Singapore led the Index of Economic Freedom in 2024, with an index score of 83.5 out of 100. Switzerland, Ireland, Taiwan, and Luxembourg rounded out the top five. Economic Freedom Index In order to calculate the Economic Freedom Index, the source takes 12 different factors into account, including the rule of law, government size, regulatory efficiency, and open markets. All 12 factors are rated on a scale of zero to 100 and are weighted equally. Every country is rated within the Index in order to provide insight into the health and freedom of the global economy. Singapore's economy Singapore is one of the four so-called Asian Tigers, a term used to describe four countries in Asia that saw a booming economic development from the 1950s to the early 1990. Today, the City-State is known for its many skyscrapers, and its economy continue to boom. It has one of the lowest tax-rates in the Asia-Pacific region, and continues to be open towards foreign direct investment (FDI). Moreover, Singapore has one of the highest trade-to-GDP ratios worldwide, underlining its export-oriented economy. Finally, its geographic location has given it a strategic position as a center connecting other countries in the region with the outside world. However, the economic boom has come at a cost, with the city now ranked among the world's most expensive.

The average for 2024 based on 174 countries was 59 index points. The highest value was in Singapore: 84 index points and the lowest value was in North Korea: 3 index points. The indicator is available from 1995 to 2024. Below is a chart for all countries where data are available.

The average for 2024 based on 40 countries was 68 index points. The highest value was in Ireland: 83 index points and the lowest value was in Belarus: 48 index points. The indicator is available from 1995 to 2024. Below is a chart for all countries where data are available.

The number of countries with special economic zones worldwide increased reaching *** in 2018, from about ** in 1975. Free trade zones facilitate the accessibility of investors to the market and offer an encouraging incentive for foreign direct investments.

 Overview of Special Economic Zones

Free trade zones are geographical areas in a host country that serve the purpose of providing an encouraging atmosphere for foreign investors to enter the market. The special economic zones (SEZ) have special regulations such as reduced taxes and duties, better infrastructure, and favorable labor laws. The monetary and non-monetary incentives reduce the risk involved in entering a new market and encourage foreign direct investments. Free trade zones gained popularity over the years, reaching about *** thousand zones globally. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) was the leading nation in the number of free trade zones in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region at ** zones in 2018. Special economic zones increase cost efficiency for foreign investors and serve as an opportunity for the host country to improve its political relations with other countries.

 MENA Special Economic Zones 

With the increased focus on foreign direct investments and its contribution to the development of countries in the MENA region, free trade zones started becoming a part of most of the economies’ regimes. FDIs in the region almost reached ** billion U.S dollars in 2017 after the economies recovered from the crisis that followed the Arab Spring years earlier. Special economic zones support the host countries combat unemployment by creating job opportunities. Both the male and female unemployment rates in the MENA region in 2019 were above the global average, with the female unemployment being ***** times the global average. The UAE is the leading economy in the free trade zone market, attracting more than **** billion U.S. dollars of foreign direct investments in 2019. The fDI Magazine ranked the Dubai Multi Commodities Center (DMCC) as the top free trade zone globally for *** continuous years.

Barrier Free Facilities Market Outlook

The global barrier free facilities market size is projected to grow from USD 12.5 billion in 2023 to USD 28.3 billion by 2032, at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.5%. This market growth is driven by increasing awareness and legislative measures focused on accessibility for individuals with disabilities and the elderly population. The growth factors include rising aging populations, stringent government regulations, and increased societal awareness about inclusivity and accessibility, which are compelling various sectors to invest in barrier-free facilities.

The primary growth factor for the barrier free facilities market is the increasing global aging population. According to the World Health Organization, by 2050, the global population aged 60 years and older is expected to reach 2 billion, up from 900 million in 2015. This demographic shift necessitates the development of infrastructure that can accommodate the specific needs of older adults, including accessible toilets, handrails, ramps, and elevators. These facilities not only provide convenience but also improve the quality of life for the elderly, making this a significant driver of market growth.

Government regulations and policies are another critical factor propelling the growth of the barrier free facilities market. Many countries have enacted laws mandating the inclusion of accessible facilities in public and private infrastructures. For instance, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) in the United States and the Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) in the United Kingdom require public spaces and buildings to be accessible to individuals with disabilities. Such regulations are pushing organizations and developers to incorporate barrier-free designs, thereby fueling market expansion.

Increased societal awareness and advocacy for inclusivity are also contributing to market growth. Organizations, both public and private, are increasingly recognizing the importance of creating inclusive environments. This change in mindset is driven by advocacy from disability rights groups, increased media attention, and a general shift towards more inclusive societal norms. As a result, there is a growing demand for barrier-free facilities in various sectors, including residential, commercial, and public infrastructure, which is expected to continue driving market growth in the coming years.

From a regional perspective, North America is anticipated to hold a significant share of the barrier free facilities market, followed by Europe and Asia Pacific. North America's dominant position is attributed to the early adoption of accessibility standards and robust government policies. Europe also has strong regulatory frameworks supporting accessibility, while the Asia Pacific region is expected to witness the highest growth rate due to rapid urbanization, economic development, and increasing awareness about accessibility needs. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa regions are also showing promising growth potential, albeit at a slower pace compared to other regions.

Product Type Analysis

The product type segment of the barrier free facilities market consists of ramps, elevators, accessible toilets, handrails, and others. Ramps are one of the most fundamental elements in barrier-free design, providing wheelchair users and individuals with mobility impairments with an accessible route to enter and exit buildings. The increasing incorporation of ramps in both public and private infrastructures is driven by stringent building codes and regulations, as well as a growing emphasis on inclusivity. Ramps are particularly essential in public infrastructure such as parks, schools, and transportation hubs, where accessibility is paramount.

The inclusion of a Wheelchair Ramp in public and private infrastructures is a crucial aspect of barrier-free design. These ramps provide essential access for wheelchair users and individuals with mobility impairments, ensuring they can enter and exit buildings with ease. The design and construction of wheelchair ramps must adhere to specific standards to ensure safety and usability. This includes considerations such as slope, width, and surface materials. The increasing demand for wheelchair ramps is driven by both regulatory requirements and a growing societal emphasis on inclusivity. As more organizations recognize the importance of accessibility, the integration of wheelchair ramps in various settings, from commercial build

Judgement on current situation in life and political and economic development of the country in times of economic and social upheaval.

Topics: 1. Common part of the survey for all participating countries: most important problems of the country; intent to emigrate and country of choice; desired occupation for one´s own child; judgement on the work of the president of the country; fears and desires for the future; assessment of current standard of living and comparison with the situation five years ago and expected future development; judgement on the situation of the country in comparison over time; preference for freedom or social security; attitude to admission of undemocratic parties; attitude to freedom of the press; perceived discrimination against women; attitude to division of labor in raising children; judgement on conduct of parliamentary representatives and attitude to democracy in the country (scale); feeling of political effectiveness; internal or external control; achievement orientation; attitude to the national economy; demand for increased environmental protection; desire for foreign support for one´s country; the government as guarantor of equal opportunities and social security; welfare state; necessity of the willingness to compromise in politics; interest in politics at municipal level; diminishing interest in political events; self-assessment as patriot; attitude to securing of peace through military strength; readiness for national defense; necessity of participation of one´s country in world politics; claims to territory in neighboring countries; attitude to restriction on immigration; attitude to use of military for restoration of world order.

Religion and morals: importance of prayer and significance of God in one´s own life; doubt in the existence of God; attitude to prohibition of books critical of society and to sex magazines and films; attitude to freedom of speech even for fascists; assessment of the general trustworthiness of people; AIDS as punishment by God; representation of traditional values in the area of family and marriage; attitude to abortion; clear concepts of Good and Evil; perceived intensification of class differences; assessment of personal things in common with uneducated and persons of another race or ethnic affiliation; satisfaction with one´s own financial situation.

Demography: party membership; union membership; residential status; city size; religiousness.

1. Additional questions in this survey: judgement on the political and economic changes of the last few years; particularly positive and negative changes; attitude to introduction of a multi-party system and introduction of the free market economy; judgement on the speed of transition to the free market economy; assessment of the influence of the media and organizations as well as institutions on the country; assumed influence of foreign nations on one´s country; attitude to selected ethnic groups (Slovaks, Romas, Germans, Jews, gipsies, Arabs and Hungarians of Romanian descent); perceived threat to the nation from within and without; judgement on the effects of social changes on the standard of living, moral concepts, public morals, dealing of people with one another and on the relation of ethnic groups with each other; judgement on the influence of the church; most reliable alliance partner for one´s country; countries from which the greatest threat originates; attitude to Gorbachev, Bush, the Pope, the UN and selected personalities of public life; most important fears; preference for forgetting or calling to account those responsible in the old regime; preference for replacement of key managers of the old regime; attitude to privatization of selected areas of the economy and civil service; attitude to free establishing of prices; acceptance of unemployment or preference for government guarantee of full-employment; attitude to a government-specified profit limitation; attitude to borrowing to finance durable economic goods; occupation within one´s home; work satisfaction; satisfaction with employer; preference for capitalism or democratic (social) market economy; party preference; judgement on current position of women in comparison to their position in the old regime; preference for national defense in an alliance or with individually concluded peace treaties; judgement on the level of defense expenditures; attitude to export of weapons into third world countries; attitude to advertising (scale); accept...

Singapore was the leading country in the Globalization Index 2023 in the field of economic globalization. The 2023 edition of the index uses data from the year 2021. Belgium and the Netherlands followed in the places behind.

The era of globalization

The beginning of the current era of increasing economic globalization was signaled by the creation of the Bretton Woods institutions toward the end of the Second World War. These institutions acted as the foundation for the International Monetary Fund, World Bank and World Trade Organization. The institutions, and their modern equivalents, sought to reduce the barriers on international trade in goods, services and capital markets. In the decades following their inception international trade has skyrocketed to become a cornerstone of the international economy, as demonstrated by trends in global export volume of trade in goods from 1950. Economic globalization
Countries that are perceived as more economically globalized are those with low tariffs on imports, more free-trade agreements, regulation that accommodates foreign investment and lower non-tariff barriers to trade such as safety regulations on imports. However, economic globalization fails to capture the entire picture in regards to globalization processes and their impact on countries. As such, analysts have placed attention on the social and political effects on globalization as seen in the index for social globalization and index for political organization. To see the combined results of the multiple globalization indexes see the Top 100 countries in the Globalization Index.

Beurteilung der aktuellen Lebenssituation und der politischenund wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung des Landes in Zeiten desökonomischen und gesellschaftlichen Umbruchs. Themen: 1.) Gemeinsamer Befragungsteil für alle teilnehmendenLänder: Wichtigste Probleme des Landes; Auswanderungsabsichtund gewünschtes Zielland; Wunschberuf für das eigene Kind;Beurteilung der Arbeit des Präsidenten des Landes;Befürchtungen und Wünsche für die Zukunft; Einschätzung desaktuellen Lebensstandards und Vergleich mit der Situation vorfünf Jahren und erwartete zukünftige Entwicklung; Beurteilungder Situation des Landes im Zeitvergleich; Präferenz fürFreiheit oder soziale Sicherheit; Einstellung zur Zulassungundemokratischer Parteien; Einstellung zur Pressefreiheit;perzipierte Diskriminierung der Frau; Einstellung zu einerArbeitsteilung bei der Kindererziehung; Beurteilung desVerhaltens der Volksvertreter und der Einstellung zurDemokratie im Lande (Skala); Gefühl politischer Wirksamkeit;interne oder externe Kontrolle; Leistungsorientierung;Einstellung zur Staatswirtschaft; Forderung nach vermehrtemSchutz der Umwelt; Wunsch nach ausländischer Unterstützung fürdas Land; der Staat als Garant für Chancengleichheit undsoziale Sicherheit; Wohlfahrtsstaat; Notwendigkeit derKompromißbereitschaft in der Politik; Politikinteresse aufkommunaler Ebene; abnehmendes Interesse an politischenVorgängen; Selbsteinschätzung als Patriot; Einstellung zurFriedenssicherung durch militärische Stärke; Bereitschaft zurLandesverteidigung; Notwendigkeit der Beteiligung des eigenenLandes an der Weltpolitik; Gebietsansprüche an Nachbarländer;Einstellung zur Kontrolle von Einwanderungen; Einstellung zumEinsatz von Militär zur Wiederherstellung der Weltordnung. Religion und Moral: Wichtigkeit des Gebetes und BedeutungGottes im eigenen Leben; Zweifel an der Existenz Gottes;Einstellung zum Verbot gesellschaftskritischer Bücher und zuSexmagazinen und -filmen; Einstellung zur Meinungsfreiheit auchfür Faschisten; Einschätzung der allgemeinenVertrauenswürdigkeit der Menschen; Aids als Gottesstrafe;Vetreten traditioneller Werte im Bereich der Familie undHeirat; Einstellung zur Abtreibung; klare Vorstellungen von Gutund Böse; perzipierte Verschärfung der Klassenunterschiede;Einschätzung der eigenen Gemeinsamkeiten mit Ungebildeten undmit Personen anderer Rasse oder ethnischer Zugehörigkeit;Zufriedenheit mit der eigenen finanziellen Situation. Demographie: ethnische Zugehörigkeit; zu Hause gesprochene Sprache;Alter bei Schulabschluss; Schulbildung; Geschlecht; Alter (Geburtsjahr);Familienstand; Konfession; Kirchgangshäufigkeit; berufliche Position;Haushaltseinkommen; Haushaltsgröße; Haushaltszusammensetzung;Wohnstatus; Urbanisierungsgrad; Parteimitgliedschaft;Gewerkschaftsmitgliedschaft; Interviedatum; Ortsgröße; Region;Interviewdauer. 2.) Zusätzliche Fragen in dieser Erhebung: Beurteilung derpolitischen wirtschaftlichen Veränderungen der letzten Jahre;besonders positive und negative Veränderungen; Einstellung zurEinführung eines Mehrparteiensystems und zur Einführung derfreien Marktwirtschaft; Beurteilung derÜbergangsgeschwindigkeit zur freien Marktwirtschaft;Einschätzung des Einflusses der Medien und Organisationen sowieInstitutionen auf das Land; vermuteter Einfluß ausländischerStaaten auf das eigene Land; Einstellung zu ausgewähltenethnischen Gruppen (Russen, Georgier, Litauer, Ukrainer, Juden,Armenier, Aserbaijaner und Menschen aus den asiatischenRepubliken; perzipierte Bedrohung des Staates von innen undaußen; Beurteilung der Auswirkungen der gesellschaftlichenVeränderungen auf den Lebensstandard, die Wertvorstellungen,die öffentliche Moral, den Umgang der Menschen miteinander undauf die Beziehung ethnischer Gruppen untereinander; Beurteilungdes Einflusses der Kirche; zuverlässigster Bündnispartner fürdas eigene Land; Länder, von denen die größte Bedrohungausgeht; Einstellung zu Gorbatschow, Bush, den Papst, die UNOund zu ausgewählten Persönlichkeiten des öffentlichen Lebens;Einstellung zu einer Privatisierung ausgewählter Bereiche derWirtschaft und des öffentlichen Dienstes; Einstellung zu einerfreien Preisbildung; Akzeptanz von Arbeitslosigkeit oderPräferenz für staatliche Vollbeschäftigungsgarantie;Einstellung zu einer staatlich festgesetzten Profitbegrenzung;Einstellung zu einer Kreditaufnahme zur Finanzierung vonlanglebigen Wirtschaftsgütern; Beschäftigung innerhalb deseigenen Hauses; Arbeitszufriedenheit; Zufriedenheit mit demArbeitgeber; Einstellung zur kreditfinanziertenUnternehmensgründung; Beurteilung der Geschwindigkeit, mit dersich die Demokratie im Lande entwickelt; Identifikation mit demeigenen Land oder der Sowjetunion; Einschätzung der Kompetenzvon Staat, Armee, Parteien, Kirche und KGB; Einstellung zueiner von der UdSSR unabhängigen Republik; wichtigste Gründefür eine gewünschte Unabhängigkeit; bevorzugte bzw.benachteiligte Republiken innerhalb der UdSSR; präferierteEntwicklung der Gesellschaft in Richtung Sozialismus oderKapitalismus; größte Zukunftsängste; Einstellung zu privatemEigentum und zum Landverkauf durch die Bauern; Präferenz füreine demokratische Regierung oder eine starke Führung;Einstellung zu einer sorgfältigen Diskussion von politischenStreitfragen; Karriere der Emporkömmlinge aufgrund von Leistungoder durch Beziehungen; Attribution von Mißerfolgen alsgesellschaftlich oder persönlich bedingt; Egoismus odergesellschaftliche Bedingungen als Gründe für die materielleUnterversorgung; Charakterisierung des eigenen Volkes anhandeiner Eigenschaftsliste; Nationalität. Judgement on current situation in life and political and economicdevelopment of the country in times of economic and social upheaval. Topics: 1. Common part of the survey for all participating countries:most important problems of the country; intent to emigrate and countryof choice; desired occupation for one´s own child; judgement on thework of the president of the country; fears and desires for the future;assessment of current standard of living and comparison with thesituation five years ago and expected future development; judgement onthe situation of the country in comparison over time; preference forfreedom or social security; attitude to admission of undemocraticparties; attitude to freedom of the press; perceived discriminationagainst women; attitude to division of labor in raising children;judgement on conduct of parliamentary representatives and attitude todemocracy in the country (scale); feeling of political effectiveness;internal or external control; achievement orientation; attitude to thenational economy; demand for increased environmental protection; desirefor foreign support for one´s country; the government as guarantor ofequal opportunities and social security; welfare state; necessity ofthe willingness to compromise in politics; interest in politics atmunicipal level; diminishing interest in political events;self-assessment as patriot; attitude to securing of peace throughmilitary strength; readiness for national defense; necessity ofparticipation of one´s country in world politics; claims to territoryin neighboring countries; attitude to restriction on immigration;attitude to use of military for restoration of world order. Religion and morals: importance of prayer and significance of God inone´s own life; doubt in the existence of God; attitude to prohibitionof books critical of society and to sex magazines and films; attitudeto freedom of speech even for fascists; assessment of the generaltrustworthiness of people; AIDS as punishment by God; representation oftraditional values in the area of family and marriage; attitude toabortion; clear concepts of Good and Evil; perceived intensification ofclass differences; assessment of personal things in common withuneducated and with persons of another race or ethnic affiliation;satisfaction with one´s own financial situation. Demography: party membership; union membership; residential status;city size; religiousness. 2. Additional questions in this survey: judgement on political andeconomic changes of the last few years; particularly positive andnegative changes; attitude to introduction of a multi-party system andintroduction of the free market economy; judgement on the speed oftransition to the free market economy; assessment of the influence ofthe media and organizations as well as institutions on the country;assumed influence of foreign nations on one´s own country; attitude toselected ethnic groups (Russians, Georgians, Lithuanians, Ukrainians,Jews, Armenians, Azerbaijanis) and people from the asiatic republics;perceived threat to the nation from within and without; judgement onthe effects of the social changes on the standard of living, moralconcepts, public morals, dealing of the people with one another and onthe relation of ethnic groups with each other; judgement on theinfluence of the church; most reliable alliance partner for one´scountry; countries from which the greatest threat originates; attitudeto Gorbachev, Bush, the Pope, the UN and selected personalities ofpublic life; attitude to privatization of selected areas of the economyand civil service; attitude to free establishing of prices; acceptanceof unemployment or preference for government guarantee offull-employment; attitude to a government-specified profit limitation;attitude to borrowing to finance durable economic goods; occupationwithin one´s own home; work satisfaction; satisfaction with employer;attitude to founding business with credit financing; judgement on thespeed with which democracy is developing in the country; identificationwith one´s country or the Soviet Union; assessment of the ability ofgovernment, army, parties, church and KGB; attitude to a Republicindependent of the USSR; most important reasons for desiredindependence; privileged or disadvantaged republics within the USSR;preferred development of society in the direction of

Einschätzung der politischen und wirtschaftlichen Situationdes Landes. Einstellung zur Europäischen Union. Themen: Beurteilung der allgemeinen Entwicklung des Landes;Beurteilung der finanziellen Entwicklung des individuellenHaushalts im letzten Jahr und Erwartungen hierzu für dasnächste Jahr; Einstellung zur freien Marktwirtschaft;Beurteilung der Geschwindigkeit der Wirtschaftsreformen sowieder Privatisierung staatlicher Unternehmen; Zufriedenheit mitder Demokratieentwicklung im Lande; Einschätzung des Ausmaßesder Beachtung der Menschenrechte im eigenen Land; Einstellungzu den Zielen und Aktivitäten der Europäischen Union;Bezeichnung des Landes, mit dem die Zukunft des eigenen Landesam ehesten verbunden sein wird; Bekanntheitsgrad der PHARE undTACIS genannten Hilfsprogramme für die Länder des ehemaligenOstblocks; Kenntnis des Geldgebers für die beiden Programme;mehr Vorteile für das Land oder die EU durch die gegenseitigenBeziehungen; Parteipräferenz; nationale oder ethnischeHerkunft; Muttersprache; Fremdsprachenkenntnisse. Außer in Rußland wurde zusätzlich gefragt: Hauptsächlichgenutzte Informationsquelle über die Politik der EU. In den Ländern, die das europäische Agreement unterzeichnethatten, wurde zusätzlich gefragt: Einstellung gegenüber einerMitgliedschaft in der EU und der NATO; Gruppen, die durch dieBindung mit der EU besonders bevorteilt oder benachteiligtwerden. Zusätzlich verkodet wurden: Region; Ortsgröße;Interviewdatum; Zeitpunkt des Interviewbeginns; Anwesenheitanderer Personen während der Befragung;Kooperationsbereitschaft des Befragten. Assessment of the political and economic situation of the country.Attitude to the European Union. Topics: Judgement on the generaldevelopment of the country; judgement on the financial development ofindividual households in the last year and expectations on this for thenext year; attitude to the free market economy; judgement on the speedof economic reforms as well as privatization of governmental companies;satisfaction with development of democracy in the country; assessmenton the extent of respect of human rights in one´s country; attitude tothe goals and activities of the European Union; designation of thecountry with which the future of one´s own country most likely will betied; degree of familiarity of the aid programs called PHARE and TACISfor the countries of the former East Bloc; knowledge about thefinancial backer for the two programs; more advantages for the countryor the EU through mutual relations; party preference; national orethnic origins; native language; knowledge of foreign languages. Exceptin Russia the following additional question was posed: primarily usedsource of information about the policies of the EU. The followingadditional questions were posed in the countries that had signed theEuropean Agreement: attitude regarding membership in the EU and NATO;groups having particular advantage or disadvantage from the tie withthe EU. Also encoded was: region; city size; date of interview; time ofstart of interview; presence of other persons during the survey;willingness of respondent to cooperate.

The risk-free rate is a theoretical rate of return of an investment with zero risk. This rate represents the minimum interest an investor would expect from a risk-free investment over a period of time. It is important to remember that the risk-free rate is only theoretical, as all investments carry even the smallest of risks. A higher risk-free rate illustrates that even with a so-called "zero risk" investment, investors would want a higher return because of the countries associated investment risks. Average risk-free rate (RF) rate of investment and market risk premium As of 2024, Turkey had the ******* risk-free rate of the countries displayed, with **** percent among the European countries under observation. When it comes to the market risk premium, or the rate of return expected by investors over the risk that investments hold, Turkey displayed a higher market risk premium during the same period.
Investment in selected European countries Since 2017, both the risk-free rate and average market risk premium in Ukraine have been excessively high. Even more information on market risk premiums, average risk-free rates, and required return on equity in selected European countries can be found in the report on market investments in Europe.

Series Name: Average tariff applied by developed countries most-favored nation status by type of product (percent)Series Code: TM_TAX_DMFNRelease Version: 2020.Q2.G.03 This dataset is the part of the Global SDG Indicator Database compiled through the UN System in preparation for the Secretary-General's annual report on Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals.Indicator 17.12.1: Weighted average tariffs faced by developing countries, least developed countries and small island developing StatesTarget 17.12: Realize timely implementation of duty-free and quota-free market access on a lasting basis for all least developed countries, consistent with World Trade Organization decisions, including by ensuring that preferential rules of origin applicable to imports from least developed countries are transparent and simple, and contribute to facilitating market accessGoal 17: Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable DevelopmentFor more information on the compilation methodology of this dataset, see https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/

Cage Free Eggs Market Outlook

The global cage free eggs market size was valued at approximately USD 5.8 billion in 2023 and is expected to reach USD 10.3 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.5% during the forecast period. The primary growth factors driving this market include increasing consumer awareness about animal welfare, rising demand for organic and natural food products, and governmental regulations promoting animal-friendly farming practices. As consumers become more conscious of the conditions in which animals are raised, there is a growing preference for alternatives that prioritize animal welfare, such as cage free eggs.

Consumer awareness regarding the ethical treatment of animals has significantly contributed to the growth of the cage free eggs market. With numerous reports and documentaries highlighting the often poor conditions of caged hens, consumers are becoming more conscious of their purchasing decisions. This awareness is further fueled by advocacy from animal rights organizations that promote the benefits of cage free farming. The shift in consumer preference is also reflected in the willingness to pay a premium for cage free eggs, which are perceived as healthier and more ethical. Consequently, producers are increasingly transitioning from conventional battery-cage systems to cage free environments.

The demand for organic and natural food products is another critical driver of the cage free eggs market. As the population becomes more health-conscious, there is a growing preference for food items perceived to be healthier and produced without the use of synthetic additives or unnatural conditions. Cage free eggs often align with these consumer values, as they are believed to offer better nutritional content compared to their caged counterparts. Moreover, the rise in disposable income levels, particularly in emerging economies, has allowed more consumers to afford premium-priced products like cage free eggs, further bolstering market growth.

Governmental policies and regulations also play a significant role in the market expansion of cage free eggs. In many countries, there is increasing legislative pressure to phase out battery cages, pushing egg producers to adopt cage free practices. For instance, the European Union has implemented directives that promote the welfare of laying hens, leading to a surge in the production of cage free eggs. Similarly, in the United States, several states have enacted laws mandating more humane conditions for laying hens. This regulatory landscape is anticipated to drive substantial market growth as more regions adopt similar measures to enhance animal welfare standards globally.

The role of Poultry Eggs in the cage free market is significant, as they represent a major category within the broader egg industry. Poultry eggs, particularly those produced in cage free environments, are gaining traction among consumers who are increasingly concerned about the welfare of laying hens. This shift is not only driven by ethical considerations but also by the perceived health benefits associated with eggs from hens that are not confined to cages. As such, the production of cage free poultry eggs is becoming an integral part of the industry's response to changing consumer demands, with producers investing in more humane farming practices to meet this growing market segment.

Regionally, the cage free eggs market is witnessing significant growth across various geographies. North America and Europe currently dominate the market, largely due to the early adoption of animal welfare policies and higher consumer awareness levels. In contrast, the Asia Pacific region is emerging as a rapidly growing market owing to changing consumer attitudes and increasing disposable income. The Latin American market is also showing promising growth potential, driven by both export opportunities and domestic demand. Meanwhile, the Middle East & Africa region is gradually adopting cage free practices, although the market share remains relatively small due to economic and cultural factors.

Product Type Analysis

The cage free eggs market is segmented by product type into brown cage free eggs, white cage free eggs, and specialty cage free eggs. Each of these product categories caters to specific consumer preferences and market demands. Brown cage free eggs are typically perceived as more natural and organic, often associated with backyard farming and traditional agricultural practices. This

Judgement on current situation in life and political and economic development of the country in times of economic and social upheaval.

Topics: 1. Common part of the survey for all participating countries: most important problems of the country; intent to emigrate and country of choice; desired occupation for one´s own child; judgement on the work of the president of the country; fears and desires for the future; assessment of current standard of living and comparison with the situation five years ago and expected future development; judgement on the situation of the country in comparison over time; preference for freedom or social security; attitude to admission of undemocratic parties; attitude to freedom of the press; perceived discrimination against women; attitude to division of labor in raising children; judgement on conduct of parliamentary representatives and attitude to democracy in the country (scale); feeling of political effectiveness; internal or external control; achievement orientation; attitude to the national economy; demand for increased environmental protection; desire for foreign support for one´s country; the government as guarantor of equal opportunities and social security; welfare state; necessity of the willingness to compromise in politics; interest in politics at municipal level; diminishing interest in political events; self-assessment as patriot; attitude to securing of peace through military strength; readiness for national defense; necessity of participation of one´s country in world politics; claims to territory in neighboring countries; attitude to restriction on immigration; attitude to use of military for restoration of world order.

Religion and morals: importance of prayer and significance of God in one´s own life; doubt in the existence of God; attitude to prohibition of books critical of society and to sex magazines and films; attitude to freedom of speech even for fascists; assessment of the general trustworthiness of people; AIDS as punishment by God; representation of traditional values in the area of family and marriage; attitude to abortion; clear concepts of Good and Evil; perceived intensification of class differences; assessment of personal things in common with uneducated and with persons of another race or ethnic affiliation; satisfaction with one´s own financial situation.

Demography: party membership; union membership; residential status; city size; religiousness.

1. Additional questions in this survey: judgement on political and economic changes of the last few years; particularly positive and negative changes; attitude to introduction of a multi-party system and introduction of the free market economy; judgement on the speed of transition to the free market economy; assessment of the influence of the media and organizations as well as institutions on the country; assumed influence of foreign nations on one´s own country; attitude to selected ethnic groups (Russians, Georgians, Lithuanians, Ukrainians, Jews, Armenians, Azerbaijanis) and people from the asiatic republics; perceived threat to the nation from within and without; judgement on the effects of the social changes on the standard of living, moral concepts, public morals, dealing of the people with one another and on the relation of ethnic groups with each other; judgement on the influence of the church; most reliable alliance partner for one´s country; countries from which the greatest threat originates; attitude to Gorbachev, Bush, the Pope, the UN and selected personalities of public life; attitude to privatization of selected areas of the economy and civil service; attitude to free establishing of prices; acceptance of unemployment or preference for government guarantee of full-employment; attitude to a government-specified profit limitation; attitude to borrowing to finance durable economic goods; occupation within one´s own home; work satisfaction; satisfaction with employer; attitude to founding business with credit financing; judgement on the speed with which democracy is developing in the country; identification with one´s country or the Soviet Union; assessment of the ability of government, army, parties, church and KGB; attitude to a Republic independent of the USSR; most important reasons for desired independence; privileged or disadvantaged republics within the USSR; preferred development of society in the direction of socialism or capitalism; greatest fears of the future; attitude to priva...

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Duty-Free Retailing Market Size 2025-2029

The duty-free retailing market size is forecast to increase by USD 22.74 billion at a CAGR of 8.3% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is experiencing significant growth due to the increasing international travel tourism and the heightened emphasis on enhancing the shopping experience for travelers. Furthermore, retailers are investing in creating superior shopping experiences, such as duty-free stores within airports, to cater to travelers' preferences and increase sales. However, the market faces challenges due to stringent government regulations on duty-free tobacco products. Many countries have implemented or are considering implementing stricter regulations on the sale and export of tobacco products, which could limit the growth potential for duty-free retailers in these regions.
For instance, the European Union has imposed new rules on tobacco packaging and sales, and some countries have even banned the sale of tobacco products in duty-free shops altogether. These regulations not only impact the tobacco segment but also create uncertainty for retailers operating in these markets. Companies seeking to capitalize on market opportunities and navigate challenges effectively must stay informed of regulatory changes and adapt their strategies accordingly.

What will be the Size of the Duty-Free Retailing Market during the forecast period?

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The market continues to evolve, shaped by dynamic market conditions and shifting consumer preferences. Customer insights derived from data analytics reveal a growing trend towards luxury goods and impulse buying among travelers. Passenger demographics, influenced by global expansion and differentiation strategies, are driving the travel retail sector. Inventory management plays a crucial role in meeting the diverse needs of this market, with tobacco products and alcoholic beverages remaining popular categories. Social media marketing and digital marketing are essential tools for reaching consumers, while security protocols and fraud prevention measures ensure a safe shopping environment. Brand awareness and purchase intent are influenced by shopping experience, pricing strategy, and visual merchandising.
The evolving landscape of customs regulations and tax regulations necessitates a flexible supply chain management approach. Customer loyalty is fostered through cashless payments and omni-channel retailing, allowing for seamless shopping experiences across multiple channels. Traveler behavior and emerging markets are shaping the future of duty-free retail, with mobile payments and fashion accessories gaining traction. Airport retail remains a significant sector, offering a competitive advantage through a captive audience and unique shopping experience. Duty-free shops continue to adapt, integrating technology and innovation to meet the demands of the ever-changing market.

How is this Duty-Free Retailing Industry segmented?

The duty-free retailing industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Product

  Cosmetics and perfumes
  Fashion apparel and accessories
  Tobacco and alcoholic beverages
  Confectionery and fine foods


Distribution Channel

  Airport
  Border/downtown/hotel
  Others


End-User

  International Travelers
  Domestic Travelers


Price Range

  Budget
  Mid-range
  Premium


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    France
    Germany
    Italy
    Spain
    UK


  Middle East and Africa

    UAE


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan
    South Korea


  South America

    Brazil


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Product Insights

The cosmetics and perfumes segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

The market is experiencing significant growth, driven by various factors. Traveler profile and purchasing behavior play a crucial role, with impulse buying and promotional campaigns influencing sales, particularly in the food and beverage and luxury goods categories. Global expansion is a key trend, as duty-free retailers target emerging markets and traveler demographics. Differentiation strategies, such as omni-channel retailing and personalized shopping experiences, are also gaining traction. Inventory management and security protocols are essential in this industry, with customs regulations and fraud prevention being major concerns. Digital marketing, social media, and cashless payments are transforming the shopping environment, while data analytics and customer insights help retailers better understand traveler behavior and preferences.

Tobacco products remain a significant revenue generator, but there is a growing focus on healthier options and sustain

Duty Free Retailing Market Outlook

The global duty-free retailing market size was valued at USD 81.55 billion in 2023 and is expected to grow to USD 140.36 billion by 2032, reflecting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.4% over the forecast period. The increasing number of international travelers and the expansion of tourism activities are significant factors contributing to this robust growth.

One of the primary growth drivers for the duty-free retailing market is the rise in disposable income, particularly in emerging economies. As people have more disposable income, they are more likely to spend on luxury items and branded goods, which are often available at duty-free stores. Additionally, the increasing globalization and cultural exchange have made international travel more common, thereby expanding the customer base for duty-free retail outlets. This has led to a surge in the number of duty-free stores at airports, seaports, and even onboard aircraft, contributing significantly to market growth.

Another factor fueling the growth of the duty-free retailing market is the favorable government policies and regulations that promote tourism and international trade. For instance, several countries are easing visa regulations and investing heavily in improving their tourism infrastructure. This not only boosts international travel but also enhances the shopping experience at duty-free outlets. Moreover, technological advancements in retail, such as mobile payments and virtual store tours, have made the shopping experience more convenient and appealing, thus driving sales in this sector.

Promotional strategies and marketing campaigns by leading brands and retailers are also playing a crucial role in the growth of the duty-free retailing market. Brands often collaborate with duty-free retailers to offer exclusive products and limited-time offers that are not available in regular retail stores. These strategies attract a significant number of consumers looking for unique products and value for money. The allure of tax-free shopping on luxury items like perfumes, cosmetics, alcohol, and tobacco further entices international travelers to make purchases at duty-free outlets.

The concept of Airport Retail has evolved significantly over the years, transforming airports into bustling shopping hubs. With a captive audience of travelers who often have time to spare before flights, airports have become prime locations for retailers to showcase their products. This trend is not just limited to duty-free stores; it encompasses a wide range of retail outlets offering everything from luxury goods to everyday essentials. The strategic placement of these stores within airports ensures maximum visibility and accessibility, enhancing the shopping experience for travelers. As airports continue to expand and modernize, the role of airport retail in the duty-free market is expected to grow, offering new opportunities for both retailers and consumers.

The regional outlook for the duty-free retailing market is quite promising, with Asia Pacific emerging as a dominant region. The rapid growth of the tourism sector in countries like China, India, and Japan is significantly boosting the demand for duty-free goods. North America and Europe are also substantial markets due to high international travel rates and established tourism industries. Meanwhile, Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are showing potential for growth, driven by improving economic conditions and increasing tourism activities.

Product Type Analysis

The perfumes and cosmetics segment holds a substantial share of the duty-free retailing market. This segment is driven by the high demand for luxury and premium brands among international travelers. Perfumes and cosmetics are often considered essential travel items, and the allure of purchasing them at tax-free prices makes them extremely popular. Additionally, leading brands frequently launch exclusive products and travel retail editions in duty-free stores, which further boosts sales. The constant innovation and introduction of new products in the beauty industry also contribute to the growth of this segment.

Alcohol and spirits represent another significant segment in the duty-free retailing market. International travelers often purchase alcohol and spirits as gifts or souvenirs, making this a lucrative segment for duty-free retailers. The availability of exclusive and premium brands at competitive price

The sixth round of Central and Eastern Eurobarometer surveys was carried out in Albania, Armenia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Macedonia, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, and the Ukraine. Respondents were asked questions that appeared in earlier surveys in this series. These included items on whether respondents felt that things in their country were going in the right or wrong direction, how the financial situation of their household had changed in the last year and how it might change in the next year, how they felt about the creation of a free market economy, and how economic reforms were going in their country. Respondents were also asked how satisfied they were with the way democracy was developing, how much respect there now was for human rights, their impressions of the aims and activities of the European Community after its name was changed to the European Union, which countries they believed their future was most closely tied to, whether their country or the European Union benefited most from the current relationship, their main sources of information about the activities of the Union, and which groups within their societies would likely benefit or lose out as ties between their country and the Union increased. Additional topics covered the specific reasons behind the respondents' impressions of the aims and activities of the European Union and their knowledge of the "PHARE" and "TACIS" programs. Respondents also predicted how they would vote if a referendum were held the next day on the questions of membership of the European Union and membership of NATO, and which party or block they would vote for if a general election were held in their country. Demographic data collected on participants include respondent's age, highest level of education completed, occupation, voting status, mother tongue and knowledge of other languages, nationality/ethnic background, sex, region, size of locality, and income.

Subscribers can find out export and import data of 23 countries by HS code or product’s name. This demo is helpful for market analysis.

This first round of Central and Eastern Euro-Barometer Surveys was undertaken during the reunification of Germany and after the announcement of independence by several Soviet states and the realignment of governments in Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Bulgaria. In an atmosphere of changed relations among the nations of Eastern and Western Europe, this survey attempted to assess Central and Eastern Europeans' awareness of and attitudes toward the European Community, its programs and activities, and issues facing all European nations. It also explored citizens' reactions to the political and economic reforms occurring in their own countries. Surveys were carried out in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria, and the German Democratic Republic, as well as in the former Soviet Union. The Soviet Union samples were obtained from the Greater Moscow area and from the republics of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, Armenia, and Russia west of the Ural Mountains. In all surveys comprising Euro-Barometer 1, demographic data usually included the respondent's age, sex, level of education, family size, income, occupation, marital status, and religious denomination. In some places, mother tongue and self-described left-right political placement were also ascertained. In most countries, respondents were asked how they felt things were going in their country in general, how well their country's economy and their own finances had fared over the past year, whether they thought the establishment of a free market economy was right or wrong, and whether economic reforms and privatization were occurring too rapidly or too slowly. Satisfaction with the development of democracy and with their own place in their political systems was assessed. In some countries, respondents were asked about their intention to vote in the next general election. Respondents in all countries were asked how frequently they thought of themselves as European, and about their level of trust toward citizens of other European countries. They expressed opinions for or against the reunification of Germany and the unification of Western Europe. They were also asked to indicate how aware they were of, and how interested in, the European Community and its activities and institutions, and to rate how positively they regarded the European Community and the prospect of their country's membership in the Community. Country-specific questions were asked regarding sources of information about the European Community. Several items concerned respondents' reliance on various types of information media, including foreign broadcasts. Participants were also asked about how the economy, government, and private citizens might be advantaged or disadvantaged by their country's increasing ties with the European Community. (Source: downloaded from ICPSR 7/13/10)

Please Note: This dataset is part of the historical CISER Data Archive Collection and is also available at ICPSR -- https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR06104.v4. We highly recommend using the ICPSR version as they made this dataset available in multiple data formats.

Barrier Free Handrails Market Outlook

The global barrier-free handrails market size was valued at approximately USD 1.5 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 2.5 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.2% during the forecast period. This market is driven by increasing awareness and regulatory mandates for accessibility in public and private infrastructures, especially in developed and developing nations. The demand for barrier-free handrails is expected to surge as governments and organizations strive to ensure inclusivity and accessibility for all individuals, including those with disabilities.

One of the primary growth factors for the barrier-free handrails market is the increasing aging population worldwide. Many countries, particularly in Europe and North America, are witnessing a significant rise in the elderly population, necessitating the need for accessible infrastructure. Barrier-free handrails are essential in ensuring the safety and mobility of the elderly, reducing the risk of falls and other accidents. This demographic shift is anticipated to drive substantial investments in home modifications, public infrastructure upgrades, and healthcare facilities, consequently boosting the demand for barrier-free handrails.

Another significant growth driver is the rising awareness and implementation of stringent building codes and accessibility standards. Governments and regulatory bodies are increasingly emphasizing the importance of creating inclusive environments, leading to the adoption of barrier-free designs in new construction and renovation projects. For instance, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) in the United States and similar regulations in other countries mandate the incorporation of accessible features such as handrails in public spaces, commercial buildings, and residential complexes. Compliance with these regulations is expected to fuel market growth.

The increasing focus on enhancing the quality of life and independence for individuals with disabilities is also contributing to market expansion. There is a growing recognition of the need to create environments that empower people with disabilities to lead independent lives. Barrier-free handrails play a crucial role in facilitating mobility and accessibility, providing support and stability in various settings. As a result, there is a rising demand for innovative and aesthetically pleasing handrail solutions that blend seamlessly with modern architectural designs while ensuring functionality.

From a regional perspective, North America and Europe are expected to dominate the barrier-free handrails market owing to well-established regulations, higher awareness levels, and significant investments in accessible infrastructure. The Asia Pacific region is anticipated to witness substantial growth due to rapid urbanization, increasing construction activities, and rising awareness about accessibility. The market in Latin America and the Middle East & Africa is also projected to grow steadily, driven by government initiatives and improving economic conditions.

Product Type Analysis

The barrier-free handrails market can be segmented by product type into wall-mounted handrails, floor-mounted handrails, and integrated handrails. Wall-mounted handrails are the most commonly used type due to their versatility and ease of installation. They are widely adopted in residential, commercial, and public infrastructure settings, providing essential support along corridors, staircases, and ramps. The demand for wall-mounted handrails is expected to remain robust, driven by their cost-effectiveness and extensive application in various environments.

Floor-mounted handrails, on the other hand, are gaining traction for their stability and support in areas where wall-mounted options are not feasible. These handrails are particularly useful in large open spaces, such as airports, train stations, and hospitals, where wall attachments are impractical. The growing focus on safety and accessibility in such public spaces is likely to drive the demand for floor-mounted handrails. Moreover, advancements in design and materials are enhancing the aesthetic appeal of floor-mounted options, making them a popular choice in modern architectural projects.

Integrated handrails represent an innovative segment in the barrier-free handrails market. These handrails are designed to be seamlessly incorporated into various elements of the built environment, such as furniture, walls, and other structures. The integration of handrails into the design of publi

Despite vigorous debates about the meaning and significance of globalisation, it is broadly agreed that there has been a recent trend for relatively closed economies and societies to open up and become more integrated/exposed. This project focuses on this narrower theme of economic and cultural openness. It will investigate public attitudes towards openness within selected developing / transitional countries in east Asia and east Europe. For the purposes of this research, support for openness is defined broadly to include accepting, tolerating, even perhaps welcoming and celebrating foreign ideas, foreign customs, symbols, capital, and personnel (including internationally mobile professionals and managers, rich tourists, foreign employers, poor immigrants and guest workers). The project will use survey/focus-group methods rather than the ethnographic methods which have been more conventional for research in this area. We regard these alternative approaches as complementary, but the balance has tilted so far towards ethnographic methods that the potential contribution of carefully designed surveys/focus-groups, along with their emphasis on the broad mass of the unorganised public, has been neglected. From a democratic perspective, public opinion in developing/transitional countries is important in itself. But it also constitutes the background against which elites and activists must operate. And it is also important for development, since public resistance to outside influences can affect political stability, thereby encouraging protectionism and discouraging inward investment. Even veteran critics of free-market forces now accept that there is no plausible alternative to the market economy. But there remains a consensus that opening-up economies has not so far helped the poor and weak as much as it should. It has spurred development in the short run, but in a form that threatens longer-term development. The increasing inequality and corruption associated with recent patterns of development is alleged to lead to social conflict as losers interpret greater inequality as greater unfairness. And stability-seeking investors then avoid areas of conflict. Economists focus on resistance to economic openness. But others argue that the central problem of todays global interactions is the tension between cultural homogenization and cultural heterogenization and cultural fright can also threaten economic development. A strong sense of national/cultural identity can reinforce social cohesion and aid development in the short-term. But the openness that goes with development may provoke fears (justified or not) that national/cultural identity is threatened, stimulate economic protectionism as a by-product of cultural protectionism, and thus threaten longer-term economic development. Greater emphasis on social safety nets and measures to root out corruption are advocated in order to offset some of the naturally perverse distributional and social consequences of globalisation that threaten long-term stability. However, it is public support for (or resistance to) openness that is the key socio-political precondition for future development rather than the specific factors that influence it. Perceptions of increasing inequality, for example, are likely to have little effect on the political conditions for development if inequality is attributed to chance, to misfortune, or to circumstances beyond anyones control. In a similar way perceptions of corruption, environmental damage or cultural threat may have very different consequences depending upon the way in which they are viewed by the public. How ordinary citizens feel about the downside of development, quite apart from the downside itself, may have a significant impact on its sustainability. These feelings are likely to reflect local traditions, identities, expectations, and leadership quite apart from the nature and scale of economic trends themselves. Even amongst those who have experienced the downside of development and are consciously aware of it, their thirst for development may outweigh their resentment. The translation from economic statistics to public opinion is never simple and automatic. It is an empirical question. Public resistance to globalisation may evoke images of riots at international conferences in the relative luxury of Seattle, Prague or Davos. Such events are worth study. But our focus is on a different, less visible, less organised, less international and less politically-conscious public - and on a different, less visible, less organised and far more local concept of resistance. Events, elites, activists and special cases are interesting and important but not all-important. Quite apart from the intrinsic importance of the ordinary public in a democratic perspective, elites and activists operate against the background of the wider public. And it is this wider public that we wish to understand. A focus on this wider and less visible, less organised and less politically-conscious