In 2023, there were approximately 631,970 people living in Glasgow, with a further 523,250 people living in the Scottish capital, Edinburgh, the first and second most-populated Scottish council areas respectively. The region of Fife is also heavily populated, with approximately 373,210 people living there. The least populated areas are the islands of Scotland such as Orkney, estimated to have only 22,000 people there.

About this dataset

Context

This list ranks the 5 cities in the Scotland County, MO by Multi-Racial American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) population, as estimated by the United States Census Bureau. It also highlights population changes in each cities over the past five years.

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 5-Year Estimates, including:

• 2019-2023 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2018-2022 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2017-2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2016-2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2015-2019 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates

Variables / Data Columns

• Rank by Multi-Racial Native American Population: This column displays the rank of cities in the Scotland County, MO by their Multi-Racial American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) population, using the most recent ACS data available.
• cities: The cities for which the rank is shown in the previous column.
• Multi-Racial Native American Population: The Multi-Racial Native American population of the cities is shown in this column.
• % of Total cities Population: This shows what percentage of the total cities population identifies as Multi-Racial Native American. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.
• % of Total Scotland County Multi-Racial Native American Population: This tells us how much of the entire Scotland County, MO Multi-Racial Native American population lives in that cities. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.
• 5 Year Rank Trend: TThis column displays the rank trend across the last 5 years.

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

London was by far the largest urban agglomeration in the United Kingdom in 2025, with an estimated population of *** million people, more than three times as large as Manchester, the UK’s second-biggest urban agglomeration. The agglomerations of Birmingham and Leeds / Bradford had the third and fourth-largest populations, respectively, while the biggest city in Scotland, Glasgow, was the fifth largest. Largest cities in Europe Two cities in Europe had larger urban areas than London, with Istanbul having a population of around **** million and the Russian capital Moscow having a population of over **** million. The city of Paris, located just over 200 miles away from London, was the second-largest city in Europe, with a population of more than **** million people. Paris was followed by London in terms of population size, and then by the Spanish cities of Madrid and Barcelona, at *** million and *** million people, respectively. The Italian capital, Rome, was the next largest city at *** million, followed by Berlin at *** million. London’s population growth Throughout the 1980s, the population of London fluctuated from a high of **** million people in 1981 to a low of **** million inhabitants in 1988. During the 1990s, the population of London increased once again, growing from ****million at the start of the decade to **** million by 1999. London's population has continued to grow since the turn of the century, and despite declining between 2019 and 2021, it reached *** million people in 2023 and is forecast to reach almost *** million by 2047.

About this dataset

Context

This list ranks the 6 cities in the Scotland County, NC by Hispanic Some Other Race (SOR) population, as estimated by the United States Census Bureau. It also highlights population changes in each cities over the past five years.

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 5-Year Estimates, including:

• 2019-2023 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2018-2022 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2017-2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2016-2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2015-2019 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates

Variables / Data Columns

• Rank by Hispanic Other Race Population: This column displays the rank of cities in the Scotland County, NC by their Hispanic Some Other Race (SOR) population, using the most recent ACS data available.
• cities: The cities for which the rank is shown in the previous column.
• Hispanic Other Race Population: The Hispanic Other Race population of the cities is shown in this column.
• % of Total cities Population: This shows what percentage of the total cities population identifies as Hispanic Other Race. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.
• % of Total Scotland County Hispanic Other Race Population: This tells us how much of the entire Scotland County, NC Hispanic Other Race population lives in that cities. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.
• 5 Year Rank Trend: TThis column displays the rank trend across the last 5 years.

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

About this dataset

Context

This list ranks the 6 cities in the Scotland County, NC by Hispanic Asian population, as estimated by the United States Census Bureau. It also highlights population changes in each cities over the past five years.

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 5-Year Estimates, including:

• 2019-2023 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2018-2022 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2017-2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2016-2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2015-2019 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates

Variables / Data Columns

• Rank by Hispanic Asian Population: This column displays the rank of cities in the Scotland County, NC by their Hispanic Asian population, using the most recent ACS data available.
• cities: The cities for which the rank is shown in the previous column.
• Hispanic Asian Population: The Hispanic Asian population of the cities is shown in this column.
• % of Total cities Population: This shows what percentage of the total cities population identifies as Hispanic Asian. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.
• % of Total Scotland County Hispanic Asian Population: This tells us how much of the entire Scotland County, NC Hispanic Asian population lives in that cities. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.
• 5 Year Rank Trend: TThis column displays the rank trend across the last 5 years.

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

National and subnational mid-year population estimates for the UK and its constituent countries by administrative area, age and sex (including components of population change, median age and population density).

Scotland’s population was estimated to be 5,479,900 at mid-2021 (30 June 2021). The population increased by 13,900 people (0.25%) in the year to mid-2021. The average annual growth in the 5 years before the pandemic was higher than this, at around 23,100 people (0.43%). There have been more deaths than births for the last seven years. In the latest year, deaths outnumbered births by the largest amount on record. Migration was the main driver of population growth over the latest year. More people moved to Scotland than left, as has been the case for the last two decades. The pattern of population change was different to previous years. In the latest year, the population of the largest cities fell, which was a change from growth in previous years. The greatest population growth was in council areas around Edinburgh. In addition, many rural areas which had previously had falling populations saw an increase in population over the latest year.

As of 2023, the population density in London was by far the highest number of people per square km in the UK, at *****. Of the other regions and countries which constitute the United Kingdom, North West England was the next most densely populated area at *** people per square kilometer. Scotland, by contrast, is the most sparsely populated country or region in the United Kingdom, with only ** people per square kilometer. Countries, regions, and cities According to the official mid-year population estimate, the population of the United Kingdom was just almost **** million in 2022. Most of the population lived in England, where an estimated **** million people resided, followed by Scotland at **** million, Wales at **** million and finally Northern Ireland at just over *** million. Within England, the South East was the region with the highest population at almost **** million, followed by the London region at around *** million. In terms of urban areas, Greater London is the largest city in the United Kingdom, followed by Greater Manchester and Birmingham in the North West and West Midlands regions of England. London calling London's huge size in relation to other UK cities is also reflected by its economic performance. In 2021, London's GDP was approximately *** billion British pounds, almost a quarter of UK GDP overall. In terms of GDP per capita, Londoners had a GDP per head of ****** pounds, compared with an average of ****** for the country as a whole. Productivity, expressed as by output per hour worked, was also far higher in London than the rest of the country. In 2021, London was around **** percent more productive than the rest of the country, with South East England the only other region where productivity was higher than the national average.

This dataset portrays the boundaries of 'Settlements' in Scotland as at 2001 Census. There is widespread interest in statistics for the built-up areas in Scotland as most of the population lives in a built-up environment. When the former two-tier local government structure of regions and districts came into being in May 1975, the small local authorities known as large and small burghs were lost. However, Census users stated that there was a need to know the population (and characteristics) of built-up areas. There are 2 datasets which are designed to show the boundaries of 'urban areas' in Scotland: 'Localities' and 'Settlements'. While 'Settlements' can go a long way in defining the towns and cities in Scotland, some are very extensive and have grouped together some very large populations. For example the settlement of 'Greater Glasgow' has a large population but no breakdown was given of the settlement into any constituent towns or cities such as Airdrie or Paisley. Accordingly, since 2001, the larger 'Settlements' have been divided into 'Localities' using as a basis the areas so designated in the 1991 Census report 'Key statistics for 'localities' in Scotland (ISBN 0-11-495736-3)'. For the 2001 Census, NRS had developed a new process to identify 'Settlements' which were defined as: 'A collection of contiguous high population density postcodes whose total population was 500 or more, bounded by low density postcodes (or water).'

The population of the United Kingdom in 2023 was estimated to be approximately 68.3 million in 2023, with almost 9.48 million people living in South East England. London had the next highest population, at over 8.9 million people, followed by the North West England at 7.6 million. With the UK's population generally concentrated in England, most English regions have larger populations than the constituent countries of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, which had populations of 5.5 million, 3.16 million, and 1.92 million respectively. English counties and cities The United Kingdom is a patchwork of various regional units, within England the largest of these are the regions shown here, which show how London, along with the rest of South East England had around 18 million people living there in this year. The next significant regional units in England are the 47 metropolitan and ceremonial counties. After London, the metropolitan counties of the West Midlands, Greater Manchester, and West Yorkshire were the biggest of these counties, due to covering the large urban areas of Birmingham, Manchester, and Leeds respectively. Regional divisions in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland The smaller countries that comprise the United Kingdom each have different local subdivisions. Within Scotland these are called council areas whereas in Wales the main regional units are called unitary authorities. Scotland's largest Council Area by population is that of Glasgow City at over 622,000, while in Wales, it was the Cardiff Unitary Authority at around 372,000. Northern Ireland, on the other hand, has eleven local government districts, the largest of which is Belfast with a population of around 348,000.

In 2023, almost nine million people lived in Greater London, making it the most populated ceremonial county in England. The West Midlands Metropolitan County, which contains the large city of Birmingham, was the second-largest county at 2.98 million inhabitants, followed by Greater Manchester and then West Yorkshire with populations of 2.95 million and 2.4 million, respectively. Kent, Essex, and Hampshire were the three next-largest counties in terms of population, each with around 1.89 million people. A patchwork of regions England is just one of the four countries that compose the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, with England, Scotland and Wales making up Great Britain. England is therefore not to be confused with Great Britain or the United Kingdom as a whole. Within England, the next subdivisions are the nine regions of England, containing various smaller units such as unitary authorities, metropolitan counties and non-metropolitan districts. The counties in this statistic, however, are based on the ceremonial counties of England as defined by the Lieutenancies Act of 1997. Regions of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland Like England, the other countries of the United Kingdom have their own regional subdivisions, although with some different terminology. Scotland’s subdivisions are council areas, while Wales has unitary authorities, and Northern Ireland has local government districts. As of 2022, the most-populated Scottish council area was Glasgow City, with over 622,000 inhabitants. In Wales, Cardiff had the largest population among its unitary authorities, and in Northern Ireland, Belfast was the local government area with the most people living there.

About this dataset

Context

This list ranks the 5 cities in the Scotland County, MO by Multi-Racial Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander (NHPI) population, as estimated by the United States Census Bureau. It also highlights population changes in each cities over the past five years.

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 5-Year Estimates, including:

• 2019-2023 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2018-2022 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2017-2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2016-2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
• 2015-2019 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates

Variables / Data Columns

• Rank by Multi-Racial Pacific Islander Population: This column displays the rank of cities in the Scotland County, MO by their Multi-Racial Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander (NHPI) population, using the most recent ACS data available.
• cities: The cities for which the rank is shown in the previous column.
• Multi-Racial Pacific Islander Population: The Multi-Racial Pacific Islander population of the cities is shown in this column.
• % of Total cities Population: This shows what percentage of the total cities population identifies as Multi-Racial Pacific Islander. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.
• % of Total Scotland County Multi-Racial Pacific Islander Population: This tells us how much of the entire Scotland County, MO Multi-Racial Pacific Islander population lives in that cities. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.
• 5 Year Rank Trend: TThis column displays the rank trend across the last 5 years.

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

The dataset comprises transcripts of inventories of urban dwellers mostly from commissary court records – Registers of Testaments, Registers of Inventories and Settlements, but also several other sources, including, in the case of Dundee, a rare survival of Judicial Inventories of Minors’ Estates, records from Court of Session Sequestrations, and several chance surviving inventories from local and regional archives. Survival of this material is extremely uneven, both in respect of place and over time. Registers of inventories of settlements record house furniture and possessions on the most consistent basis, but these date only from the early nineteenth century, when clauses inserted in several acts of parliament obliged executors to lodge with the court full inventories of movable assets. Yes even then, a loophole meant that executors were not compelled to list specific items, only their total value. Registers of testaments throw up very uneven results for this kind of exercise since executors were not compelled to provide detailed breakdowns of individual items unless this was necessary to recover the estate, or where inventories were drawn up to record goods to be shared out after the death of their owner or to settle debts after bankruptcy.

The inventories are organized by town and are a substantially uncorrected form. The material is also incomplete, insofar as not all of it was transcribed by research assistants during the project or consolidated into combined records.

Enquiries about the project should be sent to Professor Bob Harris (bob.harris@history.ox.ac.uk). This project developed new perspectives on what was a crucial phase in modern Scottish urbanization, the second half of the eighteenth and opening decades of the nineteenth centuries. The main focus of investigation was on the country's medium-sized and smaller towns, defined as those with populations of between ca. 1,000 and 10,000. Recent influential accounts of urbanization in this period have tended to concentrate almost exclusively on the largest cities, especially Glasgow, and to be written in light of the knowledge of the onset of social crisis in Glasgow by the early 1830s. As a consequence, they present a narrative of urban change over which nineteenth-century realities and developments cast very long shadows. It was, however, in the smaller towns that the majority of the urban population lived in this period, and the failure to study them in depth has produced a distorted, or certainly very partial, portrayal of urbanization and urban society in the Georgian era. This project used the notion of 'improvement' to explore the theme of change in the smaller towns. 'Improvement' was a term or process which comprehended both physical changes to the townscape - new types of public building, the creation of new streets and removal of obstructions from old ones, the introduction of lighting, paving and new water supplies, the re-location of markets – as well as transformations in patterns of leisure and cultural life, often summarised in terms of the pursuit of politeness. Exploiting hitherto underused and unused local and national archival sources, including an unusually, in a British context, rich collection of inventories of movable estates of urban dwellers drawn up at death, material dispersed in Court of Session and local burgh court cases, other official records (burgh council minutes, petitions, burgess admissions registers), gentry papers, maps and plans, and a burgeoning print culture (town directories, newspapers), and focusing on a sample of around thirty different towns throughout Scotland, selected to ensure as wide as possible a spread in terms of location and main characteristics, and on two fast growing urban regions - Angus and Perthshire in the east and Ayrshire in the west - included in order to explore the influence of evolving regional networks on patterns of development, the project examined the nature and extent of the imprint which this agenda for change left on urban Scotland, and, equally importantly, the chronology of this transformation. By focusing on improvement, the project also examined the extent of convergence in urban society in this period on a series of Anglo-British norms or models for change, for example, in terms of the appearances of buildings or the range and nature of associational and cultural life and facilities - charities, libraries, varied clubs, concerts, theatre, assemblies - while at the same time seeking to establish what, if anything, was distinctively Scottish about urban development in this period. It was, in short, designed to help place Scottish developments within a firmly British framework, and thus to broaden the understanding of British as well as Scottish patterns of urbanization in the later Georgian period. The time-span chosen reflected the distinctive chronology of Scottish urbanization in the eighteenth century, which began later and was more rapid than south of the border, but also a hypothesis that by 1820 Scottish urbanization was entering a new phase, which was in significant ways different from the period which was under study here. The period chosen also coincided neatly with the flowering of the Scottish Enlightenment, which, in turn, created a climate of opinion which helped to shape the nature of 'improvement' in a range of spheres, not just urban life, as a concept, a process (or series of processes), and as the pre-eminent national goal.

This dataset portrays the boundaries of ‘Settlements’ in Scotland. There is widespread interest in statistics for the built-up areas in Scotland as most of the population lives in a built-up environment. When the former two-tier local government structure of regions and districts came into being in May 1975, the small local authorities known as large and small burghs were lost. However, Census users stated that there was a need to know the population (and characteristics) of built-up areas. There are 2 datasets which are designed to show the boundaries of ‘urban areas’ in Scotland: ‘Localities’ and ‘Settlements’. While “Settlements’ can go a long way in defining the towns and cities in Scotland, some are very extensive and have grouped together some very large populations. For example the settlement of ‘Greater Glasgow’ has a large population but no breakdown was given of the settlement into any constituent towns or cities such as Airdrie or Paisley. Accordingly, since 2001, the larger ‘Settlements’ have been divided into ‘Localities’ using as a basis the areas so designated in the 1991 Census report ‘Key statistics for ‘localities’ in Scotland (ISBN 0-11-495736-3)’. For the 2001 Census, NRS had developed a new process to identify ‘Settlements’ which were defined as: ‘A collection of contiguous high population density postcodes whose total population was 500 or more, bounded by low density postcodes (or water).’ After 2001, Geography Branch NRS, created a Settlement boundary dataset for the years 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008 and 2010. The current dataset, created in 2010, will be superseded by 2012 Settlements which will be created from the 2012 small area population estimates which in turn are based on the 2011 Census data.

In 2023, the population of the United Kingdom was around 68.3 million, with approximately 34.5 million women and 33.1 million men. Since 1953, the male population of the UK has grown by around 9.1 million, while the female population has increased by approximately 8.5 million. Throughout this provided time period, the female population of the UK has consistently outnumbered the male population. UK population one of the largest in Europe As of 2022, the population of the United Kingdom was the largest it has ever been, and with growth expected to continue, the forecasted population of the United Kingdom is expected to reach over 70 million by the 2030s. Despite the relatively small size of its territory, the UK has one of the largest populations among European countries, slightly larger than France but smaller than Russia and Germany. As of 2022, the population density of the UK was approximately 279 people per square kilometer, with London by far the most densely populated area, and Scotland the most sparsely populated. Dominance of London As seen in the data regarding population density, the population of the United Kingdom is not evenly distributed across the country. Within England, London has a population of almost nine million, making it significantly bigger than the next largest cities of Birmingham and Manchester. As of 2022, Scotland's largest city, Glasgow had a population of around 1.7 million, with the largest cities in Northern Ireland, and Wales being Belfast and Cardiff, which had populations of 643,000 and 488,000 respectively.

In 2020, the population of the United Kingdom was estimated to have grown by approximately 0.4 percent, with the population growing fastest in the South West and East Midlands, which reported growth rates of 0.6 percent in this year. By contrast, growth in Northern Ireland and Scotland was below the UK average, at just 0.1 percent and zero percent, respectively. Four countries of the UK Within the UK, South East England had the highest population of the regions that comprise the United Kingdom, at more than 9.37 million people. In terms of the four countries of the UK, England had by far the highest population at over 57.7 million people, compared with Scotland (5.5 million) Wales (3.13 million) and Northern Ireland (1.9 million people) which have comparatively smaller populations. Largest cities in the UK With 8.9 million people living there, London is one of the most heavily population regions of the UK, and by far the largest city. Other large cities in the UK include West Midlands urban area, centered around the city of Birmingham at 2.95 million people, along with Greater Manchester at 2.91 million, with these two cities generally considered as the main contenders for being the country's second-city.

According a walking and cycling survey in 2021, the majority of the population in Scottish cities reported to have walked *** to ***** times a week during the past seven days for the purpose of transport. Edinburgh and Glasgow had the highest share of residents who walked more than ** times a week at a share of ** and ** percent, respectively, whereas Inverness had the highest share of residents that didn't walk at all in the previous seven days for the purpose of traveling at a rate of ** percent.

Dundee City's crime rate of *** crimes per 10,000 people was the highest of any region of Scotland in 2023/24. The rate for the whole of Scotland was *** per 10,000 people, which appears to be driven by low crime in places such as the Orkney and Shetland Islands, with almost all Scottish cities reporting higher than average crime rates. In Glasgow, Scotland's largest city, the crime rate was *** crimes per 10,000 people, while in the Scottish capital, Edinburgh, the crime rate was *** per 10,000 population. Comparisons with the rest of the UK When compared with the rest of the United Kingdom, Scotland has experienced a noticeable decline in its overall crime rate. In 2008/09 for example, Scotland's crime rate was higher than that of England and Wales, as well as Northern Ireland, the other two jurisdictions in the UK. In 2022/23, however, Scotland's crime rate was the lowest in the UK, with the crime rate in England and Wales rising noticeably during the same period. Scotland's homicide rate has also fallen, from being the highest in the UK in 2002/03, to the lowest as of 2022/23. Theft and fraud drive recent crime uptick There was a slight increase in the number of crimes recorded by the Scottish police in 2023/24, when compared with the previous year. Although many other types of crimes declined during this reporting year, the number of theft offences has increased, reaching ******* offences in 2023/24. Fraud crime has also increased significantly in recent years, with ****** offences in 2022/23, compared with just ***** in 2014/15. The recent uptick in fraud and theft offences is also reflected in the jurisdiction England and Wales.

With over 103,000 Google searches, Edinburgh, Scotland, was the most searched for city for coffee shops in the United Kingdom (UK) in the 12 months prior to October 2021. Second in the ranking came the UK’s capital, London, England, with **** thousand Google searches for coffee shops connected with the city.  What are the top cafe and coffee shop brands in the UK? Although the UK is known for its tea lovers, it is coffee shop chains that came out on top in 2021. The leading coffee shop chain in the UK in this year was Costa Coffee, which was acquired by The Coca-Cola Company in 2019. The chain had a total of ***** units in the UK as of Q1 2021 which was more than double that of U.S. competitor Starbucks. While large chains such as Costa Coffee, Greggs, and Starbucks were up there in a ranking of the most visited British coffee shops, local coffee shops also placed highly, being ranked third overall by the British public. Impact of COVID-19 on cafes and coffee shops in the UK The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, beginning at the start of 2020, impacted food and drink services across the globe. This included cafes and coffee shops. Due to social distancing measures many establishments were forced to close their doors to the public for long periods of time. As a result, the UK coffee shop market value dropped by seven billion British pounds in 2020, its lowest value in the last five years.

It is estimated that Europe had an urbanization rate of approximately 8.5 percent in the year 1800. The Netherlands and Belgium were some of the most heavily urbanized regions, due the growth of port cities such as Rotterdam and Antwerp during Netherlands' empirical expansion, and the legacy of urbanization in the region, which stems from its wool and craft industries in medieval times. Additionally, the decline of their agricultural sectors and smaller territories contributed to a lower rural population. Scotland and England had also become more urban throughout the British Empire's growth, although the agricultural revolution of the previous two centuries, along with the first industrial revolution, then led to more rapid urbanization during the 19th century. In contrast, there was a large imbalance between the east and west of the continent; the two largest empires, Austria and Russia, had the lowest levels of urbanization in Europe in 1800, due to their vast territories, lower maritime presence, and lack of industrial development.