfolios. As the market continues to evolve, the role of CMOs in providing customized investment solutions is expected to grow, driven by advancements in technology and data analytics that enhance the structuring and risk management processes.

From a regional perspective, North America remains the dominant market for mortgage-backed securities, accounting for the majority of global issuance and trading activity. The well-established securitization infrastructure, deep investor base, and active part

Mortgage-Backed Securities Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Mortgage-Backed Securities (MBS) market size reached USD 12.8 trillion in 2024, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.1% from 2025 to 2033. The market is expected to grow steadily, reaching a forecasted value of USD 20.1 trillion by 2033, driven by increasing demand for diversified investment instruments, ongoing government support for housing finance, and the robust expansion of secondary mortgage markets worldwide. This growth reflects a combination of strong investor appetite for fixed-income assets and continued innovation in securitization structures, as per our most recent research findings.

A major growth factor shaping the Mortgage-Backed Securities market is the persistent global demand for yield-generating assets in a low-interest-rate environment. Institutional investors, such as pension funds and insurance companies, are increasingly allocating capital to MBS products to secure stable, long-term returns. This trend is further amplified by the relative stability of mortgage payments compared to other forms of debt, making MBS an attractive asset class for risk-averse investors. Additionally, the standardization and transparency of MBS structures have improved significantly over the past decade, restoring investor confidence and facilitating greater market participation. The integration of advanced analytics and risk management tools has also played a crucial role in enhancing the assessment of underlying mortgage pools, thereby reducing perceived risk and encouraging further investment.

Technological advancements and regulatory reforms have also been pivotal in accelerating the growth of the Mortgage-Backed Securities market. The adoption of blockchain, artificial intelligence, and big data analytics in the securitization process has led to improved efficiency, transparency, and accuracy in the origination and servicing of mortgage loans. These innovations have enabled market participants to better manage credit risk, streamline due diligence, and enhance the overall liquidity of MBS instruments. Furthermore, post-2008 regulatory measures, such as the implementation of Basel III and Dodd-Frank Act provisions, have strengthened the resilience of the MBS ecosystem by introducing stricter capital requirements and greater transparency. These measures have not only mitigated systemic risks but also attracted a broader spectrum of investors, including those previously wary of mortgage-backed instruments.

Global macroeconomic trends, including urbanization, rising homeownership rates, and expanding real estate markets, are fueling the underlying mortgage origination volumes that support the MBS market. Emerging economies, particularly in Asia Pacific and Latin America, are witnessing rapid growth in residential and commercial property markets, creating new opportunities for the securitization of mortgage assets. In developed markets such as North America and Europe, the ongoing evolution of housing finance systems and increased government intervention through agencies like Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the European Central Bank have provided further impetus to MBS issuance. This sustained growth in mortgage origination and securitization activity is expected to underpin the long-term expansion of the global MBS market.

Regionally, North America continues to dominate the Mortgage-Backed Securities market, accounting for the largest share due to its mature housing finance infrastructure and the presence of prominent government-sponsored enterprises. However, Europe and Asia Pacific are rapidly gaining traction, propelled by regulatory harmonization, financial innovation, and the increasing involvement of private institutions. In Latin America and the Middle East & Africa, the market is at a nascent stage but is projected to grow at a faster pace over the coming years, supported by financial sector reforms and rising demand for alternative investment products. This regional diversification is expected to further enhance the stability and resilience of the global MBS market.

Security Type Analysis

The Mortgage-Backed Securities market is segmented by security type into Residential MBS, Commercial MBS, Collateralized Mortgage Obligations (CMOs), and Others. Among these, Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities (RMBS) represent the largest segment, driven by the sheer volume of residential

Graph and download economic data for Government-Sponsored Enterprises; Total Mortgages Held by Fannie Mae (Includes All GSEs Before 2000:Q4); Asset, Transactions (BOGZ1FA403065015Q) from Q4 1946 to Q2 2025 about fannie mae, GSE, transactions, mortgage, assets, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Government-Sponsored Enterprises; One-to-Four-Family Residential Mortgages Held by Fannie Mae (Includes All GSEs Before 2000:Q4); Asset, Transactions (BOGZ1FA403065110Q) from Q4 1946 to Q2 2025 about fannie mae, GSE, transactions, mortgage, assets, housing, and USA.