2021 was quite a year for initial public offers (IPOs) in the United States, which was largely influenced by the significant rise in the number of special purpose acquisition companies (SPACs) who went public. In 2021, there were ***** initial public offerings (IPOs) in the United States. In 2022 and 2023, however, the number of IPOs dropped to *** and *** respectively. 2024 saw a rise in the number of IPOs, reaching *** by the end of the year. What does it mean to go public? The management of a private company has a lot of control over its operation, but raising funds from investors is more difficult. To access funds from regular investors, that is the general public, firms go public by offering stock shares at a certain price. As a result, these firms often have more capital to work with. An IPO can, and often does, raise ******** of dollars for a firm. However, publicly traded companies also face increased regulation and disclosure requirements. Staying private Some firms delay going public for a longer time, in spite of their increasing value. If their valuation goes above *********** U.S. dollars, these firms are called unicorns, and the highest valued unicorns are mostly based in the U.S. and China. Some firms, such as SpaceX, are still heavily investing in research and development projects, which shareholders often dislike due to low short-run dividends. At the moment, most unicorns are found in the technology sector, which is also the leading sector for IPOs in the United States. This indicates that investors consider this to be the industry most likely to see growth, and thus most worth investing in when companies go public.

2020 and 2021 were a record year for SPAC IPO filings, even though they had been steadily growing in popularity over the last decade. In 2021, SPACs had raised capital in *** IPOs in that year alone. A special purpose acquisition company (SPAC) is a company with no business operations which is set up for the sole purpose of raising capital through an initial public offering with the goal of buying an existing company. The U.S. ranked second globally in terms of traditional IPO numbers, with the highest number of traditional IPOs occurring in mainland China. In comparison, there were ** SPAC IPOs in 2023, and ** in 2024. How have SPAC IPOs historically performed in the U.S.? From 2003 to 2019, the funds raised by SPAC IPOs remained somewhat consistent, with the value of funds never exceeding ** billion U.S. dollars except in 2003 and 2019. SPAC IPOs raised the largest amount of funds between January and December 2021, with the value of funds raised surpassing *** billion U.S. dollars. In the previous year, SPAC IPOs raised more funds than all preceding years combined. The U.S. vs Europe While SPAC IPOs in the U.S. have been slowly increasing over the past six years, numbers have remained significantly lower in Europe. Europe has still not seen annual SPAC IPO numbers exceed nine per year, while those in the U.S. have increased more each year, reaching a significant high-point in 2020 that is expected to be further surpassed by the end of 2021. During the first three months of 2021, less than **** percent of SPAC IPOs completed globally came from Europe.

This dataset presents an extensive record of daily historical stock prices for Tesla, Inc. (TSLA), one of the world’s most innovative and closely watched electric vehicle and clean energy companies. The data was sourced from Yahoo Finance, a widely used and trusted provider of financial market data, and covers a significant period spanning from Tesla’s initial public offering (IPO) to the most recent date available at the time of extraction.

The dataset includes critical trading metrics for each market day, such as the opening price, highest and lowest prices of the day, closing price, adjusted closing price (accounting for dividends and splits), and total trading volume. This rich dataset supports a variety of use cases, including financial market analysis, investment research, time series forecasting, development and backtesting of trading algorithms, and educational projects in data science and finance.

Dataset Features

• Date: The calendar date for each trading session (in YYYY-MM-DD format)
• Open: The opening price of TSLA shares at the start of the trading day
• High: The highest price reached during the trading session
• Low: The lowest price reached during the trading session
• Close: The last price at which the stock traded during the day
• Adj Close: The closing price adjusted for corporate actions (splits, dividends, etc.)
• Volume: The total number of TSLA shares traded on that day

Source and Collection Details

• Source: Yahoo Finance - Tesla (TSLA) Historical Data
• Collection Method: Data was downloaded using Yahoo Finance's CSV export feature for accuracy and completeness.
• Time Range: Covers from Tesla’s IPO (June 2010) to the most recent available trading day.
• Data Integrity: Minimal cleaning was performed—dates were standardized, and any duplicate or empty rows were removed; all values remain as originally reported by Yahoo Finance.

Example Use Cases

• Stock Price Prediction: Train and test time series models (ARIMA, LSTM, Prophet, etc.) to forecast Tesla’s stock prices.
• Algorithmic Trading: Backtest and evaluate trading strategies using historical price and volume data.
• Market Trend Analysis: Analyze price trends, volatility, and return rates over different periods.
• Event Study: Investigate the impact of major announcements (e.g., product launches, earnings releases) on TSLA stock price.
• Educational Projects: Use as a hands-on resource for learning finance, statistics, or machine learning.

License & Acknowledgments

• Intended Use: This dataset is provided for academic, research, and personal projects. For commercial or investment use, please verify data accuracy and consult Yahoo Finance’s terms of use.
• Acknowledgment: Data sourced from Yahoo Finance. All trademarks and copyrights belong to their respective owners.

At nearly ** billion U.S. dollars, the 2014 initial public offering (IPO) of Alibaba Group Holding Limited remains the largest IPO in the United States ever. Trailing by almost **** billion U.S. dollars, Visa takes second place, followed by ENEL SpA, an energy company based in Italy. What is an IPO? An IPO is when a private company offers shares to the public for the first time through a stock exchange. Companies do this to raise money, as seen with Alibaba. However, public companies are subject to more scrutiny, such as publishing quarterly reports for investors. Also, not all IPOs are profitable. A bad IPO can result in significant losses. Companies that could go public Unicorns are private companies valued over a billion U.S. dollars. Any of these could go public, raising significant funds. However, most IPOs are valued in the ********, not ********. The median deal size of these offerings in the United States tends to be a little more than *** million U.S. dollars. Investors keep a watch for the next IPO, since a strong offering means high returns for those who buy the stock early.

The latest closing stock price for Oncology Institute as of June 20, 2025 is 2.39. An investor who bought $1,000 worth of Oncology Institute stock at the IPO in 2020 would have $-754 today, roughly -1 times their original investment - a -24.43% compound annual growth rate over 5 years. The all-time high Oncology Institute stock closing price was 11.29 on February 19, 2021. The Oncology Institute 52-week high stock price is 3.50, which is 46.4% above the current share price. The Oncology Institute 52-week low stock price is 0.13, which is 94.6% below the current share price. The average Oncology Institute stock price for the last 52 weeks is 0.94. For more information on how our historical price data is adjusted see the Stock Price Adjustment Guide.

United Kingdom Number of New Issues: IPOs data was reported at 8.000 Unit in Nov 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 7.000 Unit for Oct 2018. United Kingdom Number of New Issues: IPOs data is updated monthly, averaging 3.000 Unit from Jan 2018 (Median) to Nov 2018, with 11 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 9.000 Unit in Jul 2018 and a record low of 1.000 Unit in Sep 2018. United Kingdom Number of New Issues: IPOs data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by London Stock Exchange. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United Kingdom – Table UK.Z012: London Stock Exchange: Number of Issues and Cancellations.

Not all IPOs result in long-term gains for the respective company; however, the average year-end gains for all companies that went public in the United States have been mostly positive each year over the past decade. In 2023, however, the average returns amounted to a negative ** percent in the first year after their IPO.

The latest closing stock price for Microsoft as of June 18, 2025 is 480.24. An investor who bought $1,000 worth of Microsoft stock at the IPO in 1986 would have $8,056,718 today, roughly 8,057 times their original investment - a 25.94% compound annual growth rate over 39 years. The all-time high Microsoft stock closing price was 480.24 on June 18, 2025. The Microsoft 52-week high stock price is 481.00, which is 0.2% above the current share price. The Microsoft 52-week low stock price is 344.79, which is 28.2% below the current share price. The average Microsoft stock price for the last 52 weeks is 422.77. For more information on how our historical price data is adjusted see the Stock Price Adjustment Guide.

DIPO-HK (Data of IPOs in Hong Kong) is a comprehensive dataset providing real-time insights into the Hong Kong IPO market. It offers in-depth coverage throughout the IPO lifecycle, featuring:

• Detailed company information,
• Subscription and allotment analytics
• Grey market trading insights.

Users can access crucial data fields such as offered share details, cornerstone investors and executive profiles, subscription levels, margin loan data, allotment success rates, trading prices, and volumes.

Designed for accuracy and timeliness, DIPO-HK sources IPO subscription/allotment data and grey market trading data from major local brokerages. It delivers daily and intraday updates and processes historical data in a point-in-time (PIT) manner since 2022.

With rich, structured datasets and advanced analytics, including forecasts for subscription success rates, DIPO-HK equips actionable insights to navigate the dynamic IPO landscape.

• Coverage: Newly Listed HK stocks • History: From 2022-01-01 • Update Frequency: Daily/Intra-day

The initial public offering (IPO) of Saudi Aramco, the Saudi Arabian multinational petroleum and natural gas company, on the Tadawul in December 2019, was the largest public offering globally ever as of December 2024. The IPO of Saudi Aramco raised approximately **** billion U.S. dollars. Why do companies opt for IPOs? An initial public offering (IPO), also known as ‘going public’, is the company’s first stock sale to the public. IPO happens when an initially private company decides to open up to the stock market, taking the first step to become a publicly traded enterprise. Shares are traded in the open market after the initial sales, and any public investor can take part on the trade. In the United States alone, *** companies made their public-market debut in 2023. IPOs are made by different companies for a number of reasons. Smaller sized companies may seek an IPO for access to capital and cheaper credit for further expansion. Other companies that may already be of considerable size, however, may use an initial public offering to other ends. Opening up to the stock market can also facilitate merger and acquisitions, considering stocks can be part of a future deal. Chinese companies feature twice Two Chinese companies featured in the list as of 2024. Alibaba had the second largest after Saudi Aramco, with the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) in tenth place. Alibaba is listed on the New York Stock Exchange (as well as the Hong Kong Exchange), making the company’s IPO also the largest one in the U.S. to date. ICBC is listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Hong Kong Stock Exchange.

The latest closing stock price for Exxon as of June 27, 2025 is 109.38. An investor who bought $1,000 worth of Exxon stock at the IPO in 1984 would have $41,833 today, roughly 42 times their original investment - a 9.60% compound annual growth rate over 41 years. The all-time high Exxon stock closing price was 122.12 on October 07, 2024. The Exxon 52-week high stock price is 126.34, which is 15.5% above the current share price. The Exxon 52-week low stock price is 97.80, which is 10.6% below the current share price. The average Exxon stock price for the last 52 weeks is 112.58. For more information on how our historical price data is adjusted see the Stock Price Adjustment Guide.

The latest closing stock price for IPower as of June 25, 2025 is 0.63. An investor who bought $1,000 worth of IPower stock at the IPO in 2021 would have $-890 today, roughly -1 times their original investment - a -42.46% compound annual growth rate over 4 years. The all-time high IPower stock closing price was 8.35 on June 08, 2021. The IPower 52-week high stock price is 2.36, which is 274.6% above the current share price. The IPower 52-week low stock price is 0.41, which is 34.9% below the current share price. The average IPower stock price for the last 52 weeks is 1.01. For more information on how our historical price data is adjusted see the Stock Price Adjustment Guide.

In total, the number of initial public offerings (IPOs) on the London Stock Exchange (LSE) in 2024 was **, less than the number of IPOs of 2023. Among these, more than half of the IPOs took place on the alternative investment market (AIM).

Initial IPO returns in the United States fluctuated between 2005 and 2023. Throughout the period considered, 2020 was the best year for first-day gains, amounting to ** percent. In 2023, the average first-day gain after an IPO in the U.S. was **** percent, as IPOs maintained their offering prices on their first day of trading.

The latest closing stock price for Alumis as of July 02, 2025 is 3.28. An investor who bought $1,000 worth of Alumis stock at the IPO in 2024 would have $-795 today, roughly -1 times their original investment - a -79.50% compound annual growth rate over 1 years. The all-time high Alumis stock closing price was 16.00 on June 27, 2024. The Alumis 52-week high stock price is 13.50, which is 311.6% above the current share price. The Alumis 52-week low stock price is 2.76, which is 15.9% below the current share price. The average Alumis stock price for the last 52 weeks is 8.15. For more information on how our historical price data is adjusted see the Stock Price Adjustment Guide.

In 2024, there were **** initial public offerings (IPOs) in Germany, compared to ***** in 2023. The IPOs displayed refer to the EU regulated market (Prime Standard), which is an organized market as well as a legally regulated stock segment where conditions for approval and follow-up obligations are also regulated by the law.

The latest closing stock price for Nvni Group as of June 20, 2025 is 0.31. An investor who bought $1,000 worth of Nvni Group stock at the IPO in 2021 would have $-968 today, roughly -1 times their original investment - a -68.30% compound annual growth rate over 3 years. The all-time high Nvni Group stock closing price was 11.73 on September 29, 2023. The Nvni Group 52-week high stock price is 12.19, which is 3832.3% above the current share price. The Nvni Group 52-week low stock price is 0.14, which is 54.8% below the current share price. The average Nvni Group stock price for the last 52 weeks is 1.25. For more information on how our historical price data is adjusted see the Stock Price Adjustment Guide.

2021 was an exceptional year for IPO deals worldwide, with proceeds exceeding 450 billion U.S. dollars. In 2022 and 2023, however, the value of IPO proceeds decreased significantly compared to 2020 and 2021.

In 2024, the value of initial public offering funds raised at the Hong Kong Stock Exchange amounted to almost ** billion Hong Kong dollars, which was a significant increase of almost ** percent to the previous year. The value of IPO funds increased despite the global outbreak of COVID-19. In the same year, the largest IPO was China Tourism Group Duty Free Corporation which raised over ** billion Hong Kong dollars.

The most recent stock split for Village Super Market (VLGEA) was a 2:1 split on January 23, 2009. The combined total of all historical stock splits for Village Super Market result in 4 current shares for every original share available at the IPO in 1984.