The two countries with the greatest shares of the world's Jewish population are the United States and Israel. The United States had been a hub of Jewish immigration since the nineteenth century, as Jewish people sought to escape persecution in Europe by emigrating across the Atlantic. The Jewish population in the U.S. is largely congregated in major urban areas, such as New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago, with the New York metropolitan area being the city with the second largest Jewish population worldwide, after Tel Aviv, Israel. Israel is the world's only officially Jewish state, having been founded in 1948 following the first Arab-Israeli War. While Jews had been emigrating to the holy lands since the nineteenth century, when they were controlled by the Ottoman Empire, immigration increased rapidly following the establishment of the state of Israel. Jewish communities in Eastern Europe who had survived the Holocaust saw Israel as a haven from persecution, while the state encouraged immigration from Jewish communities in other regions, notably the Middle East & North Africa. Smaller Jewish communities remain in Europe in countries such as France, the UK, and Germany, and in other countries which were hotspots for Jewish migration in the twentieth century, such as Canada and Argentina.

The Jewish population of Europe decreased dramatically during the 20th century, as millions of Jews were killed during the Holocaust of the Second World War, while millions of others emigrated to escape persecution (notably to Israel and the U.S.). Some estimates suggest that the total number of Jews in Europe in 1933 was approximately 9.5 million people, with the majority of these living in Eastern Europe. Jews were a minority in most countries, however they still made up a significant portion of the population in countries such as Hungary, Poland and Romania. Following the war however, the Jewish populations in these countries dropped drastically, and by the end of the century they made up just 0.1 percent or less in several countries.

The Holocaust was the systematic extermination of Europe's Jewish population in the Second World War, during which time, up to six million Jews were murdered as part of Nazi Germany's "Final Solution to the Jewish Question". In the context of the Second World War, the term "Holocaust" is traditionally used to reference the genocide of Europe's Jews, although this coincided with the Nazi regime's genocide and ethnic cleansing of an additional eleven million people deemed "undesirable" due to their ethnicity, beliefs, disability or sexuality (among others). During the Holocaust, Poland's Jewish population suffered the largest number of fatalities, with approximately three million deaths. Additionally, at least one million Jews were murdered in the Soviet Union, while Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands and Yugoslavia also lost the majority of their respective pre-war Jewish populations. The Holocaust in Poland In the interwar period, Europe's Jewish population was concentrated in the east, with roughly one third living in Poland; this can be traced back to the Middle Ages, when thousands of Jews flocked to Eastern Europe to escape persecution. At the outbreak of the Second World War, it is estimated that there were 3.4 million Jews living in Poland, which was approximately ten percent of the total population. Following the German invasion of Poland, Nazi authorities then segregated Jews in ghettos across most large towns and cities, and expanded their network of concentration camps throughout the country. In the ghettos, civilians were deprived of food, and hundreds of thousands died due to disease and starvation; while prison labor was implemented under extreme conditions in concentration camps to fuel the German war effort. In Poland, six extermination camps were also operational between December 1941 and January 1945, which saw the mass extermination of approximately 2.7 million people over the next three years (including many non-Poles, imported from other regions of Europe). While concentration camps housed prisoners of all backgrounds, extermination camps were purpose-built for the elimination of the Jewish race, and over 90% of their victims were Jewish. The majority of the victims in these extermination camps were executed by poison gas, although disease, starvation and overworking were also common causes of death. In addition to the camps and ghettos, SS death squads (Einsatzgruppen) and local collaborators also committed widespread atrocities across Eastern Europe. While the majority of these atrocities took place in the Balkan, Baltic and Soviet regions, they were still prevalent in Poland (particularly during the liquidation of the ghettos), and the Einsatzgruppen alone are estimated to have killed up to 1.3 million Jews throughout the Holocaust. By early 1945, Soviet forces had largely expelled the German armies from Poland and liberated the concentration and extermination camps; by this time, Poland had lost roughly ninety percent of its pre-war Jewish population, and suffered approximately three million further civilian and military deaths. By 1991, Poland's Jewish population was estimated to be just 15 thousand people, while there were fewer than two thousand Jews recorded as living in Poland in 2018.

The world's Jewish population has had a complex and tumultuous history over the past millennia, regularly dealing with persecution, pogroms, and even genocide. The legacy of expulsion and persecution of Jews, including bans on land ownership, meant that Jewish communities disproportionately lived in urban areas, working as artisans or traders, and often lived in their own settlements separate to the rest of the urban population. This separation contributed to the impression that events such as pandemics, famines, or economic shocks did not affect Jews as much as other populations, and such factors came to form the basis of the mistrust and stereotypes of wealth (characterized as greed) that have made up anti-Semitic rhetoric for centuries. Development since the Middle Ages The concentration of Jewish populations across the world has shifted across different centuries. In the Middle Ages, the largest Jewish populations were found in Palestine and the wider Levant region, with other sizeable populations in present-day France, Italy, and Spain. Later, however, the Jewish disapora became increasingly concentrated in Eastern Europe after waves of pogroms in the west saw Jewish communities move eastward. Poland in particular was often considered a refuge for Jews from the late-Middle Ages until the 18th century, when it was then partitioned between Austria, Prussia, and Russia, and persecution increased. Push factors such as major pogroms in the Russian Empire in the 19th century and growing oppression in the west during the interwar period then saw many Jews migrate to the United States in search of opportunity.

In 1995, Israel had a Jewish population of approximately 4.5 million people, of whom approximately 1.75 million were born abroad. Over one million of these immigrants were born in Europe, with over 650,000 of these born in the former Soviet Union. Despite Poland having the largest Jewish population in the world in the pre-WWII years, the number of Polish Jewish migrants and descendents in Israel was relatively small in 1995 when compared to the USSR due to the impact of the Holocaust.

Outside of Europe, Morocco had the largest number of Jewish immigrants and descendents in Israel by 1995. Morocco had the largest Jewish population in the Muslim world when Israel was founded in 1948, with over 250,000 people. Many Moroccan Jews sought to emigrate to Israel at this time, but often faced resistance from authorities and local populations who believed the Jews would join in the fight against the Arab forces seeking to establish a Muslim state in Palestine. The government of Morocco then officially prohibited emigration to Israel after gaining independence from France in 1956, however this policy was reversed in 1961 whereby the Moroccan government began facilitating Jewish emigration to Israel in return for payments from Jewish organizations in the U.S. and Israel. By the 1970s, Morocco's Jewish population had fallen to less than 15 percent of its size in 1948.

In the Middle Ages, it is believed the largest Jewish populations in the world were found in Asia, particularly across the Middle East. Of the estimated total Jewish population of 1.2 million people, over 80 percent are thought to have lived in Asia, while 13 percent lived in Europe, and the remaining six precent lived in (North) Africa. The largest populations were found on the Arabian peninsula, as well as Iran and Iraq, while the Near East (here referring to the Levant region) had a much smaller population, despite being the spiritual homeland of the Jewish people.

These figures are based on the records of Benjamin of Tudela, a Jewish traveller from the Middle Ages who provided one of the most comprehensive collections of population statistics from the period. Benjamin's writings not only recorded the number of Jews living across this part of the world, but also gave an insight into societal structures and the ordinary daily lives within Jewish communities in the medieval period. The source providing these figures, however, has adjusted some of the statistics to account for known populations that were missing from Benjamin of Tudela's records, especially in Europe and Asia.

With the heightened threat to Germany's Jewish population following the Nazi Party's ascent to power in 1933, many German Jews chose to flee or emigrate. In 1933, Germany's Jewish population was approximately 500,000 people; by the end of the war, it is estimated that 300,000 fled the country, and 165,000 were murdered in the Holocaust. In order to flee, most Jewish emigrants from Germany had to give up the majority of their wealth to the German state, whose emigration tax and seizure of property stripped Jews of their financial assets. Destination and transit For Germany's Jewish refugees, the most common destination country was the United States, and almost half of all these refugees would arrive in the U.S. over this 12 year period. As the United States had a strict quota of 27,000 German migrants per year, many refugees were forced to enter via other countries. France was the second most common destination country, receiving 100,000 refugees. However, France was also used as a transit country for German Jews wishing to travel further afield, especially after it was annexed by Germany in 1940. This was also true for several other European countries, such as the Netherlands, which had provided protection for German Jews in the mid-1930s, before rapidly becoming very unsafe following the outbreak of war in 1939. The Frank family Possibly the most famous example of this was the story of Anne Frank and her family. Anne had been born in Frankfurt, Germany in 1929, but her family moved to the Netherlands in 1934 after Hitler came to power. The family then led a relatively comfortable and successful life in Amsterdam, with her father, Otto, founding his own businesses. When the Netherlands was invaded by the Germans in 1940, the family tried to emigrate once more; Otto had been granted a single Cuban visa in 1942, but the family was forced to go into hiding as the restrictions tightened. For the next two years, with the help of non-Jewish friends, they lived in secret in the upper floor of Otto's business premises with several other Jewish refugees, in a small space concealed behind a bookcase. In August 1944, through unknown means, the group was betrayed and then arrested by Dutch authorities, and the Frank family was sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau thereafter. Anne's mother, Edith, died of starvation in Auschwitz within five months of her capture, while Anne and her sister, Margot, died one month later after being transferred to the Bergen-Belsen camp in Germany. Otto was the sole survivor of the group. Otto's secretary, Miep Gies, had saved Anne's diary the day after the group was arrested, which she then gave to Otto; he then devoted much of the remainder of his life to the publication and promotion of his daughter's diary, which has now become one of the most famous and widely-read books in recent history. Additionally, the hiding space is now open to the public, and has become one of the Netherlands' most popular tourist museums.

This statistic presents the results of a survey of European Jews in selected countries, asking if they had any personal experience of antisemitic harassment in 2018. Of respondents, 41 percent of Jews living in Germany said they had experienced antisemitic abuse in the previous 12 months, the most of any country.

The purpose of the study: assess knowledge of the Israeli population about Lithuania and its inhabitants. Major investigated questions: respondents were asked whether they heard about Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, whether they know much about these countries and could name their capitals, and finally whether they would like to visit these countries. Further, the questions were only related to Lithuania. It was wanted to know how much the respondents know about Lithuania and with which region they would most likely associate this country. Those who think that Lithuania is not worth a trip or who have doubts about visiting Lithuania were asked to give their reasons in group of questions. After a group of questions, respondents that formerly visited Lithuania were asked to answer what made them visit Lithuania, what they liked and what they did not like about the country. When asked to imagine that they were planning to visit a European country, and after being asked a group of questions, it was wanted to know what would have the most influence on such a decision. Respondents were asked to rate whether Lithuania's membership in the EU, NATO and the OECD was a positive or negative thing. Next, respondents rated the groups of statements about Lithuania. It was clarified whether they had seen the campaign "Lithuania. Real is beautiful". They were asked to answer which of the listed tourist attractions or activities would be interesting for them if they were to visit another country. It was investigated which positive and negative descriptions best describe Lithuanians. At the end of the survey, questions were asked about how often respondents travel abroad (including all types of travel: work, weekends, holidays) and who usually travels abroad with them. Socio-demographic characteristics: gender, age, place of residence, education, household income, occupation.

Kosher Beverages Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Kosher Beverages market size stood at USD 7.4 billion in 2024, reflecting robust demand and expanding consumer bases worldwide. The market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 5.7% from 2025 to 2033, reaching a forecasted value of USD 12.2 billion by 2033. This impressive growth trajectory is driven by increasing health awareness, rising demand for certified products, and the expanding adoption of Kosher standards beyond traditional Jewish communities. As per our latest research, the market is witnessing a significant uptick in product variety and distribution channels, further fueling its expansion.

One of the primary growth factors for the Kosher Beverages market is the rising consumer preference for clean-label and certified products. With growing concerns over food safety, authenticity, and transparency, consumers are increasingly seeking products that adhere to stringent certification standards. Kosher certification, which guarantees compliance with specific dietary laws and high standards of cleanliness and quality, has gained traction among not only Jewish consumers but also health-conscious individuals and those with dietary restrictions such as lactose intolerance or allergies. This broader appeal is pushing beverage manufacturers to obtain Kosher certifications, thereby expanding their market reach and driving overall growth.

Another significant driver is the globalization and premiumization of food and beverage consumption. As international cuisines and diverse dietary practices gain popularity, Kosher-certified beverages are finding acceptance across various cultural and religious demographics. The proliferation of modern retail formats, such as supermarkets, hypermarkets, and online platforms, has made Kosher beverages more accessible to a wider audience. Additionally, the increasing focus on product innovation—such as plant-based, organic, and functional beverages—has further diversified the Kosher beverage portfolio, attracting a younger, health-oriented consumer base and boosting market growth.

The foodservice and hospitality sectors are also contributing to the expanding Kosher Beverages market. Hotels, airlines, restaurants, and institutional caterers are increasingly incorporating Kosher options into their menus to cater to a diverse clientele and enhance their brand image. This trend is particularly strong in regions with significant Jewish populations and in areas where tourism and international travel are prominent. The ability to offer Kosher-certified beverages not only broadens the customer base but also serves as a mark of quality assurance, further solidifying the market's upward trajectory.

From a regional perspective, North America dominates the Kosher Beverages market, accounting for the largest share due to its substantial Jewish population and well-established certification infrastructure. Europe follows closely, with growing demand in countries like France, the UK, and Germany. Asia Pacific is emerging as a high-growth region, fueled by increasing urbanization, rising disposable incomes, and the expanding influence of Western dietary trends. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also witnessing steady growth, supported by both local production and import of Kosher-certified beverages. Regional dynamics are influenced by cultural, religious, and economic factors, shaping the competitive landscape and growth opportunities in the global market.

Product Type Analysis

The Kosher Beverages market is segmented by product type into carbonated beverages, juices, bottled water, dairy beverages, non-dairy beverages, and others. Among these, carbonated beverages hold a significant share, driven by their popularity among a broad spectrum of consumers and the widespread availability of Kosher-certified sodas and sparkling drinks. Leading global beverage brands have responded to the demand for Kosher certification by ensuring their flagship products meet these standards, thus capturing a loyal customer base. The inclusion of specialty flavors, reduced sugar options, and innovative packaging has further propelled the growth of Kosher-certified carbonated beverages.

Juices represent another crucial segment, with increasing demand for natural, organic, and functional juices that align with Kosher dietary laws. The appeal of Kosher-c

Frozen Latkes Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global frozen latkes market size reached USD 1.12 billion in 2024, reflecting robust demand across both traditional and emerging markets. The industry is experiencing a healthy expansion, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.7% projected from 2025 to 2033. By the end of the forecast period, the frozen latkes market is anticipated to attain a value of USD 1.85 billion. This growth is primarily driven by increasing consumer inclination toward convenient meal solutions, expanding product offerings, and the globalization of ethnic cuisines, particularly Jewish and Eastern European culinary traditions.

One of the core growth factors fueling the frozen latkes market is the rising demand for convenient, ready-to-eat food products. Modern lifestyles, characterized by busy schedules and dual-income households, have significantly boosted the need for quick meal solutions that do not compromise on taste or nutrition. Frozen latkes, with their ease of preparation and consistent quality, have become a preferred choice among consumers seeking both traditional and innovative flavors. The market has also benefited from advancements in freezing technologies, which preserve the texture, flavor, and nutritional value of latkes, further enhancing their appeal in both retail and foodservice sectors.

Another significant driver is the growing popularity of multicultural and ethnic foods. The frozen latkes market has witnessed increased acceptance beyond its traditional Jewish consumer base, as global consumers become more adventurous with their food choices. The incorporation of diverse ingredients such as sweet potatoes, zucchini, and other vegetables has expanded the market’s reach, attracting health-conscious shoppers and those seeking vegetarian or gluten-free options. Marketing campaigns and product innovations have played a pivotal role in introducing latkes to a wider audience, particularly through supermarket promotions and online platforms, which have increased product visibility and accessibility.

Additionally, the expansion of distribution channels has significantly contributed to market growth. The proliferation of supermarkets, hypermarkets, and online stores has made frozen latkes readily available to consumers in urban and semi-urban areas. Online grocery platforms, in particular, have emerged as vital sales channels, offering consumers the convenience of home delivery and access to a broader variety of products. This shift in retail dynamics has also enabled smaller brands and artisanal producers to reach niche markets, fostering greater product diversity and competition within the frozen latkes market.

From a regional perspective, North America remains the leading market for frozen latkes, driven by a large Jewish population and a well-established frozen foods industry. Europe follows closely, with strong demand in countries such as the United Kingdom, Germany, and France, where ethnic foods are gaining traction. The Asia Pacific region, while currently representing a smaller share, is expected to witness the fastest growth rate, fueled by urbanization, rising disposable incomes, and the increasing influence of Western culinary trends. Collectively, these factors underscore a positive outlook for the global frozen latkes market over the forecast period.

Product Type Analysis

The frozen latkes market is segmented by product type into traditional potato latkes, sweet potato latkes, vegetable latkes, and others. Traditional potato latkes dominate the market, accounting for the largest share in 2024 due to their deep cultural roots and widespread recognition, especially within Jewish communities. These latkes are typically made from shredded potatoes, onions, and matzo meal or flour, offering a classic flavor profile that resonates with consumers seeking authenticity. The enduring popularity of traditional potato latkes is further supported by their prominent role in holiday celebrations such as Hanukkah, driving seasonal spikes in demand and ensuring consistent market performance.

Sweet potato latkes have emerged as a notable sub-segment, appealing to health-conscious consumers and those looking for a modern twist on a classic dish. Sweet potatoes are rich in vitamins, antioxidants, and dietary fiber, making them an attractive alternative for consumers p

Kosher Beef Market Outlook

The global kosher beef market size was estimated to be approximately USD 8 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach around USD 12.7 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.1% during the forecast period. The growth of the kosher beef market can be attributed to rising consumer awareness about the benefits of kosher food, which is perceived as being cleaner, healthier, and adhering to stricter quality standards compared to conventional food products. This perception has led to an increase in demand not only among Jewish consumers but also among non-Jewish consumers who are interested in the perceived health benefits and quality assurance that kosher certifications provide.

One of the primary growth factors in the kosher beef market is the increasing demand for high-quality, ethically sourced meat products. Kosher beef meets strict dietary laws and is slaughtered using humane practices, which appeal to a growing number of consumers who are concerned about animal welfare. Furthermore, kosher meat is subject to rigorous inspection and quality checks, providing an added layer of safety and assurance to consumers. This has attracted health-conscious and ethically-minded consumers, expanding the market beyond its traditional Jewish demographic. As consumers globally become more discerning about their food sources, the demand for kosher beef is expected to continue to rise.

Another significant growth factor is the expanding global Jewish population, which inherently drives the demand for kosher products. As the Jewish community grows, particularly in regions like North America and certain parts of Europe, there is a corresponding increase in the demand for kosher foods, including beef. Additionally, the market is further bolstered by cultural and religious practices that necessitate the consumption of kosher foods during Jewish holidays and special occasions. This cultural significance helps sustain the market demand throughout the year, contributing to steady growth prospects for kosher beef producers and retailers.

The rising popularity of specialty diets and the trend towards diverse culinary experiences are also contributing to the growth of the kosher beef market. Consumers are increasingly exploring different food cultures and cuisines, with kosher foods being a part of this trend. Kosher beef, known for its unique preparation and taste, is becoming an attractive choice for food enthusiasts and culinary professionals alike. This is particularly evident in urban areas with diverse demographics, where kosher beef has found its way into gourmet restaurants and specialty foodservice establishments. As a result, the culinary appeal of kosher beef is playing a significant role in expanding its market reach.

The concept of Halal Meat, much like kosher, is rooted in religious dietary laws and has seen a surge in demand globally. Halal meat adheres to Islamic dietary guidelines, ensuring that the meat is not only permissible but also prepared in a manner that is humane and ethical. This includes specific slaughtering practices and a focus on cleanliness and purity. The growing Muslim population worldwide, along with increased awareness among non-Muslim consumers about the ethical and health benefits of halal meat, has contributed to its rising popularity. As consumers become more conscious of their food sources and ethical considerations, the demand for halal meat is expected to continue its upward trajectory, paralleling the growth seen in the kosher market.

From a regional perspective, North America holds a significant share of the kosher beef market, driven by a large Jewish population and a high level of consumer awareness about kosher foods. The United States, in particular, boasts a well-established kosher food industry, which continuously innovates to meet the diverse dietary needs of its population. In contrast, regions like Asia Pacific are witnessing a surge in demand owing to increasing globalization and the spread of Jewish culture and cuisine. Markets in Europe and the Middle East & Africa are also expected to experience growth, albeit at a slower pace, as awareness and availability of kosher products increase. Latin America, while traditionally less exposed to kosher foods, presents untapped potential for growth as consumer preferences evolve.

Product Type Analysis

In the kosher beef market, product type plays a critical role, with fresh, frozen, and processed kosher beef being the prim

Israel's total Exports in 2024 were valued at US$60.26 Billion, according to the United Nations COMTRADE database on international trade. Israel's main export partners were: the United States, Ireland and China. The top three export commodities were: Electrical, electronic equipment; Optical, photo, technical, medical apparatus and Pearls, precious stones, metals, coins. Total Imports were valued at US$91.87 Billion. In 2024, Israel had a trade deficit of US$31.61 Billion.

The purpose of the study: assess knowledge of the Israeli, United Kingdom, Polish, French, Norwegian, Swedish and German population about Lithuania and its inhabitants. Major investigated questions: respondents were asked whether they heard about Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, whether they know much about these countries and could name their capitals, and finally whether they would like to visit these countries. Further, the questions were only related to Lithuania. It was wanted to know how much the respondents know about Lithuania and with which region they would most likely associate this country. Those who think that Lithuania is not worth a trip or who have doubts about visiting Lithuania were asked to give their reasons in group of questions. After a group of questions, respondents that formerly visited Lithuania were asked to answer what made them visit Lithuania, what they liked and what they did not like about the country. When asked to imagine that they were planning to visit a European country, and after being asked a group of questions, it was wanted to know what would have the most influence on such a decision. Respondents were asked to rate whether Lithuania's membership in the EU, NATO and the OECD was a positive or negative thing. Next, respondents rated the groups of statements about Lithuania. It was clarified whether they had seen the campaign "Lithuania. Real is beautiful". They were asked to answer which of the listed tourist attractions or activities would be interesting for them if they were to visit another country. It was investigated which positive and negative descriptions best describe Lithuanians. At the end of the survey, questions were asked about how often respondents travel abroad (including all types of travel: work, weekends, holidays) and who usually travels abroad with them. Socio-demographic characteristics: gender, age, place of residence, education, household income, occupation.

Europe's Jewish population in 1939 was around 9.5 million people, and it is estimated that six million of these were ultimately killed by 1945. The persecution of German Jews escalated during the interwar period, particularly after Hitler's ascent to power in 1933, and again after Kristallnacht in 1938. However, the scale of this increased drastically following the German invasions of Poland in 1939 and the USSR in 1941, when Germany annexed regions with some of the largest Jewish populations in Europe. Extermination Camps As part of the "Final Solution to the Jewish Question", the Nazi occupiers established six extermination camps in present-day Poland; these were Auschwitz-Birkenau, Belzec, Chelmno, Majdanek***, Sobibor, and Treblinka. Prisoners, mostly Jews, were transported from all over Europe to these camps. Upon arrival, the majority of victims were sent directly to purpose-built chambers or vans, where they were murdered with carbon monoxide or Zyklon B gas. A relatively small number of prisoners were also forced to dispose of the victims' bodies, which often included their own family members, friends, or persons known to them. Most of the deceased were incinerated, and many of the camp records were destroyed; this means that precise figures for the number of deaths in extermination camps will never be known. It has been estimated that at least 2.7 million Jews were murdered in these six camps; over two thirds of these were killed at Auschwitz or Treblinka. Einsatzgruppen After extermination camps, the most common method of murder was through mass shootings. The majority of these shootings were not carried out by regular soldiers, but specialized task forces known as "Einsatzgruppen". Each group was just a few hundred men each, but they were responsible for some of the largest individual acts of genocide in the war. The largest of these took place at Babi Yar, near Kyiv in 1941, where almost 35,000 victims were beaten, humiliated, and then shot over a two day period. The Einsatzgruppen were most active in the annexed Soviet territories (although additional regiments were active in Poland and the Balkans), and their ranks were often bolstered by local volunteers. It has been estimated that Einsatzgruppen were responsible for the genocide of more than two million people in fewer than six years.

De geïnterviewde woonde in Amsterdam in een wijk waar veel Joden woonden. Zijn vader had een fabriek waar matses werden gemaakt. Hij vertelt levendig over verschillende arrestaties en razzia’s waarvan hij getuige was en noemt enkele schrijnende voorbeelden waarbij onder meer onwetendheid , gehoorzaamheid en angst als factoren voor het gedrag van de Joden worden aangedragen. Onderduik komt eveneens aan de orde in dit interview. Hij gaat tot slot in op de eigen avonturen die hij als kind tijdens de oorlog beleefde.The interviewee lived in an area of Amsterdam were many Jews lived. His father ran a factory that produced matzos. He talks animatedly about several arrests and roundups that he witnessed and recalls some poignant examples of Jews’ behaviour, explained by a lack of awareness, obedience and fear. He also mentions hiding in this interview. In the final part, he talks about the adventures he had as a child during the war. Date Submitted: 2010-04-01 Van dit interview zijn eveneens uitgebreide samenvattingen met tijd-codes beschikbaar in zowel het Nederlands als Engels. Zie de Inleiding voor een snel overzicht van de gehele collectie en de contactgegevens. Er zijn tevens verschillende bestanden bijgevoegd betreffende het project en dit specifieke interview.Besides the transcript there is an extensive summary available of the interview in both Dutch and English with time-codes inserted. See the Introduction for a quick overview of the entire collection and the contact details. There are also several documents and reports available concerning the project and this particular interview. Bystander Memories bevat in totaal 59 interviews met Nederlandse niet-joodse ooggetuigen van de jodenvervolging. Deze interviews vormen een onderdeel van een project uitgevoerd door het United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Oral History Department, waar het valt onder de 'Europe Interview Projects: Interviews with Witnesses, Collaborators, and Perpetrators'. Naast de Nederlandse interviews zijn er ook interviews gemaakt in het (Wit)Russisch, Grieks, Macedonisch, Pools, Oekraiens, Servisch, Ests, Lets, Litouws, Moldavisch, Frans, Duits, Roemeens. De aantallen interviews per land variëren sterk. Het project is in 1996 begonnen en loopt nog steeds, zie website USHMM: http://www.ushmm.org/research/collections/oralhistory/Since 1996, United States Holocaust memorial Museum's (USHMM) Department of Oral History has conducted a documentation project to collect the testimonies of individuals who were not direct victims of the Holocaust. These interviews are with witnesses, collaborators, and perpetrators. In ten years, over 600 interviews have been conducted in the following European countries: Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, The Netherlands, Poland, Romania, the Ukraine, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Serbia. These interviews serve not only as corroboration of what Jewish victims and survivors report in their interviews and memoirs, they also create a broader understanding of the tragic events of World War II by adding the perspectives of non-Jewish populations. The Dutch interviews are accessible at DANS for scientific research only.

De geïnterviewde werd in oktober 1927 geboren in Foxhol, gemeente Hoogezand. Hij is afkomstig uit een gelovig gezin. Hij beschrijft hoe de achtergebleven Joodse vrouwen en kinderen met de situatie omgingen nadat de mannen waren weggehaald door de Nazi’s. Hij was ooggetuige van de treinen die vol Joden die langs het dorp reden. De geïnterviewde vertelt verder over de bevrijding en vertelt hoe veel mensen, direct of indirect, met de Duitsers samenwerkten.The interviewee was born in October 1927 in Foxhol, part of the Hoogezand municipality. He comes from a Christian family. He describes the occupation from this perspective. He writes how, after the Jewish men had been deported, the Jewish women and children who were left behind handled the situation in which they had ended up because of the Nazis. He also saw how these women and children were deported, and tells us about this in detail. He saw trains filled with Jews running alongside the village. The interviewee also talks about the liberation, and indicates that many people, directly or indirectly, collaborated with the Germans. Date Submitted: 2010-04-01 Van dit interview zijn eveneens uitgebreide samenvattingen met tijd-codes beschikbaar in zowel het Nederlands als Engels. Zie de Inleiding voor een snel overzicht van de gehele collectie en de contactgegevens. Er zijn tevens verschillende bestanden bijgevoegd betreffende het project en dit specifieke interview.Besides the transcript there is an extensive summary available of the interview in both Dutch and English with time-codes inserted. See the Introduction for a quick overview of the entire collection and the contact details. There are also several documents and reports available concerning the project and this particular interview. Bystander Memories bevat in totaal 59 interviews met Nederlandse niet-joodse ooggetuigen van de jodenvervolging. Deze interviews vormen een onderdeel van een project uitgevoerd door het United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Oral History Department, waar het valt onder de 'Europe Interview Projects: Interviews with Witnesses, Collaborators, and Perpetrators'. Naast de Nederlandse interviews zijn er ook interviews gemaakt in het (Wit)Russisch, Grieks, Macedonisch, Pools, Oekraiens, Servisch, Ests, Lets, Litouws, Moldavisch, Frans, Duits, Roemeens. De aantallen interviews per land variëren sterk. Het project is in 1996 begonnen en loopt nog steeds, zie website USHMM: http://www.ushmm.org/research/collections/oralhistory/Since 1996, United States Holocaust memorial Museum's (USHMM) Department of Oral History has conducted a documentation project to collect the testimonies of individuals who were not direct victims of the Holocaust. These interviews are with witnesses, collaborators, and perpetrators. In ten years, over 600 interviews have been conducted in the following European countries: Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, The Netherlands, Poland, Romania, the Ukraine, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Serbia. These interviews serve not only as corroboration of what Jewish victims and survivors report in their interviews and memoirs, they also create a broader understanding of the tragic events of World War II by adding the perspectives of non-Jewish populations. The Dutch interviews are accessible at DANS for scientific research only.

De geïnterviewde werkte tijdens de oorlog bij een woningbouwvereniging waar veel joden bij aangesloten waren en waarvan het kantoor tevens in de joodse buurt in Amsterdam gevestigd was. Hij vertelt over het weghalen van de joden, het pulsen van de woningen en het opnieuw bewonen van deze woningen door specifiek Duitsgezinde vrouwen.During the war the interviewee worked at a housing cooperation, which had many Jewish members, and which had its offices in the old Jewish neighbourhood in Amsterdam. He talks about the deportations of Jews, the emptying of the apartments afterwards, so-called ‘Puls-ing’ (named after the Puls removal company that was best-known for doing this), as well as how these apartments were then occupied by new inhabitants, in particular by Dutch women who were friendly with Germans. Date Submitted: 2010-04-01 Van dit interview zijn eveneens uitgebreide samenvattingen met tijd-codes beschikbaar in zowel het Nederlands als Engels. Zie de Inleiding voor een snel overzicht van de gehele collectie en de contactgegevens. Er zijn tevens verschillende bestanden bijgevoegd betreffende het project en dit specifieke interview.Besides the transcript there is an extensive summary available of the interview in both Dutch and English with time-codes inserted. See the Introduction for a quick overview of the entire collection and the contact details. There are also several documents and reports available concerning the project and this particular interview. Bystander Memories bevat in totaal 59 interviews met Nederlandse niet-joodse ooggetuigen van de jodenvervolging. Deze interviews vormen een onderdeel van een project uitgevoerd door het United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Oral History Department, waar het valt onder de 'Europe Interview Projects: Interviews with Witnesses, Collaborators, and Perpetrators'. Naast de Nederlandse interviews zijn er ook interviews gemaakt in het (Wit)Russisch, Grieks, Macedonisch, Pools, Oekraiens, Servisch, Ests, Lets, Litouws, Moldavisch, Frans, Duits, Roemeens. De aantallen interviews per land variëren sterk. Het project is in 1996 begonnen en loopt nog steeds, zie website USHMM: http://www.ushmm.org/research/collections/oralhistory/Since 1996, United States Holocaust memorial Museum's (USHMM) Department of Oral History has conducted a documentation project to collect the testimonies of individuals who were not direct victims of the Holocaust. These interviews are with witnesses, collaborators, and perpetrators. In ten years, over 600 interviews have been conducted in the following European countries: Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, The Netherlands, Poland, Romania, the Ukraine, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Serbia. These interviews serve not only as corroboration of what Jewish victims and survivors report in their interviews and memoirs, they also create a broader understanding of the tragic events of World War II by adding the perspectives of non-Jewish populations. The Dutch interviews are accessible at DANS for scientific research only.

De geïnterviewde werd geboren in Zaandam op 20 april 1928. Ze groeide op in het centrum van Amsterdam. Binnen Amsterdam is ze heel vaak verhuisd. In het interview beschrijft ze zeer uiteenlopende gebeurtenissen die ze als kind waarnam of meemaakte. Ze vertelt onder ander over het wegvoeren van joodse families, de ontruiming van de Joodse Invalide en de Februaristaking op het Waterlooplein. Tevens noemt ze een incident bij een banketbakkerij waarbij een joodse vrouw het woord Auschwitz noemde. Ze vertelt verder over de ontsnapping van haar vader uit een kamp, over een Duitse soldaat die bij hun thuis kwam en over onderduikers. Ze beschrijft de oorlog veelal door de ogen van een kind.The interviewee was born in Zaandam on 20 April, 1928. She grew up in the city centre of Amsterdam. She moved within Amsterdam many times. In the interview she describes the very different events she saw as a child. Among other things, she talks about the deportation of Jewish families, the eviction and deportation of Jewish patients at the Joodse Invalide hospital, and about the February Strike on Waterlooplein. She also mentions an incident at a bakery where a Jewish woman mentioned the word Auschwitz. She talks about her father’s escape from a camp, about a German prisoner who came to their home, and about people in hiding. She describes the war with the eyes of a child. Date Submitted: 2010-04-01 Van dit interview zijn eveneens uitgebreide samenvattingen met tijd-codes beschikbaar in zowel het Nederlands als Engels. Zie de Inleiding voor een snel overzicht van de gehele collectie en de contactgegevens. Er zijn tevens verschillende bestanden bijgevoegd betreffende het project en dit specifieke interview.Besides the transcript there is an extensive summary available of the interview in both Dutch and English with time-codes inserted. See the Introduction for a quick overview of the entire collection and the contact details. There are also several documents and reports available concerning the project and this particular interview. Bystander Memories bevat in totaal 59 interviews met Nederlandse niet-joodse ooggetuigen van de jodenvervolging. Deze interviews vormen een onderdeel van een project uitgevoerd door het United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Oral History Department, waar het valt onder de 'Europe Interview Projects: Interviews with Witnesses, Collaborators, and Perpetrators'. Naast de Nederlandse interviews zijn er ook interviews gemaakt in het (Wit)Russisch, Grieks, Macedonisch, Pools, Oekraiens, Servisch, Ests, Lets, Litouws, Moldavisch, Frans, Duits, Roemeens. De aantallen interviews per land variëren sterk. Het project is in 1996 begonnen en loopt nog steeds, zie website USHMM: http://www.ushmm.org/research/collections/oralhistory/Since 1996, United States Holocaust memorial Museum's (USHMM) Department of Oral History has conducted a documentation project to collect the testimonies of individuals who were not direct victims of the Holocaust. These interviews are with witnesses, collaborators, and perpetrators. In ten years, over 600 interviews have been conducted in the following European countries: Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, The Netherlands, Poland, Romania, the Ukraine, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Serbia. These interviews serve not only as corroboration of what Jewish victims and survivors report in their interviews and memoirs, they also create a broader understanding of the tragic events of World War II by adding the perspectives of non-Jewish populations. The Dutch interviews are accessible at DANS for scientific research only.

De geïnterviewde werd geboren op 6 oktober 1917 in Hedel en groeide op in Alphen aan de Rijn. Hij werd in 1937 beroepsmilitair en maakte de oorlog mee rond Hedel en bij de Grebbeberg. Na de oorlog is hij bij de marechaussee terechtgekomen en heeft hij van 1942 tot 1943 gewerkt als bewaker in kamp Westerbork. In het kamp had hij contact met Joodse mensen en smokkelde hij spullen in en uit het kamp. Ook raapte hij briefjes op die uit de transporttreinen werden gegooid. Hij zorgde dat deze op de plek van bestemming kwamen. Tevens noemt hij een baby die met behulp van een boodschappentas uit het kamp gesmokkeld werd.Er zit heel veel herhaling in het interview.The interviewee was born on October 6, 1917 in Hedel and grew up in Alphen aan de Rijn. He joined the army in 1937 and was involved in the war in the region of Hedel and the Grebbeberg. After the war he worked with the military police and worked as a guard in Westerbork from 1942 until 1943. He had many Jewish contacts in the camp and smuggled things in and out. He collected notes that were thrown out of the trains and made sure the notes reached their destinations. He also recalls a baby who was smuggled out of the camp in a grocery bag.There is a lot of repitition in this interview. Date Submitted: 2010-04-01 Van dit interview zijn eveneens uitgebreide samenvattingen met tijd-codes beschikbaar in zowel het Nederlands als Engels. Zie de Inleiding voor een snel overzicht van de gehele collectie en de contactgegevens. Er zijn tevens verschillende bestanden bijgevoegd betreffende het project en dit specifieke interview.Besides the transcript there is an extensive summary available of the interview in both Dutch and English with time-codes inserted. See the Introduction for a quick overview of the entire collection and the contact details. There are also several documents and reports available concerning the project and this particular interview. Bystander Memories bevat in totaal 59 interviews met Nederlandse niet-joodse ooggetuigen van de jodenvervolging. Deze interviews vormen een onderdeel van een project uitgevoerd door het United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Oral History Department, waar het valt onder de 'Europe Interview Projects: Interviews with Witnesses, Collaborators, and Perpetrators'. Naast de Nederlandse interviews zijn er ook interviews gemaakt in het (Wit)Russisch, Grieks, Macedonisch, Pools, Oekraiens, Servisch, Ests, Lets, Litouws, Moldavisch, Frans, Duits, Roemeens. De aantallen interviews per land variëren sterk. Het project is in 1996 begonnen en loopt nog steeds, zie website USHMM: http://www.ushmm.org/research/collections/oralhistory/Since 1996, United States Holocaust memorial Museum's (USHMM) Department of Oral History has conducted a documentation project to collect the testimonies of individuals who were not direct victims of the Holocaust. These interviews are with witnesses, collaborators, and perpetrators. In ten years, over 600 interviews have been conducted in the following European countries: Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, The Netherlands, Poland, Romania, the Ukraine, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Serbia. These interviews serve not only as corroboration of what Jewish victims and survivors report in their interviews and memoirs, they also create a broader understanding of the tragic events of World War II by adding the perspectives of non-Jewish populations. The Dutch interviews are accessible at DANS for scientific research only.