Mortgage rates in the Netherlands increased sharply in 2022 and 2023, after declining gradually between 2008 and 2021. In December 2021, the average interest rate for new mortgage loans stood at **** percent, and by the end of 2023, it had risen to **** percent. In May 2025, mortgage rates decreased slightly, falling to **** percent on average. Mortgages with a 10-year fixed rate were the most affordable, at **** percent. Are mortgage rates in the Netherlands different from those in other European countries? When comparing this ranking to data that covers multiple European countries, the Netherlands’ mortgage rate was similar to the rates found in Spain, the United Kingdom, and Sweden. It was, however, a lot lower than the rates in Eastern Europe. Hungary and Romania, for example, had some of the highest mortgage rates. For more information on the European mortgage market and how much the countries differ from each other, please visit this dedicated research page. How big is the mortgage market in the Netherlands? The Netherlands has overall seen an increase in the number of mortgage loans sold and is regarded as one of the countries with the highest mortgage debt in Europe. The reason behind this is that Dutch homeowners were able to for many years to deduct interest paid from pre-tax income (a system known in the Netherlands as hypotheekrenteaftrek). Total mortgage debt of Dutch households has been increasing year-on-year since 2013.

Graph and download economic data for 15-Year Fixed Rate Mortgage Average in the United States (MORTGAGE15US) from 1991-08-30 to 2025-11-26 about 15-year, mortgage, fixed, interest rate, interest, rate, and USA.

Following the drastic increase directly after the COVID-19 pandemic, the delinquency rate started to gradually decline, falling below *** percent in the second quarter of 2023. In the second half of 2023, the delinquency rate picked up but remained stable throughout 2024. In the second quarter of 2025, **** percent of mortgage loans were delinquent. That was significantly lower than the **** percent during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 or the peak of *** percent during the subprime mortgage crisis of 2007-2010. What does the mortgage delinquency rate tell us? The mortgage delinquency rate is the share of the total number of mortgaged home loans in the U.S. where payment is overdue by 30 days or more. Many borrowers eventually manage to service their loan, though, as indicated by the markedly lower foreclosure rates. Total home mortgage debt in the U.S. stood at almost ** trillion U.S. dollars in 2024. Not all mortgage loans are made equal ‘Subprime’ loans, being targeted at high-risk borrowers and generally coupled with higher interest rates to compensate for the risk. These loans have far higher delinquency rates than conventional loans. Defaulting on such loans was one of the triggers for the 2007-2010 financial crisis, with subprime delinquency rates reaching almost ** percent around this time. These higher delinquency rates translate into higher foreclosure rates, which peaked at just under ** percent of all subprime mortgages in 2011.

In the United States, interest rates for all mortgage types started to increase in 2021. This was due to the Federal Reserve introducing a series of hikes in the federal funds rate to contain the rising inflation. In the second quarter of 2025, the 30-year fixed rate dropped slightly, to **** percent. The rate remained below the peak of **** percent in the fourth quarter of 2023. Why have U.S. home sales decreased? Cheaper mortgages normally encourage consumers to buy homes, while higher borrowing costs have the opposite effect. As interest rates increased in 2022, the number of existing homes sold plummeted. Soaring house prices over the past 10 years have further affected housing affordability. Between 2014 and 2024, the median price of an existing single-family home risen by about ** percent. On the other hand, the median weekly earnings have risen much slower. Comparing mortgage terms and rates Between 2008 and 2024, the average rate on a 15-year fixed-rate mortgage in the United States stood between **** and **** percent. Over the same period, a 30-year mortgage term averaged a fixed-rate of between **** and **** percent. Rates on 15-year loan terms are lower to encourage a quicker repayment, which helps to improve a homeowner’s equity.

Graph and download economic data for Delinquency Rate on Single-Family Residential Mortgages, Booked in Domestic Offices, All Commercial Banks (DRSFRMACBS) from Q1 1991 to Q3 2025 about domestic offices, delinquencies, 1-unit structures, mortgage, family, residential, commercial, domestic, banks, depository institutions, rate, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for 5/1-Year Adjustable Rate Mortgage Average in the United States (DISCONTINUED) (MORTGAGE5US) from 2005-01-06 to 2022-11-10 about adjusted, mortgage, 5-year, interest rate, interest, rate, and USA.

This table contains data described by the following dimensions (Not all combinations are available): Geography (1 items: Canada ...).

Mortgage rates surged at an unprecedented pace in 2022, with the average 10-year fixed rate doubling between March and December of that year. In response to mounting inflation, the Bank of England implemented a series of rate hikes, pushing borrowing costs steadily higher. By October 2025, the average 10-year fixed mortgage rate stood at **** percent. As financing becomes more expensive, housing demand has cooled, weighing on market sentiment and slowing house price growth. How have the mortgage hikes affected the market? After surging in 2021, the number of residential properties sold fell significantly in 2023, dipping to just above *** million transactions. This contraction in activity also dampened mortgage lending. Between the first quarter of 2023 and the first quarter of 2024, the value of new mortgage loans declined year-on-year for five consecutive quarters. Even as rates eased modestly in 2024 and housing activity picked up slightly, volumes remained well below the highs recorded in 2021. How are higher mortgages impacting homebuyers? For homeowners, the impact is being felt most acutely as fixed-rate deals expire. Mortgage terms in the UK typically range from two to ten years, and many borrowers who locked in historically low rates are now facing significantly higher repayments when refinancing. By the end of 2026, an estimated five million homeowners will see their mortgage deals expire. Roughly two million of these loans are projected to experience a monthly payment increase of up to *** British pounds by 2026, putting additional pressure on household budgets and constraining affordability across the market.

The benchmark interest rate in Japan was last recorded at 0.50 percent. This dataset provides - Japan Interest Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The Global Financial Crisis of 2008-09 was a period of severe macroeconomic instability for the United States and the global economy more generally. The crisis was precipitated by the collapse of a number of financial institutions who were deeply involved in the U.S. mortgage market and associated credit markets. Beginning in the Summer of 2007, a number of banks began to report issues with increasing mortgage delinquencies and the problem of not being able to accurately price derivatives contracts which were based on bundles of these U.S. residential mortgages. By the end of 2008, U.S. financial institutions had begun to fail due to their exposure to the housing market, leading to one of the deepest recessions in the history of the United States and to extensive government bailouts of the financial sector.

Subprime and the collapse of the U.S. mortgage market

The early 2000s had seen explosive growth in the U.S. mortgage market, as credit became cheaper due to the Federal Reserve's decision to lower interest rates in the aftermath of the 2001 'Dot Com' Crash, as well as because of the increasing globalization of financial flows which directed funds into U.S. financial markets. Lower mortgage rates gave incentive to financial institutions to begin lending to riskier borrowers, using so-called 'subprime' loans. These were loans to borrowers with poor credit scores, who would not have met the requirements for a conventional mortgage loan. In order to hedge against the risk of these riskier loans, financial institutions began to use complex financial instruments known as derivatives, which bundled mortgage loans together and allowed the risk of default to be sold on to willing investors. This practice was supposed to remove the risk from these loans, by effectively allowing credit institutions to buy insurance against delinquencies. Due to the fraudulent practices of credit ratings agencies, however, the price of these contacts did not reflect the real risk of the loans involved. As the reality of the inability of the borrowers to repay began to kick in during 2007, the financial markets which traded these derivatives came under increasing stress and eventually led to a 'sudden stop' in trading and credit intermediation during 2008.

Market Panic and The Great Recession

As borrowers failed to make repayments, this had a knock-on effect among financial institutions who were highly leveraged with financial instruments based on the mortgage market. Lehman Brothers, one of the world's largest investment banks, failed on September 15th 2008, causing widespread panic in financial markets. Due to the fear of an unprecedented collapse in the financial sector which would have untold consequences for the wider economy, the U.S. government and central bank, The Fed, intervened the following day to bailout the United States' largest insurance company, AIG, and to backstop financial markets. The crisis prompted a deep recession, known colloquially as The Great Recession, drawing parallels between this period and The Great Depression. The collapse of credit intermediation in the economy lead to further issues in the real economy, as business were increasingly unable to pay back loans and were forced to lay off staff, driving unemployment to a high of almost 10 percent in 2010. While there has been criticism of the U.S. government's actions to bailout the financial institutions involved, the actions of the government and the Fed are seen by many as having prevented the crisis from spiraling into a depression of the magnitude of The Great Depression.

Graph and download economic data for Bank Prime Loan Rate Changes: Historical Dates of Changes and Rates (PRIME) from 1955-08-04 to 2025-10-30 about prime, loans, interest rate, banks, depository institutions, interest, rate, and USA.

The benchmark interest rate in the United Kingdom was last recorded at 4 percent. This dataset provides - United Kingdom Interest Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Context

The Federal Reserve sets interest rates to promote conditions that achieve the mandate set by the Congress — high employment, low and stable inflation, sustainable economic growth, and moderate long-term interest rates. Interest rates set by the Fed directly influence the cost of borrowing money. Lower interest rates encourage more people to obtain a mortgage for a new home or to borrow money for an automobile or for home improvement. Lower rates encourage businesses to borrow funds to invest in expansion such as purchasing new equipment, updating plants, or hiring more workers. Higher interest rates restrain such borrowing by consumers and businesses.

Content

This dataset includes data on the economic conditions in the United States on a monthly basis since 1954. The federal funds rate is the interest rate at which depository institutions trade federal funds (balances held at Federal Reserve Banks) with each other overnight. The rate that the borrowing institution pays to the lending institution is determined between the two banks; the weighted average rate for all of these types of negotiations is called the effective federal funds rate. The effective federal funds rate is determined by the market but is influenced by the Federal Reserve through open market operations to reach the federal funds rate target. The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) meets eight times a year to determine the federal funds target rate; the target rate transitioned to a target range with an upper and lower limit in December 2008. The real gross domestic product is calculated as the seasonally adjusted quarterly rate of change in the gross domestic product based on chained 2009 dollars. The unemployment rate represents the number of unemployed as a seasonally adjusted percentage of the labor force. The inflation rate reflects the monthly change in the Consumer Price Index of products excluding food and energy.

Acknowledgements

The interest rate data was published by the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis' economic data portal. The gross domestic product data was provided by the US Bureau of Economic Analysis; the unemployment and consumer price index data was provided by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Inspiration

How does economic growth, unemployment, and inflation impact the Federal Reserve's interest rates decisions? How has the interest rate policy changed over time? Can you predict the Federal Reserve's next decision? Will the target range set in March 2017 be increased, decreased, or remain the same?

House price index is based on average new house price value at loan approval stage and therefore has not been adjusted for changes in the mix of houses and apartments sold. Interest rates is based on building societies mortgage loans, published by Central Statistics Office up to 2007. From 2008 interest rates is average rate of all 'mortgage lenders' reporting to the Central Bank. From 2014 it is based on the floating rate for new customers as published by the Central Bank (Retail interest rates - Table B2.1). The reason for the drop between 2013 and 2014 is due to the difference in methodology - the 2014 data is the weighted average rate on new loan agreements. Further information can be found here: http://www.centralbank.ie/polstats/stats/cmab/Documents/Retail_Interest_Rate_Statistics_Explanatory_Notes.pdf Earnings is based on the average weekly earnings of adult workers in manufacturing industries, published by the Central Statistics Office. This series has been updated since 1996 using a new methodology and therefore it is not directly comparable with those for earlier years. House Construction Cost Index is based on the 1st day of the third month of each quarter. Consumer Price index is based on the Consumer Price Index, published by the Central Statistics Office. The most current data is published on these sheets. Previously published data may be subject to revision. Any change from the originally published data will be highlighted by a comment on the cell in question. These comments will be maintained for at least a year after the date of the value change.

Mortgage-Backed Securities Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Mortgage-Backed Securities (MBS) market size reached USD 12.8 trillion in 2024, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.1% from 2025 to 2033. The market is expected to grow steadily, reaching a forecasted value of USD 20.1 trillion by 2033, driven by increasing demand for diversified investment instruments, ongoing government support for housing finance, and the robust expansion of secondary mortgage markets worldwide. This growth reflects a combination of strong investor appetite for fixed-income assets and continued innovation in securitization structures, as per our most recent research findings.

A major growth factor shaping the Mortgage-Backed Securities market is the persistent global demand for yield-generating assets in a low-interest-rate environment. Institutional investors, such as pension funds and insurance companies, are increasingly allocating capital to MBS products to secure stable, long-term returns. This trend is further amplified by the relative stability of mortgage payments compared to other forms of debt, making MBS an attractive asset class for risk-averse investors. Additionally, the standardization and transparency of MBS structures have improved significantly over the past decade, restoring investor confidence and facilitating greater market participation. The integration of advanced analytics and risk management tools has also played a crucial role in enhancing the assessment of underlying mortgage pools, thereby reducing perceived risk and encouraging further investment.

Technological advancements and regulatory reforms have also been pivotal in accelerating the growth of the Mortgage-Backed Securities market. The adoption of blockchain, artificial intelligence, and big data analytics in the securitization process has led to improved efficiency, transparency, and accuracy in the origination and servicing of mortgage loans. These innovations have enabled market participants to better manage credit risk, streamline due diligence, and enhance the overall liquidity of MBS instruments. Furthermore, post-2008 regulatory measures, such as the implementation of Basel III and Dodd-Frank Act provisions, have strengthened the resilience of the MBS ecosystem by introducing stricter capital requirements and greater transparency. These measures have not only mitigated systemic risks but also attracted a broader spectrum of investors, including those previously wary of mortgage-backed instruments.

Global macroeconomic trends, including urbanization, rising homeownership rates, and expanding real estate markets, are fueling the underlying mortgage origination volumes that support the MBS market. Emerging economies, particularly in Asia Pacific and Latin America, are witnessing rapid growth in residential and commercial property markets, creating new opportunities for the securitization of mortgage assets. In developed markets such as North America and Europe, the ongoing evolution of housing finance systems and increased government intervention through agencies like Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the European Central Bank have provided further impetus to MBS issuance. This sustained growth in mortgage origination and securitization activity is expected to underpin the long-term expansion of the global MBS market.

Regionally, North America continues to dominate the Mortgage-Backed Securities market, accounting for the largest share due to its mature housing finance infrastructure and the presence of prominent government-sponsored enterprises. However, Europe and Asia Pacific are rapidly gaining traction, propelled by regulatory harmonization, financial innovation, and the increasing involvement of private institutions. In Latin America and the Middle East & Africa, the market is at a nascent stage but is projected to grow at a faster pace over the coming years, supported by financial sector reforms and rising demand for alternative investment products. This regional diversification is expected to further enhance the stability and resilience of the global MBS market.

Security Type Analysis

The Mortgage-Backed Securities market is segmented by security type into Residential MBS, Commercial MBS, Collateralized Mortgage Obligations (CMOs), and Others. Among these, Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities (RMBS) represent the largest segment, driven by the sheer volume of residential

The benchmark interest rate in Canada was last recorded at 2.25 percent. This dataset provides - Canada Interest Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The benchmark interest rate in the United States was last recorded at 4 percent. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - United States Fed Funds Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Many adjustable rate mortgages in the United States are indexed to Libor. While the accuracy of this rate has recently been called into question, another issue affecting U.S. borrowers has become evident since the onset of the financial crisis. Specifically, many U.S. consumers with Libor-based loans may have been hit with substantially higher payments when their loans reset during the financial crisis than if those loans had been tied to a Treasury rate. We investigate several alternative reference rates for consumer loans and estimate their payment effects on a large sample of Libor-linked U.S. mortgages. We find that these alternatives would have delivered savings over Libor of about $25 to $45 per month and substantially more for mortgages that reset in October 2008.

Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities (RMBS) Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities (RMBS) market size reached USD 2.38 trillion in 2024, demonstrating robust activity across primary and secondary markets. The RMBS market is expected to expand at a CAGR of 6.1% during the forecast period, with the total market value projected to reach USD 4.06 trillion by 2033. Key growth drivers include ongoing demand for housing finance, the resurgence of securitization activity in developed economies, and evolving investor appetite for diversified fixed-income products.

The growth trajectory of the RMBS market is fundamentally underpinned by the sustained demand for residential mortgage loans globally. As homeownership remains a core aspiration in both developed and emerging economies, financial institutions continue to originate large volumes of residential mortgages. Securitizing these loans into RMBS allows lenders to recycle capital, manage risk exposure, and meet regulatory requirements. Additionally, the low-interest-rate environment seen in many regions during the last decade has spurred refinancing activity and increased the volume of eligible mortgages for securitization. These macroeconomic factors, coupled with supportive government policies in several key markets, have contributed to the steady expansion of the RMBS landscape.

Another significant growth factor is the rising sophistication and risk appetite among institutional investors. With traditional fixed-income yields remaining compressed, RMBS offer an attractive risk-return profile, particularly for pension funds, insurance companies, and asset managers seeking higher yields without exposing themselves to excessive credit risk. The development of advanced credit rating methodologies and enhanced transparency in RMBS structures have further bolstered investor confidence. Moreover, the diversification of RMBS products, including the expansion of non-agency RMBS and the inclusion of green and social housing mortgages, is broadening the investor base and driving incremental demand in global capital markets.

Technological advancements and regulatory reforms are also shaping the RMBS marketÂ’s growth. Automation in loan origination, servicing, and securitization processes has improved operational efficiency and reduced transaction costs. Simultaneously, regulatory bodies have implemented stricter disclosure and risk retention requirements post-2008, enhancing the resilience and credibility of the market. These measures have not only restored investor trust but have also attracted new participants, including non-bank financial institutions and fintech platforms. As a result, the RMBS market is witnessing heightened innovation in structuring and distribution, further fueling its upward momentum.

Regionally, North America continues to dominate the RMBS market, accounting for the largest share due to the sheer scale of the U.S. mortgage industry and the presence of government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) like Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Europe is also witnessing renewed activity, particularly in the UK and Germany, as regulatory clarity and investor confidence return. Meanwhile, the Asia Pacific region is emerging as a high-growth market, driven by rapid urbanization, expanding middle-class populations, and increasing mortgage penetration in countries such as China, Australia, and Japan. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa, while smaller in scale, are showing promising signs of growth as financial systems mature and housing finance markets develop.

In parallel to the Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities market, the Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities (CMBS) sector is also experiencing notable growth. CMBS are securities backed by commercial real estate loans, and they play a crucial role in providing liquidity to the commercial real estate market. This market is driven by the demand for financing in sectors such as office spaces, retail centers, and industrial properties. As economies recover and commercial real estate markets stabilize, the CMBS market is expected to see increased issuance and investor interest. The diversification of commercial property types and the development of innovative financing structures are further enhancing the attractiveness of CMBS to