In China, ************** of the respondents in a survey were optimistic about the future. This compares to less than ** percent in Japan and only about ********* in Italy, the Netherlands, and France. Worldwide, just above ** percent of the respondents felt optimistic about the future.

According to a survey conducted in Africa in June 2022, ** percent of the respondents in Nigeria were definitely optimistic about their personal future. This was the highest share among the selected African countries. Respondents in Zambia, Kenya, and Guinea were also very optimistic about their future, with shares exceeding ** percent. In contrast, Morocco recorded the lowest percentage: Only around a ****** of the surveyed population was definitely positive about their personal future.

Respondents in Asia and Latin America were quite optimistic about the global economy being stronger in 2025 than in 2024. In Indonesia, for instance, more than ** percent of the respondents believed that the global economy would improve in 2025. Meanwhile, people in Europe were more pessimistic, with Ireland and Romania being the only countries where more than **** of the respondents believed in a stronger global economy in 2025.

According to a survey conducted in November 2020 among locals of the 47 prefectures in Japan, people in Iwate and Akita were the least optimistic in the country, with only eleven percent claiming to be an optimistic person. The survey results revealed that residents in Okinawa were the most optimistic in the country, with approximately 30 percent of participants considering themselves an optimist.

Abstract

The World Bank is interested in gauging the views of clients and partners who are either involved in development in China or who observe activities related to social and economic development. The World Bank Country Assessment Survey is meant to give the Bank's team that works in China, more in-depth insight into how the Bank's work is perceived. This is one tool the Bank uses to assess the views of its critical stakeholders. With this understanding, the World Bank hopes to develop more effective strategies, outreach and programs that support development in China. The World Bank commissioned an independent firm to oversee the logistics of this effort in China.

The survey was designed to achieve the following objectives: - Assist the World Bank in gaining a better understanding of how stakeholders in China perceive the Bank; - Obtain systematic feedback from stakeholders in China regarding: · Their views regarding the general environment in China; · Their perceived overall value of the World Bank in China; · Overall impressions of the World Bank as related to programs, poverty reduction, personal relationships, effectiveness, knowledge base, collaboration, and its day-to-day operation; and · Perceptions of the World Bank's communication and outreach in China. - Use data to help inform the China country team's strategy.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

Stakeholder

Universe

Stakeholders of the World Bank in China

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

December 2011 thru March 2012, 518 stakeholders of the World Bank in China were invited to provide their opinions on the Bank's assistance to the country by participating in a country survey. Participants in the survey were drawn from among employees of a ministry or ministerial department of central government; local government officials or staff; project management offices at the central and local level; the central bank; financial sector/banks; NGOs; regulatory agencies; state-owned enterprises; bilateral or multilateral agencies; private sector organizations; consultants/contractors working on World Bank supported projects/programs; the media; and academia, research institutes or think tanks.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The Questionnaire consists of 8 Sections: 1. Background Information: The first section asked respondents for their current position; specialization; familiarity, exposure to, and involvement with the Bank; and geographic location.

1. General Issues facing China: Respondents were asked to indicate what they thought were the most important development priorities, which areas would contribute most to poverty reduction and economic growth in China, as well as rating their perspective on the future of the next generation in China.

2. Overall Attitudes toward the World Bank: Respondents were asked to rate the Bank's overall effectiveness in China, the extent to which the Bank's financial instruments meet China's needs, the extent to which the Bank meets China's need for knowledge services, and their agreement with various statements regarding the Bank's programs, poverty mission, relationships, and collaborations in China. Respondents were also asked to indicate the areas on which it would be most productive for the Bank to focus its resources and research, what the Bank's level of involvement should be, and what they felt were the Bank's greatest values and greatest weaknesses in its work.

3. The Work of the World Bank: Respondents were asked to rate their level of importance and the Bank's level of effectiveness across fifteen areas in which the Bank was involved, such as helping to reduce poverty and encouraging greater transparency in governance.

4. The Way the World Bank does Business: Respondents were asked to rate the Bank's level of effectiveness in the way it does business, including the Bank's knowledge, personal relationships, collaborations, and poverty mission.

5. Project/Program Related Issues: Respondents were asked to rate their level of agreement with a series of statements regarding the Bank's programs, day-to-day operations, and collaborations in China.

6. The Future of the World Bank in China: Respondents were asked to rate how significant a role the Bank should play in China's development and to indicate what the Bank could do to make itself of greater value and what the greatest obstacle was to the Bank playing a significant role in China.

7. Communication and Outreach: Respondents were asked to indicate where they get information about development issues and the Bank's development activities in China, as well as how they prefer to receive information from the Bank. Respondents were also asked to indicate their usage of the Bank's website and PICs, and to evaluate these communication and outreach efforts.

Response rate

A total of 207 stakeholders participated in the country survey (40%).

According to a survey conducted in Africa in June 2022, almost ** percent of the respondents in Guinea were definitely optimistic about their country|s future. This was the highest share among the selected African countries. Respondents in Zambia, Nigeria, and Mali were also very optimistic about their country's future, with shares exceeding ** percent.

Abstract

The World Bank is interested in gauging the views of clients and partners who are either involved in development in Ethiopia or who observe activities related to social and economic development. The World Bank Country Assessment Survey is meant to give the Bank's team that works in Ethiopia, more in-depth insight into how the Bank's work is perceived. This is one tool the Bank uses to assess the views of its critical stakeholders. With this understanding, the World Bank hopes to develop more effective strategies, outreach and programs that support development in Ethiopia. The World Bank commissioned an independent firm to oversee the logistics of this effort in Ethiopia.

The survey was designed to achieve the following objectives: - Assist the World Bank in gaining a better understanding of how stakeholders in Ethiopia perceive the Bank; - Obtain systematic feedback from stakeholders in Ethiopia regarding: · Their views regarding the general environment in Ethiopia; · Their perceived overall value of the World Bank in Ethiopia; · Overall impressions of the World Bank as related to programs, poverty reduction, personal relationships, effectiveness, knowledge base, collaboration, and its day-to-day operation; and · Perceptions of the World Bank's communication and outreach in Ethiopia. - Use data to help inform the Ethiopia country team's strategy.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

Stakeholder

Universe

Stakeholders of the World Bank in Ethiopia

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

In December 2011, 620 stakeholders of the World Bank in Ethiopia were invited to provide their opinions on the Bank's assistance to the country by participating in a country survey. Participants in the survey were drawn from among the office of the President or Prime Minister; the office of a Minister; the office of a Parliamentarian; employees of a ministry, ministerial department, or implementation agency; consultants/contractors working on World Bank supported projects/programs; project management units (PMUs); local government officials or staff; bilateral or multilateral agencies; private sector organizations; NGOs (including CBOs); the media; independent government institutions; trade unions; academia, research institutes or think tanks; and the judiciary.

Mode of data collection

Mail Questionnaire [mail]

Research instrument

The Questionnaire consists of 8 Sections:

1. Background Information: The first section asked respondents for their current position; specialization; familiarity, exposure to, and involvement with the Bank; geographic location; and age.

2. General Issues facing Ethiopia: Respondents were asked to indicate what they thought were the most important development priorities, which areas would contribute most to poverty reduction and economic growth in Ethiopia, whether Ethiopia is headed in the right direction, and whether the economy and standard living has improved in the past five years, as well as rating the extent to which Ethiopia was headed in the right direction in terms of specific development areas.

3. Overall Attitudes toward the World Bank: Respondents were asked to rate the extent to which the Bank meets Ethiopia's need for knowledge services, the extent to which the Bank encourages the government to see through reforms, and their agreement with various statements regarding the Bank's programs, poverty mission, relationships, and collaborations in Ethiopia. Respondents were also asked to indicate the areas on which it would be most productive for the Bank to focus its resources and research, what the Bank's level of involvement should be, what they felt were the Bank's greatest values and greatest weaknesses in its work, and with which groups the Bank should work more.

4. The Work of the World Bank: Respondents were asked to rate their level of importance and the Bank's level of effectiveness across twenty-two areas in which the Bank was involved, such as helping to reduce poverty and encouraging greater transparency in governance.

5. The Way the World Bank does Business: Respondents were asked to rate the Bank's level of effectiveness in the way it does business, including the Bank's knowledge, personal relationships, collaborations, and poverty mission.

6. Project/Program Related Issues: Respondents were asked to rate their level of agreement with a series of statements regarding the Bank's programs, day-to-day operations, and collaborations in Ethiopia.

7. The Future of the World Bank in Ethiopia: Respondents were asked to rate how significant a role the Bank should play in Ethiopia's development and to indicate what the Bank could to make itself of greater value and to what reasons respondents attributed failed or slow reform efforts.

8. Communication and Outreach: Respondents were asked to indicate where they get information about development issues and the Bank's development activities in Ethiopia, as well as how they prefer to receive information from the Bank. Respondents were also asked to indicate their usage of the Bank's website, PICs, and Development Information Corners, and to evaluate these communication and outreach efforts.

Response rate

A total of 326 stakeholders participated in the country survey (53%).

This dataset presents the top songs currently trending for over 70 countries.

Top 50 songs for each country is updated daily to provide the most up-to-date information on the popularity of songs in the world.

If you find this dataset helpful, don't forget to leave a upvote ❤️🎧

Interesting Task Ideas:

1. Identify the most popular genres of music in different countries over time.
2. Analyze the change in rankings of songs over time to identify trends and patterns.
3. Investigate whether there is a correlation between song popularity and its danceability or energy level.
4. Explore the relationship between the explicitness of songs and their popularity.
5. Analyze the relationship between song features (such as acousticness or instrumentalness) and their popularity.
6. Predict the future popularity of songs based on historical data and machine learning algorithms.
7. Compare the top songs in different countries to identify cultural music preferences.

NOTES

• Data may be missing / incomplete from 2024-11-27 to 2024-12-09 due to Spotify API changes.

Abstract

Estache and Goicoechea present an infrastructure database that was assembled from multiple sources. Its main purposes are: (i) to provide a snapshot of the sector as of the end of 2004; and (ii) to facilitate quantitative analytical research on infrastructure sectors. The related working paper includes definitions, source information and the data available for 37 performance indicators that proxy access, affordability and quality of service (most recent data as of June 2005). Additionally, the database includes a snapshot of 15 reform indicators across infrastructure sectors.

This is a first attempt, since the effort made in the World Development Report 1994, at generating a database on infrastructure sectors and it needs to be recognized as such. This database is not a state of the art output—this is being worked on by sector experts on a different time table. The effort has however generated a significant amount of new information. The database already provides enough information to launch a much more quantitative debate on the state of infrastructure. But much more is needed and by circulating this information at this stage, we hope to be able to generate feedback and fill the major knowledge gaps and inconsistencies we have identified.

Geographic coverage

The database covers the following countries: - Afghanistan - Albania - Algeria - American Samoa - Andorra - Angola - Antigua and Barbuda - Argentina - Armenia - Aruba - Australia - Austria - Azerbaijan - Bahamas, The - Bahrain - Bangladesh - Barbados - Belarus - Belgium - Belize - Benin - Bermuda - Bhutan - Bolivia - Bosnia and Herzegovina - Botswana - Brazil - Brunei - Bulgaria - Burkina Faso - Burundi - Cambodia - Cameroon - Canada - Cape Verde - Cayman Islands - Central African Republic - Chad - Channel Islands - Chile - China - Colombia - Comoros - Congo, Dem. Rep. - Congo, Rep. - Costa Rica - Cote d'Ivoire - Croatia - Cuba - Cyprus - Czech Republic - Denmark - Djibouti - Dominica - Dominican Republic - Ecuador - Egypt, Arab Rep. - El Salvador - Equatorial Guinea - Eritrea - Estonia - Ethiopia - Faeroe Islands - Fiji - Finland - France - French Polynesia - Gabon - Gambia, The - Georgia - Germany - Ghana - Greece - Greenland - Grenada - Guam - Guatemala - Guinea - Guinea-Bissau - Guyana - Haiti - Honduras - Hong Kong, China - Hungary - Iceland - India - Indonesia - Iran, Islamic Rep. - Iraq - Ireland - Isle of Man - Israel - Italy - Jamaica - Japan - Jordan - Kazakhstan - Kenya - Kiribati - Korea, Dem. Rep. - Korea, Rep. - Kuwait - Kyrgyz Republic - Lao PDR - Latvia - Lebanon - Lesotho - Liberia - Libya - Liechtenstein - Lithuania - Luxembourg - Macao, China - Macedonia, FYR - Madagascar - Malawi - Malaysia - Maldives - Mali - Malta - Marshall Islands - Mauritania - Mauritius - Mayotte - Mexico - Micronesia, Fed. Sts. - Moldova - Monaco - Mongolia - Morocco - Mozambique - Myanmar - Namibia - Nepal - Netherlands - Netherlands Antilles - New Caledonia - New Zealand - Nicaragua - Niger - Nigeria - Northern Mariana Islands - Norway - Oman - Pakistan - Palau - Panama - Papua New Guinea - Paraguay - Peru - Philippines - Poland - Portugal - Puerto Rico - Qatar - Romania - Russian Federation - Rwanda - Samoa - San Marino - Sao Tome and Principe - Saudi Arabia - Senegal - Seychelles - Sierra Leone - Singapore - Slovak Republic - Slovenia - Solomon Islands - Somalia - South Africa - Spain - Sri Lanka - St. Kitts and Nevis - St. Lucia - St. Vincent and the Grenadines - Sudan - Suriname - Swaziland - Sweden - Switzerland - Syrian Arab Republic - Tajikistan - Tanzania - Thailand - Togo - Tonga - Trinidad and Tobago - Tunisia - Turkey - Turkmenistan - Uganda - Ukraine - United Arab Emirates - United Kingdom - United States - Uruguay - Uzbekistan - Vanuatu - Venezuela, RB - Vietnam - Virgin Islands (U.S.) - West Bank and Gaza - Yemen, Rep. - Yugoslavia, FR (Serbia/Montenegro) - Zambia - Zimbabwe

Kind of data

Aggregate data [agg]

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Response rate

Sector Performance Indicators

Energy The energy sector is relatively well covered by the database, at least in terms of providing a relatively recent snapshot for the main policy areas. The best covered area is access where data are available for 2000 for about 61% of the 207 countries included in the database. The technical quality indicator is available for 60% of the countries, and at least one of the perceived quality indicators is available for 40% of the countries. Price information is available for about 41% of the countries, distinguishing between residential and non residential.

Water & Sanitation Because the sector is part of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), it enjoys a lot of effort on data generation in terms of the access rates. The WHO is the main engine behind this effort in collaboration with the multilateral and bilateral aid agencies. The coverage is actually quite high -some national, urban and rural information is available for 75 to 85% of the countries- but there are significant concerns among the research community about the fact that access rates have been measured without much consideration to the quality of access level. The data on technical quality are only available for 27% of the countries. There are data on perceived quality for roughly 39% of the countries but it cannot be used to qualify the information provided by the raw access rates (i.e. access 3 hours a day is not equivalent to access 24 hours a day).

Information and Communication Technology The ICT sector is probably the best covered among the infrastructure sub-sectors to a large extent thanks to the fact that the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) has taken on the responsibility to collect the data. ITU covers a wide spectrum of activity under the communications heading and its coverage ranges from 85 to 99% for all national access indicators. The information on prices needed to make assessments of affordability is also quite extensive since it covers roughly 85 to 95% of the 207 countries. With respect to quality, the coverage of technical indicators is over 88% while the information on perceived quality is only available for roughly 40% of the countries.

Transport The transport sector is possibly the least well covered in terms of the service orientation of infrastructure indicators. Regarding access, network density is the closest approximation to access to the service and is covered at a rate close to 90% for roads but only at a rate of 50% for rail. The relevant data on prices only cover about 30% of the sample for railways. Some type of technical quality information is available for 86% of the countries. Quality perception is only available for about 40% of the countries.

Institutional Reform Indicators

Electricity The data on electricity policy reform were collected from the following sources: ABS Electricity Deregulation Report (2004), AEI-Brookings telecommunications and electricity regulation database (2003), Bacon (1999), Estache and Gassner (2004), Estache, Trujillo, and Tovar de la Fe (2004), Global Regulatory Network Program (2004), Henisz et al. (2003), International Porwer Finance Review (2003-04), International Power and Utilities Finance Review (2004-05), Kikukawa (2004), Wallsten et al. (2004), World Bank Caribbean Infrastructure Assessment (2004), World Bank Global Energy Sector Reform in Developing Countries (1999), World Bank staff, and country regulators. The coverage for the three types of institutional indicators is quite good for the electricity sector. For regulatory institutions and private participation in generation and distribution, the coverage is about 80% of the 207 counties. It is somewhat lower on the market structure with only 58%.

Water & Sanitation The data on water policy reform were collected from the following sources: ABS Water and Waste Utilities of the World (2004), Asian Developing Bank (2000), Bayliss (2002), Benoit (2004), Budds and McGranahan (2003), Hall, Bayliss, and Lobina (2002), Hall and Lobina (2002), Hall, Lobina, and De La Mote (2002), Halpern (2002), Lobina (2001), World Bank Caribbean Infrastructure Assessment (2004), World Bank Sector Note on Water Supply and Sanitation for Infrastructure in EAP (2004), and World Bank staff. The coverage for institutional reforms in W&S is not as exhaustive as for the other utilities. Information on the regulatory institutions responsible for large utilities is available for about 67% of the countries. Ownership data are available for about 70% of the countries. There is no information on the market structure good enough to be reported here at this stage. In most countries small scale operators are important private actors but there is no systematic record of their existence. Most of the information available on their role and importance is only anecdotal.

Information and Communication Technology The report Trends in Telecommunications Reform from ITU (revised by World Bank staff) is the main source of information for this sector. The information on institutional reforms in the sector is however not as exhaustive as it is for its sector performance indicators. While the coverage on the regulatory institutions is 100%, it varies between 76 and 90% of the countries for more of the other indicators. Quite surprisingly also, in contrast to what is available for other sectors, it proved difficult to obtain data on the timing of reforms and of the creation of the regulatory agencies.

Transport Information on transport institutions and reforms is not systematically generated by any agency. Even though more data are needed to have a more comprenhensive picture of the transport sector, it was possible to collect data on railways policy reform from Janes World Railways (2003-04) and complement it with

The future of the European Union is a subject that can divide opinion. Some eurosceptic voices have been prophesizing the downfall of the bloc since at least the Eurozone crisis of the early 2010s and the UK's decision to leave the EU in 2016. On the other hand, federalists put forward the idea that European integration is once more moving forward towards "ever closer union", after Covid-19 and the Russian invasion of Ukraine pushed the union into action on a number of key policy issues, such as with the Covid economic stimulus and the energy measures in 2022 to replace Russian oil and gas. What can be seen in recent polling of European citizens is that there is significant variation between member states and different regions in the EU. The future of the EU: the citizens' perspectives Countries such as Ireland, Austria, Denmark, Bulgaria, and Lithuania show very high levels of optimism towards the future of the union, with 77 percent of Irish respondents being optimistic, the highest share for any member state together with Poland. These countries, while being diverse, share some commonalities, mostly being smaller member states with populations of around five million or less (except for Poland), suggesting that European integration may be perceived as more necessary in some smaller countries. Conversely, Greece, France, and Cyrpus all have a majority of respondents stating they feel pessimistic about the future of the EU. Again, these countries defy being lumped into one narrative about what causes this attitude among their citizens. One unifying thread could be that they have all experienced economic problems since the global financial crisis, great recession, and Eurozone crisis, although these issues are much more prevalent in Greece and Cyprus than in France. As France is one of the major powers in the EU, the negative outlook of its citizenry may not bode well for European cooperation in the coming years, which requires French leadership along with other powers such as Germany, Italy, and Poland. On average, EU citizens were more optimistic than pessimistic about the future of the union in 2024.

COVID-19 Trends MethodologyOur goal is to analyze and present daily updates in the form of recent trends within countries, states, or counties during the COVID-19 global pandemic. The data we are analyzing is taken directly from the Johns Hopkins University Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases Dashboard, though we expect to be one day behind the dashboard’s live feeds to allow for quality assurance of the data.Revisions added on 4/23/2020 are highlighted.Revisions added on 4/30/2020 are highlighted.Discussion of our assertion of an abundance of caution in assigning trends in rural counties added 5/7/2020. Correction on 6/1/2020Methodology update on 6/2/2020: This sets the length of the tail of new cases to 6 to a maximum of 14 days, rather than 21 days as determined by the last 1/3 of cases. This was done to align trends and criteria for them with U.S. CDC guidance. The impact is areas transition into Controlled trend sooner for not bearing the burden of new case 15-21 days earlier.Reasons for undertaking this work:The popular online maps and dashboards show counts of confirmed cases, deaths, and recoveries by country or administrative sub-region. Comparing the counts of one country to another can only provide a basis for comparison during the initial stages of the outbreak when counts were low and the number of local outbreaks in each country was low. By late March 2020, countries with small populations were being left out of the mainstream news because it was not easy to recognize they had high per capita rates of cases (Switzerland, Luxembourg, Iceland, etc.). Additionally, comparing countries that have had confirmed COVID-19 cases for high numbers of days to countries where the outbreak occurred recently is also a poor basis for comparison.The graphs of confirmed cases and daily increases in cases were fit into a standard size rectangle, though the Y-axis for one country had a maximum value of 50, and for another country 100,000, which potentially misled people interpreting the slope of the curve. Such misleading circumstances affected comparing large population countries to small population counties or countries with low numbers of cases to China which had a large count of cases in the early part of the outbreak. These challenges for interpreting and comparing these graphs represent work each reader must do based on their experience and ability. Thus, we felt it would be a service to attempt to automate the thought process experts would use when visually analyzing these graphs, particularly the most recent tail of the graph, and provide readers with an a resulting synthesis to characterize the state of the pandemic in that country, state, or county.The lack of reliable data for confirmed recoveries and therefore active cases. Merely subtracting deaths from total cases to arrive at this figure progressively loses accuracy after two weeks. The reason is 81% of cases recover after experiencing mild symptoms in 10 to 14 days. Severe cases are 14% and last 15-30 days (based on average days with symptoms of 11 when admitted to hospital plus 12 days median stay, and plus of one week to include a full range of severely affected people who recover). Critical cases are 5% and last 31-56 days. Sources:U.S. CDC. April 3, 2020 Interim Clinical Guidance for Management of Patients with Confirmed Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Accessed online. Initial older guidance was also obtained online. Additionally, many people who recover may not be tested, and many who are, may not be tracked due to privacy laws. Thus, the formula used to compute an estimate of active cases is: Active Cases = 100% of new cases in past 14 days + 19% from past 15-30 days + 5% from past 31-56 days - total deaths.We’ve never been inside a pandemic with the ability to learn of new cases as they are confirmed anywhere in the world. After reviewing epidemiological and pandemic scientific literature, three needs arose. We need to specify which portions of the pandemic lifecycle this map cover. The World Health Organization (WHO) specifies six phases. The source data for this map begins just after the beginning of Phase 5: human to human spread and encompasses Phase 6: pandemic phase. Phase six is only characterized in terms of pre- and post-peak. However, these two phases are after-the-fact analyses and cannot ascertained during the event. Instead, we describe (below) a series of five trends for Phase 6 of the COVID-19 pandemic.Choosing terms to describe the five trends was informed by the scientific literature, particularly the use of epidemic, which signifies uncontrolled spread. The five trends are: Emergent, Spreading, Epidemic, Controlled, and End Stage. Not every locale will experience all five, but all will experience at least three: emergent, controlled, and end stage.This layer presents the current trends for the COVID-19 pandemic by country (or appropriate level). There are five trends:Emergent: Early stages of outbreak. Spreading: Early stages and depending on an administrative area’s capacity, this may represent a manageable rate of spread. Epidemic: Uncontrolled spread. Controlled: Very low levels of new casesEnd Stage: No New cases These trends can be applied at several levels of administration: Local: Ex., City, District or County – a.k.a. Admin level 2State: Ex., State or Province – a.k.a. Admin level 1National: Country – a.k.a. Admin level 0Recommend that at least 100,000 persons be represented by a unit; granted this may not be possible, and then the case rate per 100,000 will become more important.Key Concepts and Basis for Methodology: 10 Total Cases minimum threshold: Empirically, there must be enough cases to constitute an outbreak. Ideally, this would be 5.0 per 100,000, but not every area has a population of 100,000 or more. Ten, or fewer, cases are also relatively less difficult to track and trace to sources. 21 Days of Cases minimum threshold: Empirically based on COVID-19 and would need to be adjusted for any other event. 21 days is also the minimum threshold for analyzing the “tail” of the new cases curve, providing seven cases as the basis for a likely trend (note that 21 days in the tail is preferred). This is the minimum needed to encompass the onset and duration of a normal case (5-7 days plus 10-14 days). Specifically, a median of 5.1 days incubation time, and 11.2 days for 97.5% of cases to incubate. This is also driven by pressure to understand trends and could easily be adjusted to 28 days. Source used as basis:Stephen A. Lauer, MS, PhD *; Kyra H. Grantz, BA *; Qifang Bi, MHS; Forrest K. Jones, MPH; Qulu Zheng, MHS; Hannah R. Meredith, PhD; Andrew S. Azman, PhD; Nicholas G. Reich, PhD; Justin Lessler, PhD. 2020. The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation and Application. Annals of Internal Medicine DOI: 10.7326/M20-0504.New Cases per Day (NCD) = Measures the daily spread of COVID-19. This is the basis for all rates. Back-casting revisions: In the Johns Hopkins’ data, the structure is to provide the cumulative number of cases per day, which presumes an ever-increasing sequence of numbers, e.g., 0,0,1,1,2,5,7,7,7, etc. However, revisions do occur and would look like, 0,0,1,1,2,5,7,7,6. To accommodate this, we revised the lists to eliminate decreases, which make this list look like, 0,0,1,1,2,5,6,6,6.Reporting Interval: In the early weeks, Johns Hopkins' data provided reporting every day regardless of change. In late April, this changed allowing for days to be skipped if no new data was available. The day was still included, but the value of total cases was set to Null. The processing therefore was updated to include tracking of the spacing between intervals with valid values.100 News Cases in a day as a spike threshold: Empirically, this is based on COVID-19’s rate of spread, or r0 of ~2.5, which indicates each case will infect between two and three other people. There is a point at which each administrative area’s capacity will not have the resources to trace and account for all contacts of each patient. Thus, this is an indicator of uncontrolled or epidemic trend. Spiking activity in combination with the rate of new cases is the basis for determining whether an area has a spreading or epidemic trend (see below). Source used as basis:World Health Organization (WHO). 16-24 Feb 2020. Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Obtained online.Mean of Recent Tail of NCD = Empirical, and a COVID-19-specific basis for establishing a recent trend. The recent mean of NCD is taken from the most recent fourteen days. A minimum of 21 days of cases is required for analysis but cannot be considered reliable. Thus, a preference of 42 days of cases ensures much higher reliability. This analysis is not explanatory and thus, merely represents a likely trend. The tail is analyzed for the following:Most recent 2 days: In terms of likelihood, this does not mean much, but can indicate a reason for hope and a basis to share positive change that is not yet a trend. There are two worthwhile indicators:Last 2 days count of new cases is less than any in either the past five or 14 days. Past 2 days has only one or fewer new cases – this is an extremely positive outcome if the rate of testing has continued at the same rate as the previous 5 days or 14 days. Most recent 5 days: In terms of likelihood, this is more meaningful, as it does represent at short-term trend. There are five worthwhile indicators:Past five days is greater than past 2 days and past 14 days indicates the potential of the past 2 days being an aberration. Past five days is greater than past 14 days and less than past 2 days indicates slight positive trend, but likely still within peak trend time frame.Past five days is less than the past 14 days. This means a downward trend. This would be an

The survey shows that the impact of the financial crisis has levelled off in most EU Member States. For example, the proportion of citizens saying they are having serious financial problems remains constant at the EU level and in most of the individual countries. Compared to the previous wave in December 2009, a similar number of citizens (23%) feel that their household situation will deteriorate in the next 12 months. The most pessimism is seen in Greece; this could also be due to the country being under intense economic and media pressure at the time of the survey. Overall, the crisis has had the most impact in southern and eastern European countries. Citizens in the Nordic countries remain optimistic about both the present situation and future economic developments. #####The results by volumes are distributed as follows: * Volume A: Countries * Volume AA: Groups of countries * Volume A' (AP): Trends * Volume AA' (AAP): Trends of groups of countries * Volume B: EU/socio-demographics * Volume C: Country/socio-demographics ---- Researchers may also contact GESIS - Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences: http://www.gesis.org/en/home/

Zambia is simultaneously amongst the poorest and the most unequal countries in the world. In 2022, 64.3 percent of the population—about 12.6 million individuals—was living on less than US$2.15 a day. This level is not only the 6th highest in the world but it is also misaligned with the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita level. In four of the five poorer countries, GDP per capita is between one-quarter and one-half of Zambia’s GDP per capita. The remaining country is South Sudan, which is immersed in a protracted fragility and conflict situation. At the same time, consumption inequality is high, even when compared with the sub-group of highly unequal resource-rich countries. In 2022, the Gini index stood at 51.5—significantly above the World Bank’s newly adopted high-inequality threshold of 40. This places Zambia as the country with the 4th highest inequality in the region and the 6th highest globally. Resource-rich countries with similar or higher inequality have substantially lower poverty levels.

Research in recent years has revealed the rate of premature and avoidable deaths from suicide and drug/‌alcohol misuse is rising in the United States. These are sometimes referred to as deaths of despair based on evidence that they are concentrated in relatively poor communities with less access to social resources and low labor force participation. The pattern was first noted in middle-aged White men but seems to be gradually spreading to other ethnic groups. As a first step in establishing a psychological response to this public health issue, the present article summarizes two studies that compared psychological variables to demographics as predictors of hopefulness. A number of intriguing findings emerged. Despite concerns about American despair and conflict, U.S. residents proved the most hopeful among residents of eight countries. Low-income Americans are particularly hopeful except for low-income Whites. Positive character traits and primal beliefs about the world generally proved to be better predictors of hope than ethnicity, financial status, or their interaction. A number of relationships were found between psychological variables and community demographics. The findings as a group suggest hopefulness is driven more by psychological variables than by life circumstances. It is suggested that psychologists could play an important role in the study of this topic by implementing programs intended to enhance hopefulness in impoverished populations, and by encouraging an intentional communal focus on the importance of enhancing well-being.

Turkey ND: Business Course: Compared to Previous Mth: More Optimistic data was reported at 5.600 Point in Apr 2020. This records a decrease from the previous number of 11.400 Point for Mar 2020. Turkey ND: Business Course: Compared to Previous Mth: More Optimistic data is updated monthly, averaging 11.350 Point from Jan 2007 (Median) to Apr 2020, with 160 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 26.100 Point in Feb 2007 and a record low of 1.800 Point in Dec 2008. Turkey ND: Business Course: Compared to Previous Mth: More Optimistic data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.S014: Business Tendency Survey: Non Durable Consumer Goods: Weighted: NACE Rev2.

As of May 2, 2023, the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) had been confirmed in almost every country and territory around the world. There had been roughly 687 million cases and 6.86 million deaths.

Vaccine approval in the United States The United States has recorded more coronavirus infections and deaths than any other country in the world. The regulatory agency in the country authorized three COVID-19 vaccines for emergency use. Both the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines were approved in December 2020, while the Johnson & Johnson vaccine was approved in February 2021. As of April 26, 2023, the number of COVID-19 vaccine doses administered in the U.S. had reached 675 million.

The difference between vaccines and antivirals Medications can help with the symptoms of viruses, but it is the role of the immune system to take care of them over time. However, the use of vaccines and antivirals can help the immune system in doing its job. The most tried and tested vaccine method is to inject an inactive or weakened form of a virus, encouraging the immune system to produce protective antibodies. The immune system keeps the virus in its memory, and if the real one appears, the body will recognize it and attack it more efficiently. Antivirals are designed to help target viruses, limiting their ability to reproduce and spread to other cells. They are used by patients who are already infected by a virus and can make the infection less severe.

Research in recent years has revealed the rate of premature and avoidable deaths from suicide and drug/‌alcohol misuse is rising in the United States. These are sometimes referred to as deaths of despair based on evidence that they are concentrated in relatively poor communities with less access to social resources and low labor force participation. The pattern was first noted in middle-aged White men but seems to be gradually spreading to other ethnic groups. As a first step in establishing a psychological response to this public health issue, the present article summarizes two studies that compared psychological variables to demographics as predictors of hopefulness. A number of intriguing findings emerged. Despite concerns about American despair and conflict, U.S. residents proved the most hopeful among residents of eight countries. Low-income Americans are particularly hopeful except for low-income Whites. Positive character traits and primal beliefs about the world generally proved to be better predictors of hope than ethnicity, financial status, or their interaction. A number of relationships were found between psychological variables and community demographics. The findings as a group suggest hopefulness is driven more by psychological variables than by life circumstances. It is suggested that psychologists could play an important role in the study of this topic by implementing programs intended to enhance hopefulness in impoverished populations, and by encouraging an intentional communal focus on the importance of enhancing well-being.

Turkey FB: Business Course: Compared to Previous Mth: More Optimistic data was reported at 7.800 Point in Apr 2020. This records a decrease from the previous number of 12.100 Point for Mar 2020. Turkey FB: Business Course: Compared to Previous Mth: More Optimistic data is updated monthly, averaging 12.000 Point from Jan 2007 (Median) to Apr 2020, with 160 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 36.800 Point in Feb 2007 and a record low of 1.800 Point in Dec 2008. Turkey FB: Business Course: Compared to Previous Mth: More Optimistic data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.S015: Business Tendency Survey: Food and Beverages: Weighted: NACE Rev2.

Turkey CG: Business Course: Compared to Prev Mth: More Optimistic data was reported at 4.900 Point in Apr 2020. This records a decrease from the previous number of 11.900 Point for Mar 2020. Turkey CG: Business Course: Compared to Prev Mth: More Optimistic data is updated monthly, averaging 12.250 Point from Jan 2007 (Median) to Apr 2020, with 160 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 24.300 Point in Jan 2007 and a record low of 1.500 Point in Dec 2008. Turkey CG: Business Course: Compared to Prev Mth: More Optimistic data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.S013: Business Tendency Survey: Consumer Goods: Weighted: NACE Rev2.

Turkey DG: Business Course: Compared to Previous Mth: More Optimistic data was reported at 6.700 Point in Apr 2020. This records an increase from the previous number of 3.000 Point for Mar 2020. Turkey DG: Business Course: Compared to Previous Mth: More Optimistic data is updated monthly, averaging 11.300 Point from Jan 2007 (Median) to Apr 2020, with 156 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 62.500 Point in Jul 2010 and a record low of 0.200 Point in Dec 2018. Turkey DG: Business Course: Compared to Previous Mth: More Optimistic data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.S014: Business Tendency Survey: Durable Consumer Goods: Weighted: NACE Rev2.