The graph shows the world's most expensive cities to live, compared to New York City. Zurich is with a value of *** the most expensive city to live.

Damascus in Syria was ranked as the least expensive city worldwide in 2023, with an index score of ** out of 100. The country has been marred by civil war over the last decade, hitting the country's economy hard. Other cities in the Middle East and North Africa, such as Tehran, Tripoli, and Tunis, are also present on the list. On the other hand, Singapore and Zurich were ranked the most expensive cities in the world.

Zurich, Lausanne, and Geneva were ranked as the most expensive cities worldwide with indices of ************************ Almost half of the 11 most expensive cities were in Switzerland.

Cost of living indices are relative to New York City (NYC) which means that for New York City, each index should be 100. If another city has, for example, rent index of 120, it means that on an average in that city rents are 20% more expensive than in New York City. If a city has rent index of 70, that means on an average in that city rents are 30% less expensive than in New York City.

Cost of Living Index (Excl. Rent) is a relative indicator of consumer goods prices, including groceries, restaurants, transportation and utilities. Cost of Living Index doesn't include accommodation expenses such as rent or mortgage. If a city has a Cost of Living Index of 120, it means Numbeo estimates it is 20% more expensive than New York (excluding rent).

Rent Index is an estimation of prices of renting apartments in the city compared to New York City. If Rent index is 80, Numbeo estimates that price of rents in that city is on an average 20% less than the price in New York.

Groceries Index is an estimation of grocery prices in the city compared to New York City. To calculate this section, Numbeo uses weights of items in the "Markets" section for each city.

Restaurants Index is a comparison of prices of meals and drinks in restaurants and bars compared to NYC.

Cost of Living Plus Rent Index is an estimation of consumer goods prices including rent comparing to New York City.

Local Purchasing Power shows relative purchasing power in buying goods and services in a given city for the average wage in that city. If domestic purchasing power is 40, this means that the inhabitants of that city with the average salary can afford to buy on an average 60% less goods and services than New York City residents with an average salary.

The average for 2021 based on 165 countries was 79.81 index points. The highest value was in Bermuda: 212.7 index points and the lowest value was in Syria: 33.25 index points. The indicator is available from 2017 to 2021. Below is a chart for all countries where data are available.

Addis Ababa, in Ethiopia, ranked as the most expensive city to live in Africa as of 2024, considering consumer goods prices. The Ethiopian capital obtained an index score of ****, followed by Harare, in Zimbabwe, with ****. Morocco and South Africa were the countries with the most representatives among the ** cities with the highest cost of living in Africa.

Of the cities who have experienced cost of living increases, the top three are located in Latin America, *** in Mexico and *** in Costa Rica. Each moved **, **, and ** spots in the ranking respectively since 2022. Due to increases in interest rates, the Mexican peso and Costa Rican colón have both appreciated against the U.S. Dollar. Comparatively, Singapore and Zurich were ranked the most expensive cities in the world.

As of September 2025, Mumbai had the highest cost of living among other cities in the country, with an index value of ****. Gurgaon, a satellite city of Delhi and part of the National Capital Region (NCR) followed it with an index value of ****.  What is cost of living? The cost of living varies depending on geographical regions and factors that affect the cost of living in an area include housing, food, utilities, clothing, childcare, and fuel among others. The cost of living is calculated based on different measures such as the consumer price index (CPI), living cost indexes, and wage price index. CPI refers to the change in the value of consumer goods and services. The wage price index, on the other hand, measures the change in labor services prices due to market pressures. Lastly, the living cost indexes calculate the impact of changing costs on different households. The relationship between wages and costs determines affordability and shifts in the cost of living. Mumbai tops the list Mumbai usually tops the list of most expensive cities in India. As the financial and entertainment hub of the country, Mumbai offers wide opportunities and attracts talent from all over the country. It is the second-largest city in India and has one of the most expensive real estates in the world.

West Virginia and Kansas had the lowest cost of living across all U.S. states, with composite costs being half of those found in Hawaii. This was according to a composite index that compares prices for various goods and services on a state-by-state basis. In West Virginia, the cost of living index amounted to **** — well below the national benchmark of 100. Virginia— which had an index value of ***** — was only slightly above that benchmark. Expensive places to live included Hawaii, Massachusetts, and California. Housing costs in the U.S. Housing is usually the highest expense in a household’s budget. In 2023, the average house sold for approximately ******* U.S. dollars, but house prices in the Northeast and West regions were significantly higher. Conversely, the South had some of the least expensive housing. In West Virginia, Mississippi, and Louisiana, the median price of the typical single-family home was less than ******* U.S. dollars. That makes living expenses in these states significantly lower than in states such as Hawaii and California, where housing is much pricier. What other expenses affect the cost of living? Utility costs such as electricity, natural gas, water, and internet also influence the cost of living. In Alaska, Hawaii, and Connecticut, the average monthly utility cost exceeded *** U.S. dollars. That was because of the significantly higher prices for electricity and natural gas in these states.

Mobile Home Rental Market Outlook

The global mobile home rental market size was valued at USD 9.3 billion in 2023, and it is projected to reach USD 17.8 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 7.5% during the forecast period. The growth of this market is driven by the increasing demand for affordable housing solutions and the rising trend of mobile living among different demographics. As urbanization continues to increase and housing prices soar, mobile homes present a viable and cost-effective alternative to traditional housing. The flexibility, affordability, and customization options associated with mobile homes have made them an attractive choice for many, thereby fueling the growth of the rental segment.

One of the primary growth factors for the mobile home rental market is the rising affordability crisis in urban housing. As property prices continue to skyrocket in major cities around the world, more individuals and families are turning to mobile homes as a practical solution. Mobile homes offer a lower cost of living, reduced maintenance expenses, and the ability to relocate easily, making them an appealing option for those who face financial constraints. Additionally, mobile homes are increasingly being designed with modern amenities and high-quality materials, improving their appeal and livability.

Another significant growth driver is the increasing acceptance and popularity of mobile home parks. These parks provide a community-based living environment with amenities such as recreational facilities, security, and maintenance services. This community aspect, combined with the affordability of mobile homes, attracts a diverse range of renters, from young professionals to retirees. Moreover, governments in various regions are also supporting the development of mobile home parks to address the housing shortage, further boosting the market.

The growing trend of minimalistic and sustainable living is also contributing to the market's expansion. Many individuals are prioritizing smaller, eco-friendly living spaces that reduce their carbon footprint. Mobile homes, which often employ sustainable building practices and materials, cater to this demographic. The ability to downsize and live a more sustainable lifestyle without sacrificing comfort is a strong selling point for mobile homes, increasing their popularity among environmentally conscious renters.

Regionally, North America holds the largest share of the mobile home rental market due to the high demand for affordable housing solutions and the presence of well-established mobile home communities. Europe is also witnessing significant growth, driven by similar affordability concerns and an increasing preference for flexible living options. Asia Pacific is expected to exhibit the highest CAGR during the forecast period, fueled by rapid urbanization, population growth, and government initiatives supporting affordable housing. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa regions are also showing promising growth potential, albeit at a slower pace.

Type Analysis

The mobile home rental market can be segmented by type into Single-Wide, Double-Wide, and Triple-Wide homes. Single-Wide mobile homes are the most traditional and common type, featuring a narrow and elongated structure that is easy to transport and set up. These homes are highly popular among individual renters and small families due to their affordability and simplicity. Despite their smaller size, many single-wide homes are equipped with modern amenities, making them a comfortable living option. The demand for single-wide homes remains strong, particularly in regions where affordable housing is scarce.

Double-Wide mobile homes consist of two sections that are joined together to create a larger living space. These homes offer more interior space and design flexibility compared to single-wide models, catering to families and individuals who require more room. The growing preference for spacious living environments without the high costs associated with traditional homes is driving the demand for double-wide mobile homes. Additionally, double-wide homes often feature more advanced amenities and higher quality finishes, further enhancing their appeal.

Triple-Wide mobile homes represent the largest and most luxurious segment within the mobile home rental market. These homes consist of three joined sections, providing a spacious and comfortable living environment that can rival traditional houses. Triple-wide homes are designed to offer maximum comfort and luxury, often featuring multiple bedrooms, large kitchens,

South Korea's capital Seoul had the highest cost of living among megacities in the Asia-Pacific region in 2024, with an index score of ****. Japan's capital Tokyo followed with a cost of living index score of ****. AffordabilityIn terms of housing affordability, Chinese megacity Shanghai had the highest rent index score in 2024. Affordability has become an issue in certain megacities across the Asia-Pacific region, with accommodation proving expensive. Next to Shanghai, Japanese capital Tokyo and South Korean capital Seoul boast some of the highest rent indices in the region. Increased opportunities in megacitiesAs the biggest region in the world, it is not surprising that the Asia-Pacific region is home to 28 megacities as of January 2024, with expectations that this number will dramatically increase by 2030. The growing number of megacities in the Asia-Pacific region can be attributed to raised levels of employment and living conditions. Cities such as Tokyo, Shanghai, and Beijing have become economic and industrial hubs. Subsequently, these cities have forged a reputation as being the in-trend places to live among the younger generations. This reputation has also pushed them to become enticing to tourists, with Tokyo displaying increased numbers of tourists throughout recent years, which in turn has created more job opportunities for inhabitants. As well as Tokyo, Shanghai has benefitted from the increased tourism, and has demonstrated an increasing population. A big factor in this population increase could be due to the migration of citizens to the city, seeking better employment possibilities.

Real Estate Rental Market Outlook

The global real estate rental market size is projected to grow from USD 1.5 trillion in 2023 to approximately USD 2.3 trillion by 2032, reflecting a CAGR of 4.8% over the forecast period. This growth is primarily driven by urbanization, increasing disposable incomes, and the evolving nature of work environments. The market is witnessing substantial growth due to an inclination towards urban living, coupled with a significant shift towards flexible working spaces. These factors are bolstered by technological advancements and changing consumer preferences, making the real estate rental market an area of active interest and dynamic evolution.

One of the significant growth drivers of the real estate rental market is the trend of urbanization. As more people migrate to cities in search of better employment opportunities and lifestyles, the demand for rental properties surges. This urban influx requires extensive accommodation and commercial spaces, thereby driving up the rental market. Additionally, the scarcity and high cost of owned properties in urban areas make renting a more viable and attractive option for many individuals and businesses. This trend is expected to continue as cities expand and develop, creating a continual demand for rental properties.

Increasing disposable incomes and the changing dynamics of consumer spending also play a critical role in the growth of the real estate rental market. As economic conditions improve globally, more individuals and corporates have higher spending capacities, allowing them to opt for premium rental properties. This increase in disposable income is particularly noticeable in emerging economies, where rapid economic growth is leading to higher standards of living and increased demand for quality rental spaces. Additionally, the rise of a more mobile and transient workforce prefers the flexibility of renting over purchasing, further fueling market growth.

Technological advancements and digital transformation are another crucial factor contributing to the growth of the real estate rental market. The proliferation of online platforms and digital tools has revolutionized the way rental properties are marketed, managed, and leased. These innovations provide greater transparency, convenience, and efficiency, making the rental process more accessible and appealing to a broader audience. Virtual tours, online payment systems, and digital lease agreements are just a few examples of how technology is enhancing the rental experience, attracting more tenants and simplifying property management for landlords.

Regionally, the Asia Pacific region is expected to dominate the market growth, driven by rapid urbanization and economic development in countries like China and India. North America and Europe are also significant markets, with mature real estate sectors and high demand for both residential and commercial rental properties. Each region presents unique opportunities and challenges, influenced by factors such as economic conditions, regulatory environments, and cultural preferences. Understanding these regional dynamics is essential for stakeholders looking to capitalize on the growth opportunities within the global real estate rental market.

Property Type Analysis

The real estate rental market is segmented by property type into residential, commercial, industrial, and others. The residential segment holds the largest share, driven by the increasing demand for housing in urban areas. As cities expand and populations grow, the need for rental housing continues to rise. This segment includes apartments, single-family homes, and multi-family units. The trend towards urban living and the high cost of homeownership in many cities make renting a more viable option for many individuals and families, thus driving the growth of the residential rental market.

Residential Real Estate remains a cornerstone of the real estate rental market, particularly as urban areas continue to expand. The demand for residential properties is driven by various factors, including population growth, urbanization, and the increasing preference for rental housing over homeownership. With cities becoming more densely populated, the need for accessible and affordable housing options is more critical than ever. Residential real estate offers a range of property

Capsule Apartment Market Outlook

The global capsule apartment market size was valued at approximately USD 1.2 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach around USD 2.8 billion by 2032, growing at a robust CAGR of 10.2% during the forecast period. This significant growth can be attributed to a myriad of factors, including urbanization, the rising cost of living, and evolving consumer preferences for affordable and efficient living spaces. The burgeoning demand for convenient and cost-effective accommodation options in densely populated cities is propelling market expansion.

The surge in urban populations across the globe is one of the foremost growth drivers for the capsule apartment market. As cities become more crowded, the space for traditional housing diminishes, leading to skyrocketing real estate prices. Capsule apartments offer a solution by maximizing the use of limited space, providing essential living amenities within compact units. This urbanization trend is particularly pronounced in Asia-Pacific regions where the population density is highest, thereby sparking significant demand for such accommodation.

Another key factor driving the market is the escalating rental costs in metropolitan areas. The cost of traditional housing has become increasingly prohibitive, especially for young professionals and students. Capsule apartments provide a more economical alternative without compromising on basic living standards. These units are furnished, often with shared amenities like kitchens and bathrooms, which makes them an attractive option for individuals looking to save on living expenses while still residing near work or educational institutions.

Technological advancements and innovative designs are also contributing to market growth. Modern capsule apartments are equipped with smart technologies and space-saving solutions that enhance the living experience. Features like automated lighting, climate control, and high-speed internet are becoming standard, making these compact living spaces more appealing to tech-savvy consumers. The integration of such technologies not only improves comfort but also adds value, thus boosting market adoption.

In recent years, the concept of Spa Capsules has emerged as an innovative addition to the wellness and hospitality sectors. These capsules are designed to provide a compact yet luxurious spa experience, often integrated within capsule apartments or hotels. The idea is to offer guests a private and relaxing space where they can enjoy various spa treatments without leaving the premises. This integration not only enhances the overall appeal of capsule accommodations but also adds a unique selling point, attracting health-conscious travelers and residents seeking relaxation and rejuvenation in a bustling urban environment.

On a regional scale, the Asia-Pacific region holds a dominant position in the capsule apartment market. With its high population density and rapid urbanization, countries like Japan, China, and South Korea are at the forefront of market growth. North America and Europe are also witnessing increasing adoption, driven by the rising trends of minimalistic living and the influx of tourists seeking budget accommodation. The Middle East & Africa and Latin America are emerging markets, showing considerable potential due to growing urban populations and tourism.

Type Analysis

The capsule apartment market can be segmented based on type into Single Capsule, Double Capsule, and Suite Capsule. Single capsules are the most common, offering compact yet functional living spaces for individuals. These units are particularly popular among students and workers who require affordable accommodation in urban areas. The demand for single capsules is expected to remain robust, driven by the continual influx of young professionals and students into cities.

Double capsules, which offer slightly larger spaces suitable for two occupants, are gaining traction. These units are ideal for couples or friends who wish to share accommodation while maintaining some level of privacy. The growing trend of co-living among young adults and the need for affordable housing options for couples in urban areas are key factors driving the demand for double capsules. These units provide a balance between cost-efficiency and comfort, making them a popular choice.

Suite capsules are a relatively new entrant in the market, offering a more luxurious and s

Geneva stands out as Europe's most expensive city for apartment purchases in early 2025, with prices reaching a staggering 15,720 euros per square meter. This Swiss city's real estate market dwarfs even high-cost locations like Zurich and London, highlighting the extreme disparities in housing affordability across the continent. The stark contrast between Geneva and more affordable cities like Nantes, France, where the price was 3,700 euros per square meter, underscores the complex factors influencing urban property markets in Europe. Rental market dynamics and affordability challenges While purchase prices vary widely, rental markets across Europe also show significant differences. London maintained its position as the continent's priciest city for apartment rentals in 2023, with the average monthly costs for a rental apartment amounting to 36.1 euros per square meter. This figure is double the rent in Lisbon, Portugal or Madrid, Spain, and substantially higher than in other major capitals like Paris and Berlin. The disparity in rental costs reflects broader economic trends, housing policies, and the intricate balance of supply and demand in urban centers. Economic factors influencing housing costs The European housing market is influenced by various economic factors, including inflation and energy costs. As of April 2025, the European Union's inflation rate stood at 2.4 percent, with significant variations among member states. Romania experienced the highest inflation at 4.9 percent, while France and Cyprus maintained lower rates. These economic pressures, coupled with rising energy costs, contribute to the overall cost of living and housing affordability across Europe. The volatility in electricity prices, particularly in countries like Italy where rates are projected to reach 153.83 euros per megawatt hour by February 2025, further impacts housing-related expenses for both homeowners and renters.

Small Space Furniture Market size was valued at USD 3.28 Billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 4.61 Billion by 2031, growing at a CAGR of 5.0% during the forecast period 2024-2031.

Global Small Space Furniture Market Drivers

Urbanization: As more people move to urban areas, the demand for smaller living spaces increases. Apartments and compact homes are becoming more common, leading to a greater need for furniture designed for small spaces. Rising Housing Costs: In many cities, housing costs are skyrocketing, prompting individuals and families to opt for smaller, more affordable living units. This shift encourages the need for furniture that maximizes functionality in limited square footage.

Global Small Space Furniture Market Restraints

High Competition: The market is characterized by a large number of established players as well as new entrants, leading to intense competition. This can pressure profit margins and make it difficult for smaller companies to gain market share. Cost Constraints: The price sensitivity of consumers, especially in urban areas where small space living is common, can limit the pricing strategies of manufacturers. High production costs may force companies to pass costs onto consumers, potentially reducing demand.

Co-Living Subscription Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global co-living subscription market size reached USD 9.2 billion in 2024. The market is demonstrating robust expansion, with a recorded CAGR of 10.7% from 2025 to 2033. By 2033, the global co-living subscription market is forecasted to achieve a value of USD 22.6 billion, driven by evolving urban lifestyles, increasing housing affordability concerns, and the growing demand for flexible and community-centric living solutions. The sector’s growth is notably propelled by a surge in young professionals and digital nomads seeking adaptable accommodation options in urban centers, as well as technological advancements in online booking and management platforms.

A primary growth factor for the co-living subscription market is the shifting demographic and lifestyle preferences among urban populations, especially millennials and Gen Z. These cohorts are increasingly prioritizing experiences, flexibility, and community over traditional property ownership. The high cost of urban real estate, coupled with the desire for shared amenities and networking opportunities, has made co-living an attractive alternative. Moreover, the ongoing trend of remote and hybrid work models has further boosted the appeal of co-living spaces, allowing individuals to relocate and reside in different cities without the burden of long-term leases or upfront capital investment. This evolution in living preferences is expected to continue fueling market expansion, as more individuals opt for subscription-based co-living arrangements that offer both convenience and a sense of belonging.

Another significant contributor to market growth is the rapid digitization of the real estate and hospitality sectors. The proliferation of online platforms and mobile applications has revolutionized the way tenants discover, book, and manage co-living subscriptions. These platforms provide seamless user experiences, transparent pricing, and enhanced security features, making the process more accessible and efficient for both providers and consumers. Additionally, advanced data analytics and AI-driven personalization are enabling operators to tailor offerings to specific user preferences, thereby increasing customer satisfaction and retention. The integration of smart home technologies and IoT devices in co-living spaces is also elevating the standard of living, further differentiating these offerings from conventional rental models.

The expansion of the co-living subscription market is further supported by the growing participation of institutional investors and real estate developers. Recognizing the potential for stable, recurring revenue streams, many investors are channeling funds into the development of purpose-built co-living properties across major global cities. Strategic partnerships between co-living operators, property owners, and technology providers are fostering innovation, improving operational efficiencies, and scaling up offerings to meet rising demand. Moreover, favorable regulatory developments in certain regions are facilitating the formalization of the co-living sector, encouraging further investment and professionalization. These factors collectively contribute to the dynamic and competitive landscape of the global co-living subscription market.

Regionally, the Asia Pacific market is emerging as a powerhouse, accounting for the largest share of the global co-living subscription market in 2024. The region’s rapid urbanization, high population density, and burgeoning young workforce are key drivers, particularly in metropolitan hubs such as Beijing, Mumbai, and Singapore. North America and Europe follow closely, benefiting from mature digital infrastructure and a growing acceptance of alternative living solutions among urban dwellers. Meanwhile, markets in Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are witnessing steady growth, spurred by increasing urban migration and a gradual shift in cultural attitudes towards shared living. Each region presents unique opportunities and challenges, shaping the overall trajectory of the global co-living subscription market through 2033.

Business Model Analysis

The co-living subscription market is segmented by business model into single room subscription, shared room subscription, and entire unit subscription. The single room subscription model remains the most popular, particularly among young professionals and students se

Cities in the United States dominate the list of cities with the highest rents worldwide. New York was ranked as the most expensive city to rent in, ahead of San Francisco, with an index score of ***. Boston followed in third.

Barcelona, Madrid, and Donostia - San Sebastian were some of the most expensive cities to rent a house in Spain in February 2025. Barcelona, which is the capital of Catalonia, led the list with an average price of **** euros per square meter. Madrid followed closely in the second position with an average square meter of rental residential property cost of **** euros.

Portugal, Canada, and the United States were the countries with the highest house price to income ratio in 2024. In all three countries, the index exceeded 130 index points, while the average for all OECD countries stood at 116.2 index points. The index measures the development of housing affordability and is calculated by dividing nominal house price by nominal disposable income per head, with 2015 set as a base year when the index amounted to 100. An index value of 120, for example, would mean that house price growth has outpaced income growth by 20 percent since 2015. How have house prices worldwide changed since the COVID-19 pandemic? House prices started to rise gradually after the global financial crisis (2007–2008), but this trend accelerated with the pandemic. The countries with advanced economies, which usually have mature housing markets, experienced stronger growth than countries with emerging economies. Real house price growth (accounting for inflation) peaked in 2022 and has since lost some of the gain. Although, many countries experienced a decline in house prices, the global house price index shows that property prices in 2023 were still substantially higher than before COVID-19. Renting vs. buying In the past, house prices have grown faster than rents. However, the home affordability has been declining notably, with a direct impact on rental prices. As people struggle to buy a property of their own, they often turn to rental accommodation. This has resulted in a growing demand for rental apartments and soaring rental prices.

Amsterdam is set to maintain its position as Europe's most expensive city for apartment rentals in 2025, with median costs reaching 2,500 euros per month for a furnished unit. This figure is double the rent in Prague and significantly higher than other major European capitals like Paris, Berlin, and Madrid. The stark difference in rental costs across European cities reflects broader economic trends, housing policies, and the complex interplay between supply and demand in urban centers. Factors driving rental costs across Europe The disparity in rental prices across European cities can be attributed to various factors. In countries like Switzerland, Germany, and Austria, a higher proportion of the population lives in rental housing. This trend contributes to increased demand and potentially higher living costs in these nations. Conversely, many Eastern and Southern European countries have homeownership rates exceeding 90 percent, which may help keep rental prices lower in those regions. Housing affordability and market dynamics The relationship between housing prices and rental rates varies significantly across Europe. As of 2024, countries like Turkey, Iceland, Portugal, and Hungary had the highest house price to rent ratio indices. This indicates a widening gap between property values and rental costs since 2015. The affordability of homeownership versus renting differs greatly among European nations, with some countries experiencing rapid increases in property values that outpace rental growth. These market dynamics influence rental costs and contribute to the diverse rental landscape observed across European cities.